Thermal Activity Monitor Research Articles

Advancing Volcanic Activity Monitoring: A Near-Real-Time Approach with Remote Sensing Data Fusion for Radiative Power Estimation

The global, near-real-time monitoring of volcano thermal activity has become feasible through thermal infrared sensors on various satellite platforms, which enable accurate estimations of volcanic emissions. Specifically, these sensors facilitate reliable estimation of Volcanic Radiative Power (VRP), representing the heat radiated during volcanic activity. A critical factor influencing VRP estimates is the identification of hotspots in satellite imagery, typically based on intensity. Different satellite sensors employ unique algorithms due to their distinct characteristics. Integrating data from multiple satellite sources, each with different spatial and spectral resolutions, offers a more comprehensive analysis than using individual data sources alone. We introduce an innovative Remote Sensing Data Fusion (RSDF) algorithm, developed within a Cloud Computing environment that provides scalable, on-demand computing resources and services via the internet, to monitor VRP locally using data from various multispectral satellite sensors: the polar-orbiting Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR), and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), along with the geostationary Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI). We describe and demonstrate the operation of this algorithm through the analysis of recent eruptive activities at the Etna and Stromboli volcanoes. The RSDF algorithm, leveraging both spatial and intensity features, demonstrates heightened sensitivity in detecting high-temperature volcanic features, thereby improving VRP monitoring compared to conventional pre-processed products available online. The overall accuracy increased significantly, with the omission rate dropping from 75.5% to 3.7% and the false detection rate decreasing from 11.0% to 4.3%. The proposed multi-sensor approach markedly enhances the ability to monitor and analyze volcanic activity.

Effect of incompatible substances on the thermal stability and decomposition products of 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile and 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile)

2,2-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 1,1′-azobis (cyclohexanecarbonitrile) (ABCN) are two common azo initiators in the polymerization industry. In the chemical process, incompatible substances are commonly in contact with azo initiators. However, the thermal stability and decomposition process of azo compounds may change. In this study, the effects of common incompatible substances (hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), and water (H2O)) on the thermal stability and decomposition products of AIBN and ABCN were investigated. Thermal activity monitor IV (TAM IV) was utilized to investigate the thermal behavior of AIBN and ABCN industrial applications and storage processes. Several parameters such as the maximum peak power (Qmax), time to maximum rate under isothermal conditions (TMRiso), and heat of decomposition (ΔHd), were used to evaluate the effect of incompatible substances on the thermal stability of AIBN and ABCN. The results show that HCl will significantly reduce the thermal stability of AIBN and ABCN and increase the thermal risk in industrial applications. Accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) was utilized to simulate the thermal runaway of the industrial application process. The real thermal runaway behavior was obtained by correcting the ARC experimental data with thermal inertia (φ). The decomposition products affected by incompatible substances were explored by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). After AIBN or ABCN were mixed with the incompatible substances, in addition to the free radicals and nitrogen generated, there may be 2-propenenitrile, 2-methyl-, hydrazinecarboxamide, and 4-cyano-1-cyclohexene. The process safety parameters can provide a valuable reference for industrial loss prevention.

Measurement and correlation of thermodynamics properties of aqueous solutions containing glycols. Part II: Excess molar enthalpy

In this work, excess molar enthalpies of binary liquid mixtures of {water + ethanol, or + ethylene glycol, or + diethylene glycol, or + triethylene glycol, or + poly(ethylene glycol) 200, or + poly(ethylene glycol)300, or + poly(ethylene glycol)400, or + poly(ethylene glycol)600, or + glycerol} have been determined as a function of composition using a microcalorimeter Thermal Activity Monitor (2277, Thermometric) at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The results were fitted by the Myers-Scott equation, as a function of mole fraction. The values of excess molar enthalpies were exothermic and large. The excess partial molar enthalpies and excess partial molar enthalpies at infinite dilution were calculated. Moreover, the experimental results were used to test the applicability of the Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC models. The results of excess molar enthalpies were discussed in terms of molecular interactions.

