Effect Of Thermal Cycling Research Articles

Effects of Thermal and Stress Cycles on the Mechanical Properties and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Rocks

Abstract The surrounding rock of underground rock chamber is frequently affected by disturbance load and circulating temperature; it is meaningful to study the mechanical properties of surrounding rock under these conditions for the construction of a safe and effective underground chamber. This study investigates the mechanical properties, failure modes, and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of basalt and sandstone under various pretreatments, including water saturation pretreatment (rock samples [SR]), rock samples subjected to cyclic temperature pretreatment (SR-CTT), rock samples subjected to cyclic loading pretreatment (SR-CLT), and rock samples subjected to combined cyclic loading and temperature pretreatment (SR-CTT-CLT). A series of uniaxial compression tests (UCTs) were conducted to analyze how these pretreatments affect the mechanical properties of basalt and sandstone. These two kinds of rock exhibit distinct failure modes, SR-CLT and SR-CTT-CLT make the failure of basalt change from inclined shear to X-shaped shear, while SR-CLT makes it turn into splitting. AE data reveal that basalt generally exhibits lower AE counts than sandstone, with the highest counts observed under SR-CTT-CLT. Energy analysis indicates that basalt accumulates more total energy (Et) and elastic energy (Ee) compared to sandstone, with different pretreatments affecting energy dissipation (Ed) and damage severity differently in each rock type. These findings contribute to understanding the complex interactions between pretreatment methods and rock behavior in engineering applications.

Influence of the combined effect of long hygrothermal aging and thermal cycling on mode I and II interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon/epoxy composites

Carbon fiber/epoxy composites (CFRP) are nowadays extensively used in aircraft structures. During the lifecycle of an aircraft, composites are subjected to temperature and humidity variation over time and that can lead to performance loss. Efforts to understand the environmental conditioning impact on CFRP properties have been widely investigated, leading to the main objective of this study, which was investigating whether damages caused by different environmental conditioning individually are intensified when they are combined. During an aircraft lifetime, several different environmental conditions may occur, and to simulate these effects, this research tested coupons that were exposed to long-term hygrothermal conditioning, drying and thermal cycling and their combined effects on fracture toughness in mode-I and mode-II. Dynamic mechanical and fractographic analysis were also performed on the specimens. Thermal cycling on unaged samples (reference) resulted in average reductions of 5% and 15%, for mode-I and mode-II fracture toughness, respectively, compared to the reference samples. Furthermore, combined effect of thermal cycling and hygrothermal conditionings resulted in reductions around 44% (mode-I) and 15% (mode-II) compared to the reference. The combination of different environmental conditionings was more detrimental to fracture toughness in Mode-I, as confirmed by fractographic analysis. In contrast, Mode-II showed no change in results when exposed to a combination of conditionings, suggesting that isolated analysis of the results can be misinterpreted. Combined effects of thermal cycling and hygrothermal conditioning affected fracture toughness more than either effect alone. Mode-I testing proved to be more sensitive to identifying environmental exposure effects on properties than mode-II.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of WE43 alloy fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing

Heat treatment is an effective method to improve the mechanical properties of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) WE43 alloy. This study investigates the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the WE43 alloy processed by WAAM. The as-deposited samples exhibit a uniform equiaxed crystal structure, with grain size gradually increasing as the number of deposited layers grows. The as-deposited microstructure comprises eutectics and a small amount of cubic phases, and the phase content escalates as the amount of deposited layers increases, influenced by the cumulative effect of multiple thermal cycles. At lower solid solution temperatures (480 ℃ × 8h), most of the eutectic phase remains undissolved. During tensile testing, undissolved eutectics tend to cause stress concentrations, leading to cracks that result in sample fractures, negatively affecting the mechanical properties. At higher solid solution temperatures (520 ℃ × 8h), most of the eutectic dissolves, but abnormal grain coarsening (AGC) in the interlayer fine-grain region occurs, causing a significant reduction in the sample's mechanical properties. After solid solution treatment at 500 °C for 8hours, only a small amount of eutectics remains undissolved, and the AGC phenomenon is not observed, resulting in an optimal solid solution effect. Subsequently, after aging treatment at 225 °C for 18hours, dense nanoscale β′′ phases precipitated within the alloy grains, significantly improving the mechanical properties. The samples achieved optimal performance, with UTS, YS, and EL of 323±15.2MPa, 225±11.3MPa, and 8.4±1.1%, respectively.

