Thermal Collapse Research Articles

Non-isothermal Fractional Order Two-surface Viscoplastic Model for Stiff Clays

Stiff clay exists widely in the world, but its significant time- and temperature-dependent mechanical features have not been fully modelled. In the context of fractional consistency viscoplasticity and bounding/subloading surface theory, this study proposes a novel non-isothermal fractional order two-surface viscoplastic model for stiff clays. First, with proposing a generalized plastic strain rate, the isotach viscosity is modified and extended to both over-consolidated and non-isothermal conditions that takes into consideration the effects of temperature and OCR on thermal accelerated creep. Then, two strain rate and temperature dependent yield surfaces are proposed with isotropic and progressive hardening rules to consider thermal collapse, strain rate effects, and smooth transition from elastic to viscoplastic behaviors. Next, the stress-fractional operator of the loading surface, according to the principle of the fractional consistency viscoplasticity, is introduced to describe the non-associativity of stiff clays. Finally, the predictive ability of the model is validated through simulating triaxial tests on Boom clay with various stress paths considering the temperature- and time-dependent features of stiff clays.

Oriented attachment of silver nanoparticles in DMSO by collapsing under thermal stress

Nowadays, understanding the behavior of nanoparticle agglomeration is crucial to gain insight into the fundamental physicochemical processes that govern particle interactions at the nanoscale. In this work, we are focused on the thermal collapse of silver nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized with sodium citrate in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Therefore, we investigated the parameters that influence the transition from nearly isolated particles to elongated Ag agglomerates using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis). In addition, we conducted an in-depth study of the near-particle-particle interaction within the agglomerate using High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) observations of the agglomerates. The HRTEM results suggest that in the elongation of the agglomerate, the oriented attachment within the initial cluster plays a crucial role in the alignment along the longitudinal axis. The aging colloid exhibits minimal agglomeration, suggesting that the driving force of the collapse phenomenon is predominantly thermodynamic rather than kinetic in nature, and that the surface chemical equilibria play a key role in the preferential orientation mechanism.

A nonlinear analytical method for pipeline strain under soil thaw subsidence load in permafrost region

In frozen terrain, the transportation of heated oil triggers thermal soil thaw and collapse, leading to pipeline distortion and breakdown. During substantial ground settlement in such terrains, current strain prediction techniques for pipelines fall short, neglecting significant pipeline bending, non-linear material behaviors, or detailed pipeline-permafrost interplay. To address this, a model focusing on pipeline-soil dynamics is devised, incorporating material non-linearity and pronounced pipeline distortion. This model derives analytical strain solutions for pipelines by aggregating incremental distortions of pipeline components via a strain iteration technique. Concurrently, a three-dimensional solid finite element model is crafted, assessing pipeline strains across varying subsidence zone dimensions, factoring in the complicated permafrost environment. The model's efficiency is affirmed by its less than 3% discrepancy from finite element method results, showcasing its enhanced accuracy and dependability in predicting pipeline strains under extensive soil settlement scenarios.

Crystal structure and properties of perovskite-type rubidium niobate, a high-pressure phase of RbNbO3.

We synthesized a perovskite-type RbNbO3 at 1173 K and 4 GPa from non-perovskite RbNbO3 and investigated its crystal structure and properties towards ferroelectric material design. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed an orthorhombic cell in the perovskite-type structure (space group Amm2, no. 38) with a = 3.9937(2) Å, b = 5.8217(3) Å, and c = 5.8647(2) Å. This non-centrosymmetric space group is the same as the ferroelectric BaTiO3 and KNbO3 but with enhanced distortion. Structural transition from orthorhombic to two successive tetragonal phases (Tetra1 at 493 K, Tetra2 at 573 K) was observed, maintaining the perovskite framework before reverting to the triclinic ambient phase at 693 K, with no structural changes between 4 and 300 K. The first transition is similar to that of KNbO3, whereas the second to Tetra2, marked by c-axis elongation and a significant cp/ap ratio jump (from 1.07 to 1.43), is unique. This distortion suggests a transition similar to that of PbVO3, where an octahedron's oxygen separates along the c-axis, forming a pyramid. Ab initio calculations simulating negative pressure like thermal expansion predicted this phase transition (cp/ap = 1.47 at -1.2 GPa), aligning with experimental findings. Thermal analysis revealed two endothermic peaks, with the second transition entailing a greater enthalpy change and volume alteration. Strong second harmonic generation signals were observed across Ortho, Tetra1, and Tetra2 phases, similar to BaTiO3 and KNbO3. Permittivity increased during the first transition, although the second transition's effects were limited by thermal expansion-induced bulk sample collapse. Perovskite-type RbNbO3 emerges as a promising ferroelectric material.

