Thermal Component Research Articles

Assessment of photon and proton-induced activation in particles accelerators.

Nuclear activation affects all operating, future, or dismantled particle accelerators used in various fields, from medical applications to industrial applications. This work is concerned with the study of the radioactivity induced in various materials (Sc, Cu, Tb, Ta, W, Au) irradiated by hard Bremsstrahlung photons from an electron beam and by secondary neutrons induced by a proton beam. In both cases, the primary beam features an 18 MeV kinetic energy. We have performed Monte Carlo simulations with MCNP, GEANT4, FLUKA, and PHITS, coupled with the analytical codes CINDER'90 or FISPACT-II, to estimate the threshold reaction rates and the induced radioactivity in the samples. We compared the simulations with experimental activation measurements performed by high-resolution gamma spectrometry at a decommissioned medical LINAC and around the CYRCé cyclotron. We also used CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors to characterize the thermal and fast neutron components of the secondary fields.

Synchrotron Polarization of a Hybrid Distribution of Relativistic Thermal and Nonthermal Electrons in Gamma-Ray Burst Prompt Emission

Synchrotron polarization of relativistic nonthermal electrons in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has been widely studied. However, recent numerical simulations of relativistic shocks and magnetic reconnection have found that a more realistic electron distribution consists of a power-law component plus a thermal component, which requires observational validation. In this paper, we investigate synchrotron polarization using a hybrid energy distribution of relativistic thermal and nonthermal electrons within a globally toroidal magnetic field in GRB prompt emission. Our results show that compared to the case of solely nonthermal electrons, the synchrotron polarization degrees (PDs) in these hybrid electrons can vary widely, depending on different parameters, and that the PD decreases progressively with frequency in the gamma-ray, X-ray, and optical bands. The time-averaged PD spectrum displays a significant bump in the gamma-ray and X-ray bands, with the PDs higher than ∼60% if the thermal peak energy of the electrons is much smaller than the conjunctive energy of the electrons between the thermal and nonthermal distributions. The high-synchrotron PDs (≳60%) in the gamma-ray and X-ray bands, which generally cannot be produced by solely nonthermal electrons with typical power-law slopes, can be achieved by hybrid electrons and primarily originates from the exponential decay part of the thermal component. Moreover, this model can roughly explain the PDs and spectral properties of some GRBs, where GRB 110301A with a high PD ( 70−22+22% ) may be potential evidence for the existence of relativistic thermal electrons.

Modeling the Energy-dependent Broadband Variability in the Black Hole Transient GX 339–4 Using AstroSat and NICER

We present a spectro-timing analysis of the black hole X-ray transient GX 339–4 using simultaneous observations from AstroSat and the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) during the 2021 outburst period. The combined spectrum obtained from NICER, Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter and SXT data is effectively described by a model comprising a thermal disk component, hard Comptonization component, and reflection component with an edge. Our analysis of the AstroSat and NICER spectra indicates the source to be in a low/hard state, with a photon index of ∼1.64. The power density spectra obtained from both AstroSat and NICER observations exhibit two prominent broad features at 0.22 Hz and 2.94 Hz. We generated energy-dependent time lag and fractional root mean square (frms) at both frequencies in a broad energy range of 0.5–30 keV and found the presence of hard lags along with a decrease in variability at higher energy levels. Additionally, we discovered that the correlated variations in accretion rate, inner disk radius, coronal heating rate, and the scattering fraction, along with a delay between them, can explain the observed frms and lag spectra for both features.

Subrelativistic Outflow and Hours-timescale Large-amplitude X-Ray Dips during Super-Eddington Accretion onto a Low-mass Massive Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2022lri