Influence of arc energy on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of ER2209 duplex stainless steel deposited on Q345B low-alloy steel by GMAW

In order to eliminate the complex effects of thermal cycling and the thermal effects of the next pass on multi-layer multi-pass welding of low-alloy steel and duplex stainless steel, ER2209 welding wire was single-layer single-pass deposited on the surface of Q345B hot-rolled plate by gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The microstructure and corrosion resistance of welded joints were studied by different arc energies. The results showed that the arc energy had a significant impact on the “tongue-shaped” morphology and the width of heat affect zone in the welded joint, which in turn affected the corrosion performance of the welded joints. Due to the least distribution of “tongue-shaped” morphology and minimum width of heat affected zone in the welded joint with arc energy of 0.645kJ/mm, it owned the best corrosion resistance. The weld metals of the welded joints were composed of ferrite and austenite phases. The ferrite phases were distributed along grain boundaries and intergranular. As the heat input increases, the distribution of ferrite phase along grain boundaries gradually decreased. The corrosion products and corrosion morphology of the welded joint were also investigated and the corrosion mechanism was discussed in detail. The research results of this article provide a theoretical basis for improving the corrosion performance of multi-layer multi-pass welded joints of low-alloy and duplex stainless dissimilar steels.

Determining the Permeability Coefficient of Concrete Using New Fractal Model and Examining the Effect of Different Thermal Cycles on Concrete Permeability

Determining the Permeability Coefficient of Concrete Using New Fractal Model and Examining the Effect of Different Thermal Cycles on Concrete Permeability

Bonding effectiveness of multi-step adhesive resin cements to CAD/CAM blocks: impact of thermal cycling and surface treatment methods

BackgroundTo investigate the effects of thermal cycling and surface treatment methods on the bonding effectiveness of multi-step resin cements to CAD/CAM blocks.MethodsA total of 198 slices, 66 each from CAD/CAM blocks (feldspathic ceramic: Vitablocs TriLuxe Forte, V; resin matrix ceramics (RMCs): Cerasmart, C; and Shofu Block HC, S), were obtained and randomly divided into two subgroups for etching with hydrofluoric acid (HFA) and sandblasting with Al2O3 (SB). After the surface treatments, one etched and one sandblasted sample of each CAD/CAM block was observed via SEM analysis at 500× magnification. The remaining 32 etched and 32 sandblasted samples of each CAD/CAM block were divided into two subgroups to be cemented with total-etch (TE) and self-etch (SE) resin cements. Then, half of the 16 samples in all the subgroups were subjected to aging (TC) for 5000 cycles (n = 8). The shear bond strength (SBS) of each sample was measured. Four-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were used to analyze the data (p < 0.05).ResultsWith or without TC, the highest SBS values for V were obtained with the HFA-TE and HFA-SE interactions, respectively. C presented the highest SBS values with HFA-SE and SB-TE interactions, whereas S presented the highest SBS values with SB-TE and HFA-TE interactions. Except the SB-SE interaction, C presented lower SBS values after TC than other materials. HFA created less porosity on the C and S surfaces than V. SB visibly roughened the surfaces of all the materials but caused fractures, cracks, and damage to the surfaces.ConclusionSimilar SBS values can be achieved between feldspathics, RMCs, and multi-step adhesive resins with both HFA and SB treatments. However, the SBS values obtained from the SB-SE interaction may be below the recommended threshold values for all materials after TC. SB can cause distinctive cavities, fissures, and damage, especially on the surfaces of RMCs.