On the mechanics of thermal collapse of a vapor bubble translating in an isothermal subcooled liquid

In this work, we numerically simulate bubble radius and velocity in a thermal collapse of a vapor bubble translating in an isothermal subcooled liquid based on solving the equations of energy and motion simultaneously. The mechanics of the collapse in the thermal regime plays a significant role in the thermal convection from the vapor-liquid interface of a translating bubble. In our mathematical model, the equation of motion considers the added mass force due to phase change and shape change, while the equation of energy includes thermal conduction and convection. The simulations include both spherical and non-spherical bubbles, the effect of initial bubble diameter and degree of subcooling. The simulations have been performed in three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection and combined conduction-convection) to observe their effect on the bubble dynamics. The numerical results have been compared with the two classes of thermal collapse experiments (Type A and B) and CFD analysis reported in literature. They agree well with the experiments and CFD-analysis. We have seen a remarkable effect of the initial shape of the bubble in terms of aspect ratio on the time scale and modes of the heat transfer and the collapse time. An interesting concern is that the mechanism of the collapse and the modes of heat transfer depends on how the collapse is initiated in the experiments. Type A and B thermal collapses are mainly classified based on the bubble motion and the modes of thermal transport from the interface.

Electron heat flux and propagating fronts in plasma thermal quench via ambipolar transport

The thermal collapse of a nearly collisionless plasma interacting with a cooling spot, in which the electron parallel heat flux plays an essential role, is both theoretically and numerically investigated. We show that such thermal collapse, which is known as thermal quench in tokamaks, comes about in the form of propagating fronts, originating from the cooling spot, along magnetic field lines. The slow fronts, propagating with local ion sound speed, limit the aggressive cooling of plasma, which is accompanied by a plasma cooling flow toward the cooling spot. The extraordinary physics underlying such a cooling flow is that the fundamental constraint of ambipolar transport along the field line limits the spatial gradient of electron thermal conduction flux to the much weaker convective scaling, as opposed to the free-streaming scaling, so that a large electron temperature and, hence, pressure gradient can be sustained. The last ion front for a radiative cooling spot is a shock front where cold but flowing ions meet hot ions.

Analysis of char structure and composition from microwave and conventional pyrolysis/gasification of low and middle rank coals

The structure and composition of residual coal char after pyrolysis dictates its reactivity towards gasification. The nature of the char is a result of the parent coal composition and structure as well as the reaction conditions during pyrolysis. Further, due to the unique characteristics of selective dielectric heating, char development during microwave CO2 gasification may differ from conventional thermal gasification, and little is known about the effect of microwave heating on the char structure development. In this work the heating method used is compared (microwave vs conventional thermal) to generate char samples from four different coal types. These coal chars generated by pyrolysis and gasification were characterized by ultimate analysis, surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dielectric characterization to investigate the chemical and structural differences between microwave- and conventionally-generated chars. The results reveal notable chemical and structural differences between the chars from microwave and conventional pyrolysis and gasification. In general, the conventional chars had greater pore structure development as seen by higher specific surface areas compared to microwave chars, possibly due to rapid thermal collapse of coal pore structure. Microwave pyrolysis chars had greater ordering of the carbon crystal structure for low-ash coals, while graphitization was inhibited for coals with high ash percentage yield. The observations from this study highlight the differences in char characteristics from microwave and conventional pyrolysis and gasification, which can aid microwave gasifier design, implementation, and integration for efficient syngas production and coal ash utilization.