We present the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2022lri, hosted in a nearby (≈144 Mpc) quiescent galaxy with a low-mass massive black hole (104 M ⊙ < M BH < 106 M ⊙). AT2022lri belongs to the TDE-H+He subtype. More than 1 Ms of X-ray data were collected with NICER, Swift, and XMM-Newton from 187 to 672 days after peak. The X-ray luminosity gradually declined from 1.5 × 1044 erg s−1 to 1.5 × 1043 erg s−1 and remains much above the UV and optical luminosity, consistent with a super-Eddington accretion flow viewed face-on. Sporadic strong X-ray dips atop a long-term decline are observed, with a variability timescale of ≈0.5 hr–1 days and amplitude of ≈2–8. When fitted with simple continuum models, the X-ray spectrum is dominated by a thermal disk component with inner temperature going from ∼146 to ∼86 eV. However, there are residual features that peak around 1 keV, which, in some cases, cannot be reproduced by a single broad emission line. We analyzed a subset of time-resolved spectra with two physically motivated models describing a scenario either where ionized absorbers contribute extra absorption and emission lines or where disk reflection plays an important role. Both models provide good and statistically comparable fits, show that the X-ray dips are correlated with drops in the inner disk temperature, and require the existence of subrelativistic (0.1–0.3c) ionized outflows. We propose that the disk temperature fluctuation stems from episodic drops of the mass accretion rate triggered by magnetic instabilities or/and wobbling of the inner accretion disk along the black hole’s spin axis.

Cosmic stability of dark matter from Pauli blocking

Why does dark matter (DM) live longer than the age of the Universe? Here we study a novel sub-eV scalar DM candidate whose stability is due to the Pauli exclusion of its fermionic decay products. We analyze the stability of the DM condensate against decays, scatterings (i.e., evaporation), and parametric resonance, delineating the viable parameter regions in which DM is cosmologically stable. In a minimal scenario in which the scalar DM decays to a pair of new exotic fermions, we find that scattering can populate an interacting thermal dark sector component to energies far above the DM mass. This self-interacting dark radiation may potentially alleviate the Hubble tensions. Furthermore, our scenario can be probed through precise measurements of the halo-mass function or the masses of dwarf spheroidal galaxies since scattering prevents the DM from becoming too dense. On the other hand, if the lightest neutrino stabilizes the DM, the cosmic neutrino background (CνB) can be significantly altered from the Lambda cold dark matter prediction and thus be probed in the future by CνB detection experiments. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Quantum teleportation via a hybrid channel and investigation of its success probability

Quantum teleportation enables the transfer of quantum states across any distance and plays a prominent role in quantum communication. In this paper, we theoretically investigate the feasibility of quantum two-qubit teleportation through a hybrid channel consisting of thermal, magnetic, and local components. To study this process, we check the success probability of quantum teleportation and address the quality of the teleported quantum state using fidelity and average fidelity concepts. Furthermore, we examine a crucial quantum aspect of the system, such as the non-Markovianity of the dynamics, by utilizing success probability witness related to the teleported state. Our findings show that this hybrid channel has a good potential to be successful in quantum teleportation.

Compressive Mechanical and Heat Conduction Properties of AlSi10Mg Gradient Metamaterials Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Metamaterials are defined as artificially designed micro-architectures with unusual physical properties, including optical, electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. This study investigates the compressive mechanical and heat transfer properties of AlSi10Mg gradient metamaterials fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). The morphology of the AlSi10Mg metamaterials was examined using an ultrahigh-resolution microscope. Quasi-static uniaxial compression tests were conducted at room temperature, with deformation behavior captured through camera recordings. The findings indicate that the proposed gradient metamaterial exhibits superior compressive strength properties and energy absorption capacity. The Gradient-SplitP structure demonstrated better compressive performance compared to other strut-based structures, including Gradient-Gyroid and Gradient-Lidinoid structures. With an apparent density of 0.796, the Gradient-SplitP structure exhibited an outstanding energy absorption capacity, reaching an impressive 23.57 MJ/m3. In addition, heat conductivity tests were performed to assess the thermal resistance of these structures with different cell configurations. The gradient metamaterials exhibited higher thermal resistance and lower thermal conductivity. Consequently, the designed gradient metamaterials can be considered valuable in various applications, such as thermal management, load-bearing, and energy absorption components.