Relationship between grain structure evolution and tensile anisotropy in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu cylindrical part formed by additive friction stir deposition

The thick-walled Al-Zn-Mg-Cu cylindrical part was obtained by additive friction stir deposition, and the relationship between grain structure evolution and tensile anisotropy was investigated in detail. The intra-layer grains are significantly refined due to continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), and the grains at the interface are further refined by 30%–45 % due to geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDRX). The early cracking and ductility deterioration under Z direction loading are caused by strain localization due to coarse and fine grain distribution and pre-existing strain at the interface. The grain growth rates for specific orientations (Cube, P, Q, and Rotated Goss) are higher than average, and the mismatch in elastic modulus between these grown grains and the matrix results in ductility differences in the X and Y directions. Texture components and residual stresses affect yield strength in the X and Y directions. Meanwhile, dissolution of η/η′ and the coarsening of the particles due to the thermal cycling effect leads to a decrease in the yield strength in the building direction. The average ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (El) of the part could reach 370 MPa and 20 %, respectively. The tensile properties of the as-deposited Al-Zn-Mg-Cu cylindrical part are generally higher than those of melt-based additive manufacturing, but lower than those of the extruded and forged states due to the dissolution and coarsening of the strengthening precipitates during thermal cycling.

Full-scale in-situ tests on a displacement cast in situ energy pile: Effects of cyclic thermal loads under different mechanical load levels on pile stress and strain

Numerous full-scale in situ tests have been conducted to assess the effect of thermal cycles on the pile response. However, those studies investigated the response of only precast and cast in-situ energy piles, with limited focus on the impact of the applied mechanical load on the pile response. This study presents the results of a field test conducted on a new type of energy pile, i.e. a displacement cast in-situ energy pile in multilayered soft soils, subjected to different fixed mechanical loads while undergoing simultaneous thermal cycles. Four tests were carried out, each corresponding to various axial loads ranging from 0 % to 60 % of the pile’s estimated bearing capacity. After applying the axial load on the pile head (0 %, 30 %, 40 %, or 60 % of the bearing capacity), the pile was subjected to up to ten thermal cycles. The highest magnitudes of thermal axial strains were observed near the pile top due to the lowest restraint provided by the made ground layer in all tests. Under zero (0 %) mechanical load, the thermal axial strains near the pile head were elastic and recoverable, while residual strain was observed near the toe. Under reasonable working mechanical loads (30 %, 40 %, or 60 %) residual strains were observed near both the pile head and the toe, with higher residual strains observed under higher mechanical loads. The results indicate that the cyclic thermal loadings could induce an increase in the compressive stress in the energy pile, attributed to the drag-down effects of the surrounding soil. The compressive stress induced by drag-down effects counteracts thermally induced tensile stress and thus leads to an insignificant effect on the energy pile during cooling. A limited impact of the shaft capacity was observed and was mainly attributed to the drag-down of the surrounding soil and thermal creep along the pile-soil interface.

Effects of thermal cycles and time-dependent behavior of the deck on steel network arch bridges

Network arches are a type of arch bridges with inclined hangers, in which some hangers cross each other at least twice. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of thermal fluctuations and volumetric changes of the concrete deck on steel network arches. Fifty-nine variants of a reference network arch bridge were developed, assuming identical arch geometries but varying hanger arrangements. Each bridge was modeled using the finite element method and subjected to heat flux due to solar radiation and changes in ambient temperature in addition to heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation. The time-dependent deformations of the concrete deck were implemented using a rate-type formulation. Results obtained during a one-year period after the assumed end of construction showed that stress changes in the arch bridge due to ambient and time-dependent effects were not very sensitive to the hanger layout. Neglecting concrete creep and shrinkage was found to cause a 15-20% underestimation of maximum stresses in the concrete deck, whereas a 40-60% error was observed in both the deck and rib when thermal effects were ignored. The radial arrangement of hangers, already known to perform favorably under live loads, was also found to provide the smallest bending moments and the fewest number of relaxed hangers due to thermal and time-dependent effects.

