Therapy For Deep Vein Thrombosis Research Articles

Efficacy of Mechanical Thrombectomy in Preventing Post-Thrombotic Syndrome in Acute DVT: A Retrospective Study.

Background Lower limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is associated with significant morbidity and death. DVT can result in complications such as postphlebitic syndrome, pulmonary embolism, and death. Combining pretest probability, D-dimer testing, and compression ultrasound imaging enables a safe and convenient study of suspected lower-extremity thrombosis. This study aimed to assess the expanding body of research supporting thrombectomy as a form of DVT therapy. Materials and Methods A retrospective study was performed on individuals with venous Doppler-confirmed DVT and occlusive thrombus. Four-hundred fifty-one consecutive patients were selected for the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In this investigation, thrombectomy was the preferred therapeutic approach. Results The study reports a male predominance of 56.1%. Most patients (25.7%) were between the age of 51 and 60, with 84.7% reporting pain and lower-extremity swelling as the two most common clinical symptoms. The femoral vein was noted as the most frequent site of thrombus in the current research (51.0%), with acute DVT accounting for most cases (85.1%). Most of the patients (97.3%) were primarily asymptomatic after one year of follow-up. Conclusion Thrombectomy is a reliable treatment modality for DVT patients in regaining venous patency, preventing DVT recurrence, treating post-thrombotic syndrome, and preventing pulmonary embolism.

Histotripsy and Catheter-Directed Lytic: Efficacy in Highly Retracted Porcine Clots In Vitro

ObjectiveStandard treatment for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) involves catheter-directed anticoagulants or thrombolytics, but the chronic thrombi present in many DVT cases are often resistant to this therapy. Histotripsy has been found to be a promising adjuvant treatment, using the mechanical action of cavitating bubble clouds to enhance thrombolytic activity. The objective of this study was to determine if histotripsy enhanced recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) thrombolysis in highly retracted porcine clots in vitro in a flow model of occlusive DVT. MethodsHighly retracted porcine whole blood clots were treated for 1 h with either catheter-directed saline (negative control), rt-PA (lytic control), histotripsy, DEFINITY and histotripsy or the combination of rt-PA and histotripsy with or without DEFINITY. Five-cycle, 1.5 MHz histotripsy pulses with a peak negative pressure of 33.2 MPa and pulse repetition frequency of 40 Hz were applied along the clot. B-Mode and passive cavitation images were acquired during histotripsy insonation to monitor bubble activity. ResultsClots subjected to histotripsy with and without rt-PA exhibited greater thrombolytic efficacy than controls (7.0% flow recovery or lower), and histotripsy with rt-PA was more efficacious than histotripsy with saline (86.1 ± 10.2% compared with 61.7 ± 19.8% flow recovery). The addition of DEFINITY to histotripsy with or without rt-PA did not enhance either thrombolytic efficacy or cavitation dose. Cavitation dose generally did not correlate with thrombolytic efficacy. ConclusionEnhancement of thrombolytic efficacy was achieved using histotripsy, with and without catheter-directed rt-PA, in the presence of physiologic flow. This suggests these treatments may be effective as therapy for DVT.

A retrospective assessment of venous recanalization outcomes for oral anticoagulant treatment in deep vein thrombosis.

This study aims to provide effective treatment by comparing the venous recanalization responses of oral anticoagulants in deep vein thrombosis therapy. From January 2013 to March 2019, a retrospective analysis was conducted on 109 patients who had been diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis and received treatment with apixaban, rivaroxaban, or warfarin within 1week of symptom onset. Demographic, clinical data, and venous recanalization responses on Doppler ultrasonography of the patients that were followed-up 1year from the date of diagnosis were evaluated. At the end of the 1-year follow-up, 21 (19.3%) patients had delayed recanalization, 39 (35.8%) patients had partial recanalization, and 49 (44.9%) patients had complete recanalization. The mean time to complete recanalization was 9.178 months for apixaban, 8.986 months for rivaroxaban, and 10.641 months for warfarin. Rivaroxaban was found to result in earlier completion of recanalization compared to warfarin (p = .012). Direct oral anticoagulants might be more effective than vitamin K antagonists in achieving complete recanalization in patients that have deep vein thrombosis. Improving outcomes can be achieved by evaluating current treatment options.