Silk fibroin microspheres with photothermal nanocarrier encapsulation for anticancer drug delivery

Controlled drug release systems are pivotal in optimizing therapeutic outcomes and mitigating side effects in treatment protocols. While traditional delivery vectors such as liposomes, micro/nanoparticles, and microspheres are effective, they often struggle with consistency in drug release rates. This study addresses these issues by integrating stimuli-responsive elements specifically magnetic, thermal, and pH-responsive components into drug delivery systems for precise control. Central to our approach is the use of silk fibroin (SF), chosen for its superior biocompatibility and tunable degradation kinetics. We developed uniform carrier microspheres (CMs) by embedding polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) into SF microspheres using a custom-designed microfluidic platform. The development process and the application of this platform are detailed, highlighting the precision in control achievable. These CMs showcased enhanced photothermal effects, with the thermal response finely adjustable by altering the PDA NPs concentration, achieving a notable temperature increase of 24.5°C at 7.4 wt% concentration. High drug loading capacity (7.5%) and encapsulation efficiency (91.6%) were achieved, along with a pH-responsive release profile under near-infrared irradiation, paving the way for targeted anticancer drug delivery systems using the model drug doxorubicin hydrochloride. These findings underscore the potential of the developed CMs for external topical application, offering promising prospects for targeted cancer therapy utilizing drug-loaded microspheres.

A flexible thermal interface composite of copper-coated carbon felts with 3d architecture in silicon rubber

Thermal interface materials (TIM) are key thermal management components to enhance the performance of electronic products, and how to improve thermal conductivity is a key issue to consider. As a high thermal conductivity material, it is difficult for copper to have both high thermal conductivity and high elasticity when filled into the polymer. In this paper, by growing copper nanoparticles on the surface of carbon felt (Cfelt), a three-dimensional interoperable thermally conductive copper network is formed with carbon fibers as the support, which makes the material both better thermally conductive and elastic at the same time. The vertical thermal conductivity of the prepared Cu-Cfelt/silicon rubber composite material reached 7.3230 W/mK. It is 23 times higher than pure silicon rubber(0.3130 W/mK), 18 times higher than Cu/silicon rubber composite (0.4120 W/mK) and 12 times higher than CFelt/silicon rubber composite (0.6200 W/mK), and successfully improves the thermal conductivity of the interface. The three-dimensional Cu network structure of the prepared Cu-CFelt/silicon rubber composite maximized the thermal conductivity of Cu, and the composite also showed excellent mechanical properties, indicating that the composite has broad application prospects in thermal management and other aspects.

The GRAZ Method—Determination of Urban Surface Temperatures from Aerial Thermography Based on a Three-Dimensional Sampling Algorithm

A novel method to derive surface temperatures from aerial thermography is proposed. Its theoretical foundation, details regarding the implementation, relevant sensitivities, and its application on a day and night survey are presented here. The method differs from existing approaches particularly in two aspects: first, a three-dimensional sampling approach is used to determine the reflected thermal radiation component. Different surface classes based on hyperspectral classification with specific properties regarding the reflection and emission of thermal radiation are considered in this sampling process. Second, the method relies on a detailed, altitude-dependent, directionally and spectrally resolved modelling of the atmospheric radiation transfer and considers the spectral sensitivity of the sensor used. In order to accurately consider atmospheric influences, the atmosphere is modelled as a function of altitude regarding temperature, pressure and greenhouse gas concentrations. The atmospheric profiles are generated specifically for the time of the survey based on measurements, meteorological forecasts and generic models. The method was initially developed for application in urban contexts, as it is able to capture the pronounced three-dimensional character of such environments. However, due to the detailed consideration of elevation and atmospheric conditions, the method is also valuable for the analysis of rural areas. The included case studies covering two thermographic surveys of city area of Graz during daytime and nighttime demonstrate the capabilities and feasibility of the method. In relation to the detected brightness temperatures apparent to the sensor, the determined surface temperatures vary considerably and generally cover an increased temperature range. The two processed surface temperature maps of the city area of Graz are finally used to validate the method based on available temperature recordings.