Electromagnetic turbulence simulation of tokamak edge plasma dynamics and divertor heat load during thermal quench

The edge plasma turbulence and transport dynamics, as well as the divertor power loads during the thermal-quench phase of tokamak disruptions, are numerically investigated with BOUT++’s flux-driven six-field electromagnetic turbulence model. Here, transient yet intense particle and energy sources are applied at the pedestal top to mimic the plasma power drive at the edge induced by a core thermal collapse, which flattens the core temperature profile. Interesting features, such as surging of divertor heat load (up to 50 times) and broadening of heat-flux width (up to four times) on the outer-divertor target plate, are observed in the simulation, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. The dramatic changes in divertor heat load and width are due to the enhanced plasma turbulence activities inside the separatrix. Two cross-field transport mechanisms, namely, the E × B turbulent convection and the stochastic parallel advection/conduction, are identified to play important roles in this process. First, an elevated edge pressure gradient drives instabilities and subsequent turbulence in the entire pedestal region. The enhanced turbulence not only transports particles and energy radially across the separatrix via the E × B convection, which causes the initial divertor heat-load burst, but it also induces amplified magnetic fluctuation . Once themagnetic fluctuation is large enough to break the magnetic flux surface, magnetic flutter effect provides an additional radial transport channel. In the late stage of our simulation, reaches to 10−4 level that completely breaks magnetic flux surfaces such that stochastic field lines are directly connecting pedestal top plasma to the divertor target plates or first wall, further contributing to the divertor heat-flux width broadening.

Role of magnetic fields in the fragmentation of the Taurus B213 filament into Sun-type star-forming cores

Fragmentation is a key step in the process of transforming clouds (and their substructures, such as filaments, clumps and cores) into protostars. The thermal gas pressure and gravitational collapse are believed to be the primary agents governing this process, referred as thermal Jeans fragmentation. However, the contributions of other factors (such as magnetic fields and turbulence) to the fragmentation process remain less explored. In this work, we have tested possible fragmentation mechanisms by estimating the mean core mass and mean inter-core separation of the B213 filament. We have used the $$\sim $$ 14 $$^\circ $$ resolution James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) Submillimeter Common-User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2)/POL-2 850 $$\mu $$ m dust continuum map and combined it with a Planck 850 $$\mu $$ m map and Herschel data. We find that in addition to the thermal contribution, the presence of ordered magnetic fields could be important in the fragmentation of the B213 filament.

A transformable three-dimensional simulated solid tumor model reveals the widespread killing potential of natural killer cells with controlled lytic granule positioning

Abstract Cancer immunotherapy using engineered natural killer (NK) cells has shown great promise. However, the limited spatial complexity of current models hinders the study of NK cells in three-dimensional, solid tumor-like environments. Previously, we found that NK cells converge lytic granules before degranulation. It helps focus the secretion of cytotoxic cargos to the synaptic cleft, thus preventing the non-specific killing of bystander cells. We had speculated that bypassing this protective mechanism and forcing NK cells to degranulate non-directionally may promote broader destruction of cancer cells and eradicate tumor-resident non-triggering cells. To evaluate our hypothesis, we designed a novel strategy for creating complex cellular environments with controlled spatial distribution and intercellular dynamics. Using hydrogel-embedded cells as building blocks, we construct 3D models that arrange multiple cell populations within desired inner structures. Notably, these structures can undergo controlled transformations enabled by hydrogels comprised of thermo-responsive polymers. During this transformation, cells experienced rapid but mechanically gentle translocation to pre-designated positions, allowing us to control cell contacts actively. With these systems (which we have termed TheCOS for Thermal Collapse Of Strata), we observed that controlling NK cell lytic granule positioning at a lytic immune synapse was able to promote bystander cell death within a complex multicellular environment. Using quantitative imaging, we calculated an area of damage attributable to radial degranulation, which suggests a potential benefit to this as a strategy for improving cytotoxic cell therapy for solid tumors.