Dual-Frequency Ultrasound Assisted Thrombolysis in Interventional Therapy of Deep Vein Thrombosis.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide. Currently, the treatment of DVT still needs a long time and faces a high risk of major bleeding. It is necessary to find a rapid and safe method for the therapy of DVT. Here, a dual-frequency ultrasound assisted thrombolysis (DF-UAT) is reported for the interventional treatment of DVT. A series of piezoelectric elements are placed in an interventional catheter to emit ultrasound waves with two independent frequencies in turn. The low-frequency ultrasound drives the drug-loaded droplets into the thrombus, while the high-frequency ultrasound causes the cavitation of the droplets in the thrombus. With the joint effect of the enhanced drug diffusion and the cavitation under the dual-frequency ultrasound, the thrombolytic efficacy can be improved. In a proof-of-concept experiment performed with living sheep, the recanalization of the iliac vein is realized in 15min using the DF-UAT technology. Therefore, the DF-UAT can be one of the most promising methods in the interventional treatment of DVT.

Management of acute pulmonary embolism following chest trauma in a resource limited setting – A case report

Introduction: Pulmonary embolism is a known complication among trauma patients and contribute to significant mortality and morbidity. In the setting of trauma, the signs and symptoms of VTE may be masked. Therefore, a high index of suspicion and timely intervention can improve outcome.
 Presentation of case: A 57-year-old healthy female presented with a history of fall from a train, into a gap between the train and the platform. She had sustained cerebral contusions in the frontal lobes and right sided lung contusion. She was resuscitated and managed in the trauma ICU and send to a ward.
 She desaturated in the ward and followed by a cardiac arrest. Bed side 2D echocardiogram and CT pulmonary angiogram were suggestive of PE. Thrombolysis was followed by clot retrieval. Patient was discharged home on day 13 after cardiac arrest on warfarin therapy.
 Discussion: Causes for PE are multi-factorial. Failure to initiate prophylaxis therapy for deep vein thrombosis in trauma victims is a major cause for PE. Management of PE in a haemodynamically unstable patient with a background history of trauma is challenging. Neuro-imaging revealed bi frontal cerebral contusions hence, the treatment of choice was clot retrieval. However, due to limited resources and logistics, medical thrombolysis was initiated with the involvement of a multidisciplinary team. Clot retrieval was initiated within 14 hours of diagnosis.
 Conclusion: Clinical suspicion and early diagnosis of PE can improve outcomes. Management is challenging in a low & middle income countries, where resources are limited. In the presence of contraindications and failed thrombolysis, clot retrieval remains an important aspect in the management of PE.

Endovascular Therapy of Chronic Iliofemoral Venous Outflow Obstructions

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is associated with a high cost burden for health care systems because of secondary cost intensive complications like pulmonary embolism and especially the post thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Current standard therapy of anticoagulation for DVT therapy has not changed through the years leaving patients especially with iliofemoral vein thrombus on a high-risk situation for developing PTS. For patients with chronic venous outflow obstruction of the iliac vein system dedicated venous stents and recanalization techniques are today available.

上肢の深部静脈血栓症とリハビリテーション治療

上肢深部静脈血栓症の生じる背景には，一次性と，カテーテルなどデバイス留置に起因したもの，悪性新生物を背景にしたものが挙げられる．浮腫や疼痛などの症状がある場合もあるが，無症状の場合も少なくない．肺塞栓症の頻度は低いとされるが，背景疾患の予後が不良である場合が少なくない．抗凝固療法や血栓溶解療法などが検討されるが，下肢の深部静脈血栓症と異なり治療のエビデンスはまだ十分とはいえない．下肢の深部静脈血栓症と異なり安静や不動を背景にしたものではなく，リハビリテーション治療に定まったものはなく，症例に応じた機能障害に対しての治療を検討することになる

Noncanonical Effects of Oral Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors in Platelet Activation and Arterial Thrombosis.

Nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) or direct oral anticoagulants comprise inhibitors of factor Xa (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban) or factor IIa (dabigatran). Both classes efficiently interfere with the final or penultimate step of the coagulation cascade and showed superior net clinical benefit compared with vitamin K antagonists for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with AF and for prevention and therapy of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. None the less, accumulating data suggested, that there may be differences regarding the frequency of atherothrombotic cardiovascular events between NOACs. Thus, the optimal individualized NOAC for each patient remains a matter of debate. Against this background, some basic and translational analyses emphasized NOAC effects that impact on platelet activity and arterial thrombus formation beyond inhibition of plasmatic coagulation. In this review, we will provide an overview of the available clinical and translational evidence for so-called noncanonical NOAC effects on platelet activation and arterial thrombosis.

The Challenges of Managing Deep Vein Thrombosis in the Elderly: A Narrative Review

Elderly people have a higher risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) than younger adults. The causes of this are considered multifactorial, including changes in age-related hemostatic factors, greater comorbid conditions, and the frequency of hospitalizations, although they are not fully understood. Besides, DVT in the elderly can be difficult to recognize because the symptoms can appear atypically. The diagnostic approach of DVT remains the same for all age groups, including pre-test probability, D-dimer measurement, and imaging, although these can be less specific in older age. Antithrombotic agents are the main treatment of DVT. Direct oral anticoagulation (DOAC) provides clinicians with more choices for DVT therapy. However, the anticoagulation of DVT in the elderly must always be done carefully, because old age is also a risk factor for the occurrence of bleeding complications. Identifying bleeding risk factors that can be modified and balancing the risk of thrombosis with bleeding, including the selection and adjustment of anticoagulant doses, are important in considerations of using anticoagulants in the elderly. This narrative review summarizes the literature on the management of DVT in the elderly

Acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis: does catheter-directed thrombolysis affect outcomes?

Purpose The aim was to assess the role of catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) in improving patency of the treated venous segments and to examine the correlation of residual thrombus with post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Background Iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is associated with severe post-thrombotic morbidity when treated with anticoagulation alone. CDT allows early removal of thrombus and reduce valvular reflux and PTS. Patients and methods This prospective randomized controlled two-arm study was conducted on 42 patients with iliofemoral DVT. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups according to the intervention performed. Group A: CDT followed by oral anticoagulants [N=21 (50%)], group B: standard DVT therapy [N=21 (50%)]. The follow-up period was 24 months. Results Patients of group A complained of less pain at 10 and 30 days (P=0.02 and 0.04, respectively). Also, there was significant decrease in leg circumference in group A at 10 and 30 days (P=0.001 and 0.03, respectively). A total of three (15%) clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding complications were reported in the CDT group. Using CDT is associated with less PTS at sixth month, 1 year, and 2 years; six (27.3%), seven (31.8%), and nine (40.9%), respectively, as compared with group B; 11 (47.8%), 13 (56.5%), and 15 (65.2%), respectively (P=0.024, 0.017, and 0.035, respectively). Conclusion Addition of CDT in the treatment of acute iliofemoral DVT was safe and tolerated by most of the patients with better effect to reduce leg pain and circumference. It was considered a protecting weapon to prevent PTS and thereby improving the quality of life and was related to achievement of higher iliac vein patency and less reflux.

CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF OUTPATIENT TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES.

Summary. We studied the results of stationary and ambulatory surgical treatment of patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities. A comparative analysis of clinical efficacy and safety of ambulatory and stationary modes of anticoagulant therapy of DVT. Based on this, marked indications for ambulatory surgical treatment of patients with DVT.

Use of Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction Together with Rivaroxaban Improves Clinical and Ultrasound Outcomes in Femoropopliteal Venous Thrombosis: Results of a Pilot Clinical Trial.