Performance Evaluation of Cold Metal Transfer-Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of SS316L: An Effect of Weld Thermal Cycles and Heat Inputs

Performance Evaluation of Cold Metal Transfer-Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of SS316L: An Effect of Weld Thermal Cycles and Heat Inputs

Study on Dynamic Recrystallization under Thermal Cycles in the Process of Direct Energy Deposition for 316 L Austenitic Stainless Steel

In the process of directed energy deposition (DED), the grain structure of the deposited samples is determined by two aspects. The first is the initial solidification grain structure; the second is the effect of the upper thermal cycle on the solidified grain structure of the lower layer. Dynamic recrystallization and grain growth can be activated under suitable strain and the temperature resulting from thermal cycles. The evolution of grain size and the geometric dislocation density (GND) of austenitic stainless steel 316 L under different strains and temperatures caused by thermal cycles was investigated. It is found that dynamic recrystallization requires an appropriate level of accumulated strain, temperature, and initial grain size. Under &lt;2% accumulated strain and 400–1200 °C conditions caused by 30 layers of thermal cycles, fully dynamic recrystallization occurs with coarse initial grains (CIG), leading to the complete coarsening of grains. However, relatively fine initial grains (FIG) under the same conditions only display partial dynamic recrystallization. The next 2–4% strain and 400–700 °C by 60 layers of thermal cycles make up the driving force of fully dynamic recrystallization, and the grains coarsen completely. Larger accumulated strain (4–6%) and lower temperature (400–600 °C) by 90 layers of thermal cycles and FIG provide more nucleation sites for dynamic recrystallization, which leads to little coarsening of grains even after fully dynamic recrystallization. Temperature, accumulated strain, and the amount of δ-ferrite promote the formation of sub-grains during dynamic recrystallization caused by thermal cycles, which leads to the increase in GND.

Synergetic effect of diamond particle size on thermal expansion of Cu-B/diamond composite

Diamond particles reinforced Cu matrix (Cu/diamond) composites have promising applications for heat dissipation of high-power electronic devices because of their high thermal conductivity and suitable coefficient of thermal expansion. The effect of diamond particle size on thermal conductivity has been addressed; however, the effect of diamond particle size on thermal expansion still needs to be clarified. In this study, Cu-B/diamond composites with various diamond particle sizes ranging from 66 μm to 701 μm were fabricated to assess the impact of diamond particle size on the thermal expansion behavior. The composites exhibit low and adjustable coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) values of 4.58–6.63 × 10−6 K−1, which align with 4–8 × 10−6 K−1 of widely employed semiconductors. The CTE of the Cu-B/diamond composites first decreases and then increases with increasing diamond particle size, which arises from a synergetic effect of interfacial bonding strength and matrix strengthening effect. As the diamond particle size is smaller than 272 μm, the interfacial bonding strength rises with increasing particle size, enabling the diamond particles to restrain the expansion of the Cu matrix more effectively and to reduce the CTE. As the diamond particle size exceeds 272 μm, the dislocation density in the Cu matrix continually decreases with increasing particle size, reducing the strength increment in the Cu matrix and increasing the CTE. The effect of thermal cycling on the thermal expansion of the Cu-B/diamond composites was also investigated, and all the composites show an increase in the CTE after 100 thermal cycles. Notably, the composite with 272 μm diamond particle size exhibits the lowest CTE increment. It shows a CTE value of 5.29 × 10−6 K−1 after thermal cycling, still compatible with the semiconductors for electronic packaging applications.

Microscopic insights into thermal cycling effects in granular materials via X-ray microtomography

Microscopic insights into thermal cycling effects in granular materials via X-ray microtomography

Effects of processing parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir additive manufactured Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

Abstract A multilayered build was fabricated by friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) with different parameters, using 4-mm thick 7A04-T6 aluminum alloy sheets in this study. The parameters effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the builds were investigated combined scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vickers hardness and tensile tests. Macro-softening phenomenon was observed in the builds. The precipitation and growth of the Mg (Zn, Cu, Al)2 or MgZn2 phase with the effect of the effective thermal cycles during the FSAM process mainly attributed to the formation of the macro-softening. The more effective thermal cycles experienced during the FSAM process, the more Mg (Zn, Cu, Al)2 or MgZn2 phase precipitated and coarsened, resulting in a more pronounced decrease in the mechanical properties of the build. Heat input affected the macro-softening behavior of the build by influencing the degree of dissolution, re-precipitation and coarsening of the precipitates during the FSAM process. Too low or too high heat input resulted in the incomplete dissolution or further precipitation and growth of the precipitates, aggravating the macro-softening phenomenon, and reducing the precipitation strengthening ability of the build. The mechanical properties of the build fabricated at the rotation speed of 700 rpm and travelling speed of 160 mm/min were the best in this study.