Investigative calorimetric studies and kinetic parameters estimation using analytical methods for self-reactive hazardous chemicals in a chemical manufacturing plant

Apart from human-error, lack of awareness in handling analytical tools and models avert process thermal hazards, misinterpretation of the exothermic dataset of hazardous chemicals have led to numerous catastrophic incidents in the past. The heating mechanism during the runaway reaction is unclear and important to understand for designing safer reactors. The aim of this study was to analyze thermokinetic parameters using nonisothermal calorimetric studies including differential scanning calorimetry and isothermal methods including thermal activity monitor III for both reactive groups. Furthermore, overpressure and overtemperature of hazardous materials were assessed using an adiabatic calorimeter, namely vent sizing package 2, enabling the use of alerting equipment for various operations. The pure decomposition behavior of 2,2′-azobis (2-methylbutyronitrile) (AMBN) was analyzed with depictions of the short-term release of high pressure and temperature using an infrared thermal imaging camera. Thermokinetic parameters of AMBN, including apparent activation energy Ea, were assessed. Thermal tests elucidated the potential hazard while handling these compounds and delineated the nature of the decomposition reaction of the n-th order or autocatalytic model. These results suggested that energy released from isothermal reactions and gas chromatography/mass spectrometer for decomposition products of azo and peroxide compounds simultaneously to understand the reaction mechanisms of compounds of interest.

Kinetic analysis of the spontaneous thermal polymerization of acrylic acid

Acrylic acid is a monomer that has been responsible for a number of severe explosions worldwide as a result of thermal runaway. The present work was intended to lead to an improved understanding of the kinetics of the thermal polymerization and Michael addition reaction (MAR) of acrylic acid. Sealed cell differential scanning calorimetry was carried out, and the kinetics of the thermal polymerization of acrylic acid were assessed on the basis of the model-free Friedman method. In addition, microcalorimetry using a Thermal Activity Monitor IV apparatus was conducted to determine the kinetic parameters for the MAR. The rate constant for the MAR was found to be k (s−1) = 3.45 × 105 × exp (− 9.48 × 103/T (K)), while the activation energy was 78.8 kJ mol−1. The progress of the MAR was fitted with an n-order reaction model, and the reaction order as well as the rate constant was determined to be linearly proportional to temperature. By employing a modified n-order reaction model in which the reaction order was a linear function of temperature, we obtained a reaction rate equation for the MAR that closely reproduced the experimental results over a wide temperature range.

Thermal decomposition characteristics of diethyl azodicarboxylate dissolved in three ionic liquids as solvents

Azo-peroxyester, a multifunctional elemental energetic material, has low efficiency when indirectly acting on the target product in a reaction. If azo-peroxyester is dissolved in an appropriate solvent, the yield is greatly improved. With the aim of perfecting the safety of diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) in industrial process applications, this study evaluated the inherent safety of DEAD when dissolved in different reagents by using differential scanning calorimetry and a thermal activity monitor III. The thermokinetic parameters, exothermic onset temperature (To), time to maximum rate under isothermal conditions (TMRiso), and apparent activation energy (Ea), were determined in order to reveal factors influencing the reaction mechanism. Comparing with pure DEAD, T0 was lower when DEAD was dissolved in three ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide. Additionally, Ea and TMRiso were considerably higher, indicating there was an improvement in both efficiency and thermal safety of DEAD for the reaction process. These results support the applications of DEAD in industrial process safety, and set a foundation for future laboratory investigation.

Enthalpies of dilution of amino alcohols in aqueous solutions at 298.15 K

The enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of the amino alcohols: 3-amino-1-propanol, (RS)-1-amino-2-propanol, (RS)-3-amino-1,2-propanediol, and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol were measured as a function of concentration at 298.15 K using a Thermal Activity Monitor (TAM). The results of the experimental measurements were treated according to the McMillan-Mayer theory, to obtain the enthalpic homogeneous interaction coefficients. The pair interaction coefficient hxx shows a clear dependence on the position and number of polar groups. The enthalpic coefficients are discussed in terms of the molecular interaction between solvated solute molecules.