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to assess the impact of adding long-term micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) to standard treatment of femoropopliteal deep vein thrombosis (DVT).MethodsThis pilot, comparative, open-label study with blinded outcome assessor enrolled patients with a first episode of femoropopliteal DVT confirmed by duplex ultrasound scanning (DUS). All participants were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups: (1) control that received a standard treatment with oral rivaroxaban, and (2) experimental that involved additional treatment with MPFF 1000 mg/day. Both drugs were used for 6 months. Patients were followed for the whole treatment period and underwent DUS every 2 months to determine the degree of recanalization by popliteal (PV), femoral vein (FV), and common femoral vein (CFV) compressibility. Thrombi extension were assessed by the modified Marder score. At the end of the follow-up period, patients were assessed with Villalta and venous clinical severity scales (VCSS). Patients with a Villalta score ≥ 5 were diagnosed with post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS).ResultsSixty patients were randomized to the control or MPFF groups (n = 30 in each group). There were 40 men and 20 women with a mean age ± SD of 56.3 ± 13.4 years. Clinically unprovoked DVT was recognized in 65% of cases and left side localization in 45%. The mean baseline Marder score was 15.0 ± 4.8 and 11.1 ± 4.3 in the experimental and control groups, respectively (p = 0.002). At 6 months, the mean Villalta score in the MPFF group was significantly lower compared with control (2.9 ± 2.7 versus 5.8 ± 3.0; p < 0.0001). PTS was diagnosed in six patients (20%) and 17 patients (57%) in the experimental and control groups respectively (p = 0.007). A significant difference between the groups was also observed for the VCSS value (2.3 ± 1.9 versus 4.9 ± 1.9; p < 0001). After 6 months of treatment the Marder score decreased to 0.8 ± 1.6 and 2.8 ± 3.5 in the experimental and control groups, respectively (p = 0.006). In the MPFF group, there was a greater reduction in the Marder score (p < 0.0001) and more rapid rate of recanalization for the FV (p < 0.0001), with a non-significant trend for the CFV (p = 0.130) and PV (p = 0.204) compared with the control group. Full recanalization of the PV at 6 months was observed in 24 patients (80%) who had received MPFF, and only 17 patients (57%) in the control group (p = 0.095).ConclusionThe addition of MPFF to standard therapy for DVT in the form of oral rivaroxaban can reduce the incidence of PTS at 6 months in patients with proximal DVT and increase the speed of deep vein recanalization.FundingLes Laboratoires Servier funded the article processing fees, editorial assistance, and open access fee for this manuscript.

Ambulantní léčba proximální hluboké žilní trombózy

The treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is based on anticoagulation with heparin, warfarin and direct oral anti-coagulants. According to the 9th ACCP Recommendation, for patients with DVT of the lower limbs, where the clinical state and home conditions permit, preference is given to home treatment over hospitalization. Despite that, the majority of patients with acute DVT still tend to be hospitalized, in particular when proximal thrombosis from the popliteal vein upward is involved. Furthermore, the recommendations do not describe proximal (iliofemoral) DVT as exceptional and more serious. Randomized and observation studies have shown faster relief from pain and swelling in patients keeping to the regimen of early mobilization wearing compression means, compared to patients keeping bed rest, while the incidence of new cases of PE was the same for both groups. In the acute phase of the disease compression and walking exercise is essential which, along with internal thrombolytic mechanisms of the body, accelerates recanalization and development of the collateral blood vessels in the deep muscular compartment of the lower limb. Two case studies demonstrate an outpatient approach to the therapy of proximal DVT. Key words: compression treatment - direct oral anticoagulants - low molecular weight heparin - venous thromboembolism.