Electric Vehicle Thermal System Concept Development for Multiple Variants Using Digital Prototype and AI

The automotive industry is experiencing a surge in system complexity driven by the ever-growing number of interacting components, subsystems, and control systems. This complexity is further amplified by the expanding range of component options available to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). OEMs work in parallel on more than one vehicle model, with multiple vehicle variants for each vehicle model. With the increasing number of vehicle variants needed to cater to diverse regional needs, development complexity escalates. To address this challenge, modern techniques like Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), digitalization, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are becoming essential tools. These advancements can streamline concept development, optimize thermal and HVAC system design across variants, and accelerate the time-to-market for next-generation EVs. The development of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) needs a strong focus on thermal management systems (TMSs) and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. These systems play a critical role in maintaining optimal battery temperature, maximizing range and efficiency, and ensuring passenger comfort. This article proposes a digital prototype (DP) and AI-based methodology to specify BEV thermal system and HVAC system components in the concept phase. This methodology uses system and variant thinking in combination with digital prototype (DP) and AI to verify BEV thermal system architecture component specifications for future variants without extensive simulation. A BEV cabin cooling requirement of 22 °C to be achieved within 1800s at a high ambient temperature (45 °C) is required, and its verification is used to prove this methodology.

Updating assembly parameters for spacecraft assembly process state changes: based on data fusion method

Thermal protection systems (TPSs) are important components of reusable spacecraft, and their assembly quality has a crucial impact on flight safety. Owing to the complex assembly process and variable states of spacecraft thermal protection systems, assembly parameters may vary under different assembly states. Therefore, to obtain assembly parameters accurately and efficiently under different assembly states, in this study, 3D point cloud data and fiber optic sensor data were fused to develop an assembly parameter update method for assembly process state changes. Firstly, based on the measured data of thermal protection components and load-bearing structure, the gap, flush and matching parameters solution model are proposed. Secondly, to address the deformation problem of the load-bearing structure caused by changes in assembly status, a fusion method based on laser scanning and sensor detection was devised to achieve deformation prediction of the assembly structure during the assembly process. Thirdly, based on the assembly parameter solution model and point cloud prediction model, a constraint-based assembly parameter optimisation model was established, and an improved quantum particle swarm optimisation (LQPSO) algorithm was employed to achieve assembly parameter updates oriented toward changes in assembly status. Finally, an experimental system for array-based thermal protection structure simulation was established to validate the proposed method. The results show that the proposed parameter update method can achieve ideal results for different assembly state simulation components.

Preparation and Characterization of Atomic Oxygen-Resistant, Optically Transparent and Dimensionally Stable Copolyimide Films from Fluorinated Monomers and POSS-Substituted Diamine.

Optically transparent polyimide (PI) films with good atomic oxygen (AO) resistance have been paid extensive attention as thermal controls, optical substrates for solar cells or other components for low Earth orbit (LEO) space applications. However, for common PI films, it is usually quite difficult to achieve both high optical transparency and AO resistance and maintain the intrinsic thermal stability of the PI films at the same time. In the current work, we aimed to achieve the target by using the copolymerization methodology using the fluorinated dianhydride 9,9-bis(trifluoromethyl)xanthene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (6FCDA), the fluorinated diamine 2,2-bis [4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane (BDAF) and the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-containing diamine N-[(heptaisobutyl-POSS)propyl]-3,5-diaminobenzamide (DABA-POSS) as the starting materials. The fluoro-containing monomers were used to endow the PI films with good optical and thermal properties, while the silicon-containing monomer was used to improve the AO resistance of the afforded PI films. Thus, the 6FCDA-based PI copolymers, including 6FCPI-1, 6FCPI-2 and 6FCPI-3, were prepared using a two-step chemical imidization procedure, respectively. For comparison, the analogous PIs, including 6FPI-1, 6FPI-2 and 6FPI-3, were correspondingly developed according to the same procedure except that 6FCDA was replaced by 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA). Two referenced PI homopolymers were prepared from BDAF and 6FDA (PI-ref1) and 6FCDA (PI-ref2), respectively. The experimental results indicated that a good balance among thermal stability, optical transparency, and AO resistance was achieved by the 6FCDA-PI films. For example, the 6FCDA-PI films exhibited good thermal stability with glass transition temperatures (Tg) up to 297.3 °C, good optical transparency with an optical transmittance at a wavelength of 450 nm (T450) higher than 62% and good AO resistance with the erosion yield (Ey) as low as 1.7 × 10-25 cm3/atom at an AO irradiation fluence of 5.0 × 1020 atoms/cm2. The developed 6FCDA-PI films might find various applications in aerospace as solar sails, thermal control blankets, optical components and other functional materials.