Geochronologically constrained life cycles of telescoped porphyry-epithermal systems at the La Arena district, Northern Peru

La Arena and Alizar are porphyry-type Cu-Au-(Mo) deposits with associated Calaorco and Vanessa high-sulfidation epithermal mineralizations, respectively. In this study, we conducted multiple conventional geochronologic analyses on samples from La Arena district, with the objective to obtain precise a temporal relationship among porphyry emplacement, hydrothermal alterations, cooling, exhumation history and preservation, together with published age data for the district. A precursor quartz–diorite pluton and a late–mineral andesite porphyry bracketed the mineralization in the La Arena and Alizar porphyry deposits. Zircon U-Pb dating of these intrusive rocks display markedly concordant ages, with emplacement beginning and ending at 26.50 ± 0.23 to 25.36 ± 0.07 Ma at La Arena, and at 26.47 ± 0.08 to 25.30 ± 0.07 Ma at Alizar. 40Ar/39Ar chronologic data for hydrothermal biotite from the potassic zone ranges from 25.97 ± 0.16 to 25.73 ± 0.16 Ma in the Alizar, and hypogene alunite from the advanced argillic alteration yield an age of 25.66 ± 0.15 Ma in the Vanessa. The weighted mean apatite (U–Th)/He ages of the porphyry intrusions of the La Arena and Alizar range from 24.26 ± 0.56 to 23.42 ± 0.37 Ma. These geochronologic data reveal that the porphyry systems were emplaced intermittently for at least 1.2 m.y. during the late Oligocene (26.5 – 25.3 Ma). The porphyry intrusions would have been uplifted from its depth of formation at ∼ 2 km suggested by telescoped and a short time period (0.07 m.y.; 40Ar/39Ar ages) between porphyries and associated high-sulfidation epithermal events. The cooling history from zircon crystallization at 800 °C to thermal collapse at 75 °C (apatite helium close temperature) lasted ∼ 2.5 m.y. in the ore-systems. The thermal collapse occurred coeval with the Inca IV orogeny (∼24 Ma), period of rapid uplift and exhumation in northern Peru (0.24 km/m.y.; (U-Th)/He age-elevation spectrum). If exhumation continued at the rate of 0.24 km/m.y. unroof of the ore-deposits lasted 5 m.y. (24–19 Ma). Since their exposure at ∼ 19 Ma, these ore deposits were subjected to weathering and oxidation during 2.12 m.y. It is thus estimated that approximately 500-m thickness of materials have been removed from the Alizar and La Arena during uplift and erosion, including a large volume of ore. Subsequent volcanic activity occurred during the Quechua I orogeny (∼17 Ma) at ca. 16.88 Ma, leading to burial and partially preservation of these ore deposits.

A robotic honeycomb for interaction with a honeybee colony.

Robotic technologies have shown the capability to interact with living organisms and even to form integrated mixed societies composed of living and artificial agents. Biocompatible robots, incorporating sensing and actuation capable of generating and responding to relevant stimuli, can be a tool to study collective behaviors previously unattainable with traditional techniques. To investigate collective behaviors of the western honeybee (Apis mellifera), we designed a robotic system capable of observing and modulating the bee cluster using an array of thermal sensors and actuators. We initially integrated the system into a beehive populated with about 4000 bees for several months. The robotic system was able to observe the colony by continuously collecting spatiotemporal thermal profiles of the winter cluster. Furthermore, we found that our robotic device reliably modulated the superorganism's response to dynamic thermal stimulation, influencing its spatiotemporal reorganization. In addition, after identifying the thermal collapse of a colony, we used the robotic system in a "life-support" mode via its thermal actuators. Ultimately, we demonstrated a robotic device capable of autonomous closed-loop interaction with a cluster comprising thousands of individual bees. Such biohybrid societies open the door to investigation of collective behaviors that necessitate observing and interacting with the animals within a complete social context, as well as for potential applications in augmenting the survivability of these pollinators crucial to our ecosystems and our food supply.

Numerical analysis of energy piles in a hypoplastic soft clay under cyclic thermal loading

AbstractThis work is a numerical investigation of the effect of thermally induced volumetric collapse of normally consolidated clays on the performance of energy piles. A series of coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical Finite Element simulations were carried out using the commercial software ABAQUS. These examined a single free‐head energy pile embedded in a normally consolidated clay layer subjected to a constant mechanical load and to a number of heating/cooling cycles, to reproduce operating conditions. The soil behaviour was described with two advanced hypoplastic constitutive models for clays, one of which incorporates the thermally induced volumetric collapse using an ad‐hoc algorithm developed by the authors. Both models predict a cyclic accumulation of settlement and excess pore water pressure, especially when the thermal collapse effect is considered. While the excess pore pressure distribution stabilises within a few cycles, the rate of settlement of the pile head does not show any tendency to decrease from one cycle to another. These results are in agreement with data from small scale tests on an isolated energy pile in normally consolidated clay, indicating that the numerical model developed in this study can be used to investigate the complex soil/pile/raft interaction processes occurring in real piled foundations incorporating energy piles.