Thermal hazard assessment of the thermal stability of acne cosmeceutical therapy using advanced calorimetry technology

In recent years, a number of cosmeceutical incidents have occurred both domestically and internationally. These incidents range from minor burns on the skin to the explosion of a cosmeceutical factory. In most of these incidents, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) was reported as one of the hazardous compounds involved. Even after dilution, BPO still poses a hazard. This study examined the thermal stability parameters of BPO by using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyzer, and thermal activity monitor III. Advanced thermokinetic models were integrated and calculated, and complete thermal stability analysis of low concentration of BPO was conducted. The findings of this study may be used as a reference in future research on BPO decomposition.

Thermal risk assessment of tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate for storage and transport

Tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexyl ester (TBEC) is a typical organic peroxide that is used in pharmaceuticals, materials, intermediates or as a polymerization initiator, and it has a large amount of consumption. We examined the thermal risks of TBEC during storage and transport by using differential scanning calorimetry and thermal activity monitor III to investigate its thermal stability and thermal hazards. Non-isothermal and isothermal experiments were used to calculate the apparent activation energy (E(α)), compare the calculated kinetic data, pre-exponential factor, and other parameters, and infer the thermal behaviour of TBEC under pseudo-adiabatic conditions. According to the calculation results, the E(α) under non-isothermal conditions calculated through the Friedman isothermal kinetic method ranged from 91.47 to 177.35 kJ mol−1. E(α) under isothermal conditions ranged from 157.18 to 143.28 kJ mol−1. TBEC was also tested under pseudo-adiabatic conditions using vent sizing package 2 to investigate uncontrolled thermal runaway. The calculated self-accelerating decomposition temperature was 34.0 °C. Our results provide an insight into the thermal decomposition of TBEC and supply reliable data for its storage and transport processes.

Exploration of hydrothermal alteration and monitoring of thermal activity using multi-source satellite images: A case study of the recently active Kirishima volcano complex on Kyushu Island, Japan

Three major successive plinian or subplinian eruptions, following a long dormant period, occurred in January 2011, September 2017, and March 2018 within the Kirishima volcano complex on Kyushu Island, Japan. Herein, we applied a Landsat 8 image to explore the most active hydrothermal altered area of the Kirishima volcano complex, and nine sets of nighttime ASTER thermal infrared data to explore changes of heat loss to the thermally active area of the Shinmoedake and Ohnamiike craters within this volcanic complex from 2009 to 2018. Color composite, band ratio, principal component analysis, and Crosta techniques were used to map hydrothermal alteration. Meanwhile, the normalized difference vegetation index threshold method for emissivity retrieval, the split-window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST), and the Stefan–Boltzmann equation were used to derive the radiative heat flux (RHF) for the study area. Total radiative heat loss (RHL) in megawatts was calculated by adding pixels positive RHF (W/m2) values after multiplying with the pixel area. Using these data, the spatial distribution of altered mineral zones was mapped for the Kirishima volcano complex. We estimated that the maximum LSTs above ambient values were about 24 °C, 12 °C, and 12 °C, immediately following the 2011, 2017 and 2018 eruptions. Highest pixel RHFs of 136 W/m2, 75 W/m2, and 61 W/m2 were also measured just after these eruptions, on 15 November 2011, 30 October 2017, and 8 April 2018, producing peaks in the total RHL of 233 MW, 198 MW and 101 MW, respectively. The Shinmoedake crater had more intense thermal activity than the Ohnamiike crater after both the 2011 and 2018 eruptions but had less intense activity after the 2017 eruption. The intensity of thermal unrest decreased during the study period from both craters. This study illustrates how Landsat TIRS/OLI data can be used for hydrothermal alteration as well as nighttime ASTER thermal infrared data to monitor effectively the thermal activity of active areas of the Kirishima volcano complex.