Thermal-biomechanical manikin applied in turbulent airflow and vibration systems in transient conditions

This paper applied a thermal-biomechanical manikin in turbulent airflow and vibration systems in transient conditions. This numerical model evaluated the thermal and biomechanical components to which the human body is subjected. The first one considers the first-order equations systems based on the thermal numerical model, while the second one considers the second-order equations systems based on the vibration numerical model. This second-order equations system is converted into a first-order equation system. The resolution of the thermal and biomechanical numerical models is made through the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with error control. The thermal numerical model is used in the study of the steady-state and transient conditions when the skin is subjected to mean and turbulent airflow. The biomechanical numerical model is used in the study of the human body vibrations applied to the feet, that a standing person is subjected, using periodical and random vibration signals of the floor. The thermal analysis shows that with an air fluctuation velocity, the skin temperature reduces slightly. The amplitude of the vibration in the lower body section is higher than in the upper body section. The introduction of the randomised vibration, in the periodical vibration, the human body vibration increases the fluctuation level.

Real-Time estimation of internal and solar heat gains in buildings using deep learning

This paper presents real-time monitoring of dynamic internal and solar heat gains using programmable low-cost cameras and deep learning techniques. For monitoring changes in occupancy, equipment, lighting, and window status in real time, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based multi-head classification model was developed and trained with High Dynamic Range (HDR) images, collected using a low-cost fisheye camera in offices. A Python-based region of interest (ROI) generation program was developed to predefine the target areas for monitoring. The classification heads of the model were trained from scratch using a small office image dataset first; then, they were fine-tuned using another HDR image dataset collected in a larger open-plan office with more complex scenes, to evaluate the transferability of the model. The weighted mean classification precision and recall results showed that the developed model could classify the detailed status of each target heat gain (occupants, equipment, lighting, windows) in the predefined areas of the scene with great performance. Finally, to evaluate the impact of real-time monitoring of heat gains on energy demand, the open plan office space used for the experimental dataset collection was modeled using EnergyPlus software using (i) commonly assumed fixed schedules for occupancy, equipment and lighting and (ii) real-time monitored dynamic schedules for internal and solar gain components under the same weather conditions. The results showed that recommended fixed schedules may lead to significant errors in estimated internal and solar gains. The largest discrepancy was noted for occupancy and equipment usage, but other categories also showed both underestimation and overestimation of thermal load components. Implementing reliable and continuous monitoring of dynamic internal and solar heat gains is important for efficient demand-driven HVAC control.

Stabilization Mechanisms of Traveling Crossflow Mode in Hypersonic Swept Wing Flows

Momentum potential theory (MPT) is employed to establish a physics-based interpretation of the traveling crossflow mode and analyze the underlying stabilization mechanisms of associated control methods, such as wall cooling, wall suction, and grooves. The traveling crossflow mode over a swept wing with a Mach number of 6 is first solved using direct numerical simulations. The MPT decomposition illustrates the vortical nature of the traveling crossflow mode, with the vortical component having a higher magnitude than the acoustic and thermal components. The vortical source makes the greatest contribution to the mode instability, whereas the response of the source terms depends on the control method used. Wall cooling primarily impacts the thermal component, thus decreasing the thermal source and subsequently changing the vortical source. Wall suction influences the vortical component directly, and only the vortical source undergoes a small reduction. The acoustic and vortical components are sensitive to grooves. The compression waves induced by grooves are identified as the source of the stabilization effect.

A novel dual-split layout for transcritical CO2 power cycle adapted to variable heat sources