Cooling flow regime of a plasma thermal quench

A large class of Laboratory, Space, and Astrophysical plasmas is nearly collisionless. When a localized energy or particle sink, for example, in the form of a radiative cooling spot or a black hole, is introduced into such a plasma, it can trigger a plasma thermal collapse, also known as a thermal quench in tokamak fusion. Here we show that the electron thermal conduction in such a nearly collisionless plasma follows the convective energy transport scaling in itself or in its spatial gradient, due to the constraint of ambipolar transport. As a result, a robust cooling flow aggregates mass toward the cooling spot and the thermal collapse of the surrounding plasma takes the form of four propagating fronts that originate from the radiative cooling spot, along the magnetic field line in a magnetized plasma. The slowest one, which is responsible for deep cooling, is a shock front.

Evaluation of the heat absorption performance of konjac glucomannan/starch aerogel

Abstract Polysaccharide-based aerogels show great potential in heat absorption, but it lacks comprehensive evaluation system for their endothermic properties. To fully assess their endothermic properties, konjac glucomannan (KGM)/starch aerogel was used and its heat absorption performance (HAP) was investigated. It was found that the heat absorption ability of the samples was attributed to thermal collapse of the samples at high temperature. The composition, structure, size and mass of aerogels would have effect on their HAP. The cellulose acetate (CA) aerogel showed better HAP than KGM/starch aerogel with the same volume. However, the performance of KGM/starch aerogel excelled CA under the same mass. These results were in accordance with the results obtained by thermal conductivity analyzer, which indicated the potential of the system to evaluate the HAP of the aerogels comprehensively.

Radiation Transport Two-temperature GRMHD Simulations of Warped Accretion Disks

In many black hole (BH) systems, the accretion disk is expected to be misaligned with respect to the BH spin axis. If the scale height of the disk is much smaller than the misalignment angle, the spin of the BH can tear the disk into multiple, independently precessing “sub-disks.” This is most likely to happen during outbursts in black hole X-Ray binaries (BHXRBs) and in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) accreting above a few percent of the Eddington limit, because the disk becomes razor-thin. Disk tearing has the potential to explain variability phenomena including quasi-periodic oscillations in BHXRBs and changing-look phenomena in AGNs. Here, we present the first radiative two-temperature general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulation of a strongly tilted (65°) accretion disk around an M BH = 10 M ⊙ BH, which tears and precesses. This leads to luminosity swings between a few percent and 50% of the Eddington limit on sub-viscous timescales. Surprisingly, even where the disk is radiation-pressure-dominated, the accretion disk is thermally stable over t ≳ 14,000 r g /c. This suggests warps play an important role in stabilizing the disk against thermal collapse. The disk forms two nozzle shocks perpendicular to the line of nodes where the scale height of the disk decreases tenfold and the electron temperature reaches T e ∼ 108–109 K. In addition, optically thin gas crossing the tear between the inner and outer disk gets heated to T e ∼ 108 K. This suggests that warped disks may emit a Comptonized spectrum that deviates substantially from idealized models.

Supramolecular assembly of dendronized spiropyrans in aqueous solutions into nanospheres with photo- and thermo-responsive chiralities.