On the thermal decomposition of tert.-butyl hydroperoxide, its sensitivity to metals and its kinetics, studied by thermoanalytic methods

The decomposition of hydroperoxides like tert.-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) due to reactions with reactor materials (wall reactions) is an important issue in the frame of industrial processes and the analysis of such compounds. Because of the high surface-volume ratio such heterogeneous reactions are also especially important in case of thermo-analytical measurements. Therefore, the decomposition of TBHP has been studied for the first time extensively by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) using differently coated high pressure stainless steel crucibles (uncoated, gilded, silicon coated) and a medium pressure stainless steel crucible. Furthermore, the interaction of such crucible materials with TBHP has been measured for the first time by Thermal Activity Monitoring (TAM). The material of the gilded copper blowout disc turned out to be the reason for the very different DSC curves published in literature and had the highest influence compared to the crucible body material and the pressure. To protect the sample against the blowout disc, an aluminium foil has been placed below the blowout disc. This changed the shape of the DSC curve completely. It became more similar to that obtained with the medium pressure crucible. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism, kinetics and chemical aspects of the decomposition of TBHP at different conditions have been discussed and kinetics has been investigated for the first time by an overall evaluation of the DSC curves and a model free kinetics approach. Using the linear relationship between the kinetic activation parameters the published values are compared to those of the present work.

Novel aspects for thermal stability studies and shelf life assessment of modified double-base propellants

Abstract Modified DB propellants, based on energetic nitramine (RDX) were manufactured by solventless extrusion process. Thermal stability and shelf life assessment of modified DB propellant were investigated. Shelf life assessment was evaluated using Van't Hoff's formula and artificial aging at 70 °C up to 120 days. Quantification of total heat released and heat flow with aging time was conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal activity monitoring (TAMIII) respectively. Modified DB formulation based on 20 wt % RDX demonstrated enhanced thermal stability in terms of controlled heat flow, and slow decomposition reactions at elevated temperature. This formulation demonstrated extended service life up to 56 years compared with reference formulation. These novel finding was ascribed to the high thermal stability of RDX and its compatibility with DB constituents. This manuscript shaded the light on novel and effective approach for thermal stability via monitoring thermal activity with aging.

Anti-Staphylococcus aureus evaluation of gallic acid by isothermal microcalorimetry and principle component analysis

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus requires new antibacterial drugs. In this study, using a thermal activity monitor air isothermal microcalorimeter, the heat flow power–time curves of S. aureus growth at 37 °C in the presence of different concentrations of gallic acid were determined. By analyzing the metabolic curves and some quantitative thermo-kinetic parameters obtained from these curves with the help of principle component analysis (PCA), the antibacterial effects of gallic acid on S. aureus were rapidly and accurately evaluated. Growth rate constant k2 of the second exponential phase and the maximum heat flow output power P2 for S. aureus growth were selected as the two main parameters for the antibacterial evaluation. Results showed that 10 μg mL−1 of gallic acid began to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, and high concentrations (more than 20 μg mL−1) of this compound exhibited strong anti-S. aureus effects. 63.51 μg mL−1 of gallic acid resulted in a 50% inhibitory ratio on S. aureus. All these illustrated that the anti-S. aureus effects were enhanced with increasing the concentration of this compound. Gallic acid can be used as a new natural and safe antibacterial drug for treating multidrug-resistant S. aureus. This work provided a useful idea of the combination of microcalorimetry and PCA for highly sensitive evaluation of the antibacterial effects of various compounds, providing reliable references for screening out new antibacterial drugs.

Monitoring of Thermal Activity at the Hatchobaru–Otake Geothermal Area in Japan Using Multi-Source Satellite Images—With Comparisons of Methods, and Solar and Seasonal Effects