Optimisation of cryopreservation conditions, including storage duration and revival methods, for the viability of human primary cells

BackgroundCryopreservation is a crucial procedure for safeguarding cells or other biological constructs, showcasing considerable potential for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.AimsThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different cryopreservation conditions on human cells viability.MethodsA set of cryopreserved data from Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM) cell bank were analyse for cells attachment after 24 h being revived. The revived cells were analysed based on different cryopreservation conditions which includes cell types (skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts, respiratory epithelial, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC); cryo mediums (FBS + 10% DMSO; commercial medium); storage durations (0 to > 24 months) and locations (tank 1–2; box 1–5), and revival methods (direct; indirect methods). Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were then cultured, cryopreserved in different cryo mediums (HPL + 10% DMSO; FBS + 10% DMSO; Cryostor) and stored for 1 and 3 months. The HDFs were revived using either direct or indirect method and cell number, viability and protein expression analysis were compared.ResultsIn the analysis cell cryopreserved data; fibroblast cells; FBS + 10% DMSO cryo medium; storage duration of 0–6 months; direct cell revival; storage in vapor phase of cryo tank; had the highest number of vials with optimal cell attachment after 24 h revived. HDFs cryopreserved in FBS + 10% DMSO for 1 and 3 months with both revival methods, showed optimal live cell numbers and viability above 80%, higher than other cryo medium groups. Morphologically, the fibroblasts were able to retain their phenotype with positive expression of Ki67 and Col-1. HDFs cryopreserved in FBS + 10% DMSO at 3 months showed significantly higher expression of Ki67 (97.3% ± 4.62) with the indirect revival method, while Col-1 expression (100%) was significantly higher at both 1 and 3 months compared to other groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, fibroblasts were able to retain their characteristics after various cryopreservation conditions with a slight decrease in viability that may be due to the thermal-cycling effect. However, further investigation on the longer cryopreservation periods should be conducted for other types of cells and cryo mediums to achieve optimal cryopreservation outcomes.

Microstructural Instability and Its Effects on Thermoelectric Properties of SnSe and Na-Doped SnSe.

Effects of thermal cycling on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties are studied for the undoped and Na-doped SnSe samples using X-ray computed tomography and property measurements. It is observed that thermal cycling causes significant cracks to develop, which decrease both the electrical and lattice thermal conductivities but do not affect the thermopower. The zT values are drastically reduced after the repeated heat treatment. It is important to account for density changes during cycling to obtain accurate values of the thermal conductivity. Even before thermal cycling, the spark-plasma sintered (SPS) samples have a significant number of microcracks. The orientation of cracks within the SPS pellets and their effect on the microstructure are influenced by the presence of a Na-rich impurity. The SnSe and Sn0.995Na0.005Se samples without the impurity develop cracks and exhibit grain growth parallel to the pellet surface, which is also the plane of the 2D SnSe layers. The Sn0.97Na0.03Se sample containing the impurity develops cracks that are orthogonal to the pellet surface. Such an orientation of cracks in Sn0.97Na0.03Se inhibits grain growth. All samples appear mechanically unstable after thermal cycling.