Tailoring the amphiphilicity of a molecule through external stimuli can alter the balance between self-association and repulsion, resulting in different propensities for its assembly. Here we report on the supramolecular assembly of a series of dendronized spiropyrans (DSPs) in water. These DSPs carry 3-fold dendritic oligoethylene glycols (OEGs) with either methoxyl or ethoxyl terminals for different hydrophilicities, and contain an Ala-Gly dipeptide to provide the chirality. These dendronized amphiphiles form supramolecular nanospheres in aqueous solutions with remarkable induced chirality to a level of 1.0 × 106 deg cm2 dmol-1. They can be tuned reversibly through photoisomerization of the spiropyran moieties from the hydrophobic SP form into the hydrophilic MC form, and can even become chirally silent through thermally mediated collapse of the dendritic OEGs. Photoisomerization of the spiropyran moieties in these DSPs is accompanied by simultaneous changes of UV absorption, fluorescence emission, supramolecular chirality and aqueous solution colors. These supramolecular nanospheres exhibit characteristic thermoresponsive behavior due to thermal collapse of the dendritic OEGs with their cloud point temperatures (Tcps) being dependent on the overall hydrophilicity of the molecules and also the aggregate morphologies resulting from how dendritic OEGs are wrapped around the aggregates. Both photo-irradiation-mediated isomerization of the spiropyran moieties and thermally mediated dehydration and collapse of the dendritic OEGs influence the amphiphilicity of these DSPs and their solvation by water, leading to varied driving forces for their assembly. NMR, circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques, as well as DLS and AFM techniques are combined to follow the supramolecular assembly and illustrate the aggregation mechanism. All experimental results demonstrate that the reversible chirality of the aggregates originates from the balance between dendritic OEGs and spiropyran moieties against water solvation.

Pressure Drop Performance of Porous Composites Based on Cotton Cellulose Nanofiber and Aramid Nanofiber for Cigarette Filter Rod.

Porous composites have been widely used in the adsorption and catalysis field due to their special structure, abundant sites, and light weight. In this work, an environmentally friendly porous composite was successfully prepared via a facile freeze-drying method, in which cotton cellulose nanofiber (CCNF) was adopted as the main framework to construct the connected flue structure, and aramid nanofiber (ANF) was used as a reinforcer to enhance its thermal property. As-prepared porous materials retained a regulated inter-connected hole structure and controllable porosity after ice template evolution and possessed improved resistance to thermal collapse with the introduction of a small amount of aramid nanofiber, as evaluated and verified by FTIR, SEM, and TGA measurements. With the increased addition of cotton cellulose nanofiber and aramid nanofiber, the porous composites exhibited decreased porosity and increased pressure drop performance. For the CCNF/ANF-5 sample, the pressure drop was 1867 Pa with a porosity of 7.46 cm3/g, which best met the required pressure drop value of 1870 Pa. As-prepared porous composite with adjustable interior structure and enhanced thermal property could be a promising candidate in the tobacco field.

Thermal effects in short laser pulses: Suppression of wave collapse

An envelope model for short laser pulses is proposed. These pulses are short compared to fluid motion timescales and long compared to electron thermalization timescales. Numerical simulation of the thermal blooming of laser pulses at powers near the boundary of the self-focusing regime is presented in this model. The model includes terms representing the contributions of thermal blooming and the Kerr effect. In the context of the model, thermal blooming and the Kerr effect compete; Kerr driving and thermal blooming suppressing wave collapse. The dynamics of pulses whose energies are near the collapse threshold are numerically simulated.

Hydrogen Leakage Simulation and Risk Analysis of Hydrogen Fueling Station in China

Hydrogen is a renewable energy source with various features, clean, carbon-free, high energy density, which is being recognized internationally as a “future energy.” The US, the EU, Japan, South Korea, China, and other countries or regions are gradually clarifying the development position of hydrogen. The rapid development of the hydrogen energy industry requires more hydrogenation infrastructure to meet the hydrogenation need of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Nevertheless, due to the frequent occurrence of hydrogen infrastructure accidents, their safety has become an obstacle to large-scale construction. This paper analyzed five sizes (diameters of 0.068 mm, 0.215 mm, 0.68 mm, 2.15 mm, and 6.8 mm) of hydrogen leakage in the hydrogen fueling station using Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) and HyRAM software. The results show that unignited leaks occur most frequently; leaks caused by flanges, valves, instruments, compressors, and filters occur more frequently; and the risk indicator of thermal radiation accident and structure collapse accident caused by overpressure exceeds the Chinese individual acceptable risk standard and the risk indicator of a thermal radiation accident and head impact accident caused by overpressure is below the Chinese standard. On the other hand, we simulated the consequences of hydrogen leak from the 45 MPa hydrogen storage vessels by the physic module of HyRAM and obtained the ranges of plume dispersion, jet fire, radiative heat flux, and unconfined overpressure. We suggest targeted preventive measures and safety distance to provide references for hydrogen fueling stations’ safe construction and operation.