The Hatchobaru–Otake (HO) geothermal field is proximal to the Kuju volcano on Kyushu, Japan. There are currently three geothermal power plants operating within this geothermal field. Herein, we explore the thermal status of the HO geothermal area using ASTER thermal infrared data to monitor heat losses from 2009 to 2017. We assessed the solar effects and seasonal variation on heat losses based on day- and night-time Landsat thermal infrared images, and compared three conventional methods of land surface temperature (LST) measurements. The normalized difference vegetation index threshold method of emissivity, the split window algorithm for LST, and the Stefan–Boltzmann equation for radiative heat flux (RHF) were used to determine the heat loss within the study area. The radiative heat loss (RHL) was 0.36 MW, 38.61 MW, and 29.14 MW in 2009, 2013, and 2017, respectively, from the HO geothermal field. The highest anomaly in RHF was recorded in 2013, while the lowest was in 2009. The RHLs were higher from Otake than from the Hatchobaru thermal area in the year of 2013 (~31%) and 2017 (~78%). The seasonal variation in the RHLs based on all three LST estimation methods had a similar pattern, with the highest RHL (about 383–451 MW) in spring and the lowest (about 10–222 MW) in autumn for the daytime images from the HO geothermal field. In the nighttime images, the highest RHL was about 35–67 MW in autumn and the lowest was about 1–3 MW in spring, based on the three LST methods for RHFs. The highest RHL was about 35–42 MW in spring (day) and 3–7 MW in autumn (night) from the Hatchobaru thermal area, analyzed separately. Similarly, the highest RHL was about 22–25 MW in spring (day) and 4–5 MW in winter (night) from the Otake thermal area. The seasonal variation was greatly influenced by the regional ambient temperature. We also observed that clouds had a huge effect, with the highest values for both LST and RHF recorded below clouds on an autumn day. Overall, we obtained higher LSTs at nighttime and lower LSTs during the day from the improved mono-window algorithm than the split window algorithms for all of the seasons. The heat losses were also higher for the improved mono-window algorithm than the split window algorithms, based on the LST nighttime thermal infrared data. Considering the error level of the LST methods and Landsat 8 band 11, this study recommends the IWM method for LST using the Landsat 8 band 10 data. This study also suggests that both the nighttime ASTER and Landsat 8 thermal infrared data could be effective for monitoring the thermal status of the HO geothermal area, given that data is available for the entire period.

Incompatible effects of specific acids on the thermokinetics of 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane

1,1-Bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (TMCH), an industrial initiator and cross-linking agent comprising two active peroxy bonds, becomes unstable when specific acids—namely phosphoric acid (H3PO4), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), or hydrochloric acid (HCl)—are added to it. The incompatible reactivity of TMCH with these specific acids was monitored through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal activity monitor III (TAM III). Thermophysical parameters, including exothermic onset temperature, decomposition heat, and peak temperature, were estimated through DSC dynamic testing to obtain the exothermic ranking. Isothermal testing was conducted using TAM III to estimate the thermokinetic parameters of the mixture of TMCH and a specific acid. A high reaction enthalpy was observed when TMCH was mixed with H2SO4, HNO3, or HCl due to the characteristic acid-catalyzed reactions. Furthermore, HCl initiated an earlier onset temperature for TMCH decomposition, and the mixtures of TMCH with HNO3 and HCl presented multiple thermal curves with complex exothermic peaks. In summary, the thermokinetic parameters and reaction models of TMCH with specific acids were evaluated to classify the runaway potential.

Evaluation for the thermokinetics of the autocatalytic reaction of cumene hydroperoxide mixed with phenol through isothermal approaches and simulations

Abstract In the petrochemical industry, estimation methods based on isothermal micro-calorimetry are used to precisely analyze the thermal hazards and risks associated with chemicals and to develop an inherently safer design (ISD). Here, a thermal activity monitor III (TAM III) was used under various isothermal conditions to obtain the thermokinetics parameters of reaction mechanisms. Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), a typical organic peroxide, is decomposed by the action of sulfuric acid to yield phenol and acetone in equimolar quantities. CHP undergoes multiple complex reactions when an autocatalytic reaction occurs under isothermal decomposition. The following reaction scheme was considered in this study: A + nB ⇌ (n + 1) B, A ⇌ B, B → C. This type of reaction generally accelerates as the reactant is consumed, and an autocatalytic substance is produced. As a result, an ISD is required for preparation, manufacturing, transportation, storage, and even elimination. The rich behavioral patterns of these autocatalytic reactions were revealed through multiple specific illustrations.