The effect of thermal cycle on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Co-free maraging steel produced by wire arc additive manufacturing

Microstructures and mechanical properties are closely related to thermal cycles during additive manufacturing. For maraging steel, the research on the effect of thermal cycles during additive manufacturing is limited. Based on the above issues, this work investigated the effect of thermal cycles in the process of wire arc additive manufacturing Co-free maraging steel on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties, and attempted to establish the relationship between thermal cycles and microstructure as well as mechanical properties of maraging steel on the basis of quantitative thermal cycle data. The results show that in the additive manufacturing process, the thermal cycles affect the cooling rate, so that the primary dendrite arm spacing and grain size gradually increase along the height direction. For maraging steel, in additive manufacturing, welding or other hot processing processes, the thermal cycles make the martensite reverse change, resulting in an increase in austenite content, resulting in grain refinement. Thermal cycles in additive manufacturing result in differences in the grain size, grain boundary ratio, dislocation density and primary dendrite arm spacing, resulting in inhomogeneity of the mechanical properties in the height direction. The difference in microstructure in different directions of additive manufacturing samples leads to anisotropy of tensile properties. The results of this work can elucidate and refine the action mechanism of thermal cycles on maraging steel. In addition, this work can be used to control thermal cycles by changing the process and cooling conditions, etc., to obtain maraging steel samples with homogeneous or gradient properties, which is highly important.

Dentin Bonding Durability of Four Different Recently Introduced Self-Etch Adhesives.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the bonding durability of four different self-etch adhesives to dentin after 24 h and thermal cycling (TC) and to measure the degree of polymerization conversion (DC) in situ. Two-step self-etch adhesives, Clearfil SE Bond 2 (SE2, Kuraray Noritake Dental) and G2-Bond Universal (G2B, GC), and one-step self-etch adhesives, Scotchbond™ Universal Plus Adhesive (SBU, 3M ESPE) and Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (UBQ, Kuraray Noritake Dental), were used. The labial surfaces of bovine teeth were ground to create flat dentin surfaces. The adhesives were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions. After resin composite buildup and 24 h water storage, the specimens were sectioned into beams and all groups were subjected to thermal stress for 0, 10,000 (10k), or 20,000 (20k) cycles followed by micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) testing. In situ DC was investigated with a laser Raman microscope. The µTBS data were statistically analyzed and subjected to a Weibull analysis. The different groups were compared at the characteristic strength (63.2% probability of failure) (α = 0.05). Two-Way ANOVA was used to show the effect of different adhesives and thermal cycling on the mean DC% followed by Tukey's multiple comparison post hoc test. G2B/TC10k resulted in a significant increase in the µTBS compared to TC0. SBU/TC20k showed significantly higher µTBS compared to TC0. For comparison between different tested adhesives, SBU showed a significantly lower µTBS compared to G2B after TC10k. G2B and SBU showed a greater number of adhesive failures after TC. Mean DC% was different for each adhesive. The newly developed MDP- and HEMA-free 2-SEA showed similar bonding performance with the gold-standard 2-SEA. However, there is still room for further improvement in terms of SEAs.

Effect of Multiple Thermal Cycles on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu Modified Ti64 Thin Wall Fabricated by Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition

Effect of Multiple Thermal Cycles on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu Modified Ti64 Thin Wall Fabricated by Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition

Enhancing plasticity in laser additive manufactured high-entropy alloys: The combined effect of thermal cycle induced dissolution and twinning

Breaking the trade-off between strength and ductility and pursuing stronger and more ductile metal materials has been a long-standing dream for scientists. Interestingly, even for the same material, different manufacturing methods can lead to significantly different performance. In this study, we utilized different laser additive manufacturing techniques (laser direct energy deposition (LDED), and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)) to fabricate FeCoCrNiMo0.5 high-entropy alloy (HEA). Through microstructural analysis, we discovered a novel thermal cycling-induced dissolution (TCID) mechanism. By controlling the cooling rate post thermal cycling, we achieved the dissolution of precipitate phases and increased the Mo content within the matrix. Based on this phenomenon and supported by theoretical calculations, we revealed a reduction in stacking fault energy (SFE), which gave rise to a twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanism. This led to a dramatical increase in plasticity (LDED: 1.6 %, LPBF: 17.7 %) in the LPBF alloy, while maintaining similar strength (LDED: 784.9 MPa, LPBF: 840.89 MPa). This study provides guidance for designing metals structures with balanced strength and plasticity.