Transcritical CO2 power cycle is widely used as the bottom cycle of natural gas engine to recover waste heat. However, owing to the large variation in waste heat sources caused by changes in engine operating conditions, the adaptability of the CO2 power cycle is poor, reflected in severe performance deterioration in thermal match, components and system power output. Hence, to improve the adaptability of the CO2 power cycle to wide-range fluctuation in heat sources, a novel dual-split configuration is proposed in this paper. The freedom of regulation is effectively enhanced by the supplementary split branches, and the mass flow rate through different heat exchangers can be actively adjusted with high flexibility. Furthermore, off-design performance models and a calculation procedure are built to present the off-design performance of the different cycles under the engine operational profile. The results indicate that the proposed configuration can improves the adaptability of the CO2 cycle to fluctuating heat sources effectively. Specifically, for all engine operational conditions, the invalidated operating region was contracted from eight to four points, with the engine coolant and exhaust gas utilisation rates exceeding 90 % and 97.4 % respectively. In addition, under low engine operating conditions, the cycle pressure ratio and mass flow rate were maintained at relatively high values, contributing to enhanced pump and turbine efficiencies. The maximum net power output increased by 8.3 kW, and the minimum brake-specific fuel consumption decreased by 16.9 %.

Study on a novel thermal management system and heat recovery strategy of range extend electric vehicle

The integrated thermal management system (ITMS) can effectively improve the pure electric range of the vehicle. This work proposes a ITMS based on a super bottle. In this work, the power battery temperature is subdivided into five stages and a control strategy for heating the battery and cabin with dual heat sources in a low-temperature environment is developed. Then a numerical integrated simulation model of the ITMS is developed and experimentally verified in an environmental chamber. The experimental and simulation conditions used throughout the study are set to an ambient temperature of 0°C. At the same time, due to the better sampling of data under 40 km/h, a constant speed of 40 km/h is used. At 0 °C, through 660 s of 40 km/h conditions, the results show that the ITMS can heat the battery to 15 °C in about 20 minutes at a low temperature of 0°C, and heat the cabin to 22 °C in 10 min. The ITMS also improves battery warm-up efficiency by 16.7% and reduces energy consumption by 5.5% compared to the original system. The ITMS is 17% more expensive than the original system. In addition, the low-temperature electric range has been increased by 3.3 km, and the cost of increasing the range by integrating the thermal management components is approximately 28 ¥/km.

Heat transfer augmentation by using different techniques in small scale channels: A review study

In this paper highlights the most significant recent developments in scientific study on Heat sinks are thermal management components made of materials with sufficient thermal conductivity qualities. Due to the increase in operating power and speed as well as the general reduction in system size, the issues of heat removal and temperature management have taken on increasing importance in these studies. Changing the geometry of extended surfaces, the material from which they were made, the working fluid that ran over them and or the dimension of the channel, are some of the subcategories in which studies have been conducted. The current review addresses the main recent findings in the forced convection heat transfer happened at laminar flow inside small scale diameters channels. The recent studies indicated a remarkable enhancement with the change of Re, D and internal geometry of channel. The configuration of flow passages also adopted as a different passive technique to enhance thermal fluid flow.

General integration method for system configuration of organic Rankine cycle based on stage-wise concept

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) integrated systems with heat sources consist of heat exchange processes and thermodynamic power conversion processes. Fully exploring feasible system configuration while considering fluid selection is crucial for enhancing ORC power generation and balancing economic costs. This study innovatively proposes a theoretical framework that decomposes the Rankine cycle into basic thermodynamic processes. The design of system configuration is regarded as the adjustment of the series-parallel relationships of these basic processes, aiming to achieve simultaneous optimization of the cycle structure and the HEN structure, thereby greatly expanded the search space for feasible ORC system configurations. The optimization problem is solved using a bi-level strategy, The outer layer determines the number of thermal power conversion components, operating parameters, and working fluid selection, then provides the associated stream information to the inner layer for optimizing the heat exchange scheme. Applying this method to two different case studies from the literature validated its effectiveness in optimizing scenarios with single and complex heat sources. The Pareto frontier obtained under the conditions of Case I indicates that the investment cost can be reduced by $33.04 k/yr while maintaining the same net power output. In exchange for an increase of $1.51 k/yr in investment cost, the maximum net power output can be improved by 124.74 kW. Under the conditions of Case II, the maximum net output power can increase by 9.71 %–52.5 %, and the Pareto frontier featuring outputs exceeding 50 kW is provided. By analyzing the relative positions of literature schemes and Pareto front within the solution space, the impact of system configuration improvements on the objective functions is explained. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach for designing optimal ORC energy recovery systems for heat sources. This contribution advances optimization methods for similar closed cycle configurations, which is significant for advancing the utilization of waste heat and addressing sustainability challenges.