Kinetic analysis of solids of the quasi-autocatalytic decomposition type: SADT determination of low-temperature polymorph of AIBN

Simulations of SADT values based on the heat balance of the system are presented for azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). These simulations used kinetic parameters obtained from heat flow calorimetry experiments performed at temperatures in the stability range of low-temperature (L-T) polymorph of AIBN. Thermal Activity Monitor (TAM) data were collected in the range of 55–70 °C. The simulated SADT value for L-T AIBN amounts to 46 °C. This is very similar to the computed results obtained in the BAM project (Malow et al., 2015; Roduit et al., 2015; Moukhina, 2015; Kossoy et al., 2015) for the high-temperature (H-T) form of AIBN which amounts to 47 °C and is also in full agreement with the large scale experimentally found SADT of AIBN (47 °C) (Malow et al., 2015). The prerequisites for collecting proper kinetic data for the quasi-AC type energetic materials in which the phase change phenomena (polymorphic transformation or melting) precedes the decomposition are discussed. The apparent paradox when the application of incorrect kinetics applied in narrow α or T ranges may sometimes result in the correct predictions of such safety parameters, such as SADT, is also explained.

Thermal hazard studies on aqueous ethylene oxide solution using DSC, VSP2, and the pressure-proof TAM IV

Ethylene oxide is a most versatile and critical raw chemical and intermediate. However, the strained ring of ethylene oxide is liable to be cleaved, potentially leading to industrial disasters at high temperatures, such as severe explosions, fires, and toxic releases. In this study, nonisothermal, adiabatic, and isothermal tests were performed to determine the inherent properties of aqueous ethylene oxide solution (AEOS) with regard to its safety. Differential scanning calorimetry and vent sizing package 2 were used to investigate its thermal decomposition and pseudo-adiabatic runaway reaction, respectively. Isothermally exothermic behavior was detected by using the thermal activity monitor IV. Kinetic equations were applied to calculate the apparent activation energy of AEOS (at conversion degrees of 10, 11, 12, 13,…, and 90%), with its value in the range 59.6–85.0 kJ mol−1. The Arrhenius method was also used to ascertain the frequency factor. As the conversion degree increased, the apparent activation energy and frequency factor gradually decreased. The flash point of AEOS was tested to determine its fire and explosion hazard potential. From the perspective of proactive loss prevention, these results are salient for the safer thermal handling of AEOS.

Effects of mixing malic acid and salicylic acid with metal oxides in medium- to low-temperature isothermal conditions, as determined using the thermal activity monitor IV

Cosmetic products that contain malic, salicylic, hyaluronic acids and various antioxidants, which are popular worldwide, have made cosmeceuticals a popular cosmetic production sector. Typically, each component of cosmetics, regardless of its activity, may affect the thermal stability of the product. To investigate the thermal stability of regular cosmetics of interest, thermal activity monitor IV was applied to determine the thermokinetic parameters for stability assessment. Arrhenius equations and thermal safety software (for kinetic calculations and numerical simulations) were used. Considering the numerous additives in cosmetic products, individual components of cosmetic material mixed with other components are the primary factors for product deterioration. We examined samples of pure malic acid, pure salicylic acid, and individual acids mixed with copper or iron oxide under isothermal surroundings at 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 °C. The results of isothermal tests were compared with nonisothermal tests using Arrhenius equations, ASTM E698 method, and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods. The value of Ea between malic acid and salicylic acid became lower when mixed with CuO. The findings can be used to identify the optimal parameters for product design and establish a malic and salicylic acid database for developing a proactive loss prevention protocol.

Thermal hazard assessment of TMCH mixed with inorganic acids

1,1-Bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (TMCH) is a typical peroxide with two peroxy groups that may runaway and/or explode due to mixing with inorganic acids, such as HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, or H3PO4. In this study, reactivities of TMCH mixed with the above inorganic acids were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, data obtained by DSC, such as exothermic onset temperature (T0), maximum temperature (Tmax), and heat of decomposition (ΔHd) could be employed to acquire thermal safety parameters. Moreover, thermal activity monitor III (TAM III) was employed to investigate the thermal hazards while storing or transporting TMCH and TMCH mixed with four types of commonly used inorganic acids, here as HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, or H3PO4 under isothermal conditions. Mixing TMCH with those inorganic acids resulted in higherΔHd except H3PO4, and mixing TMCH with HCl clearly decreased T0. Therefore, the phenomena of mixing those incompatible materials with TMCH can be concluded as the worst cases in terms of contamination hazards during storage and transportation of TMCH.