Symptomatic Iliofemoral and Iliocaval Venous Thrombosis in Patients With Cancer: Endovascular Treatment

Proximal (iliocaval and iliofemoral) deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary thromboembolism are the second cause of death in patients with cancer. A retrospective analysis was performed in 35 patients with cancer treated with endovascular therapy for proximal DVT. The primary objective was to evaluate the technical success of the procedure and the 30-day and long-term symptom improvement. Thirty-five patients with a mean age of 57.7 years were treated. In 27 patients, DVT was due to tumor compression and/or invasion of the iliocaval venous axis, and in the remaining 8, it was secondary to their hypercoagulability state. The revascularization techniques used were manual catheter-directed aspiration of the thrombus plus angioplasty and stenting. Technical success was achieved in 33 patients. No complications occurred. Twenty-seven patients were followed up at 30 days posttreatment: 21 were free of postthrombotic syndrome, 4 (14.8%) had mild symptoms, and 2 (7.4%) had moderate symptoms. The mean long-term follow-up was 27.3 months, with a primary patency of 68.8% and assisted and secondary patency rates of 100%. Endovascular revascularization in patients with cancer with extensive and symptomatic proximal DVT is safe and efficient, with a low rate of complications. We consider that this therapy should be offered to patients with cancer with an average or long life expectancy.

Malignancy Does not Affect Outcomes of Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis in Acute Symptomatic Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis

Cancer patients demonstrate increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), VTE recurrence, and anticoagulation-associated bleeding. Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis (PMT) aand thrombectomy improves venous patency, venous valve function, and quality of life in patients with acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It remains unknown whether pharmacomechanical thrombolysis can be used safely in patients with active cancer. We hypothesized that perioperative and short-term outcomes of pharmacomechanical iliofemoral DVT thrombolysis would not differ between patients with cancer and those without cancer. A retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with symptomatic iliofemoral DVT undergoing PMT by AngioJet Power Pulse spray and thrombectomy at a single tertiarycare university institution between December 2013 and December 2016 wasperformed. Outcomes between patients with cancer and without cancer were compared. We identified 22 limbs in 18 consecutive patients: 6 patients (7 limbs) with cancer and 12 patients (15 limbs) without cancer. Between these groups, the mean age was 60.5±4.3 vs. 53.8±26.8 years, respectively (P=0.5593), and females comprised 66.7% vs. 25.0%, respectively (P=0.0878). No significant difference in inferior vena cava (IVC) involvement between the groups (57.1% vs. 53.3%, P=0.8676) was noted. Grade II (50-94% lysis) and III (95% complete lysis) thrombus lysis with restoration of venous patency was achieved in both the groups. Overnight catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) was rarely used. Notably, stenting was more frequently employed in cancer patients than in those without cancer (57.1% vs. 13.3%, P=0.0316). The mean duration of follow-up was 3.42±4.41months for the cancer group and 4.50±2.43months for the noncancer group (P=0.5060). Overall outcomes were excellent as no patient in both the groups experienced recurrent DVT, major bleeding, or postthrombotic syndrome. There was no mortality associated with the endovascular thrombolysis procedures. The results of our study suggest that the presence of malignancy does not affect short-term outcomes of endovascular thrombolytic therapy in symptomatic DVT. Further follow-up is needed to evaluate long-term outcomes.

Lack of T-bet reduces monocytic interleukin-12 formation and accelerates thrombus resolution in deep vein thrombosis

The role of leukocytes in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resolution is incompletely understood. We determined how depletion of lysozyme positive (LysM+) cells and a switched-off type 1 immune response influences thrombus resolution. DVT was induced in 12-week-old male mice by inferior vena cava (IVC) stenosis. Toxin mediated depletion of myeloid cells improved thrombus resolution in mice with Cre-inducible expression of the diphtheria toxin receptor in LysM+ cells. This correlated with decreased CD45+ cells, a population shift of Gr-1+ to Gr-1− CD11b+ myelomonocytic cells (flow cytometry) and an increase in CC-chemokine ligand 2, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 mRNA expressions. Tbx21−/− mice (lacking transcription factor T-bet and marked by an attenuated type 1 immune response) with DVT had faster thrombus resolution, a reduction of pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes in thrombi and decreased interleukin-12p40 mRNA expression than control mice resulting in increased vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression and improved neovascularization of thrombotic veins. Transfer of Tbx21−/− bone marrow into irradiated Tbx21+/+ recipients lead to accelerated thrombus resolution with lower T-bet-dependent interleukin-12p40 mRNA levels following IVC-stenosis. We conclude that inhibition of Tbet+ interleukin-12 forming myelomonocytic cells accelerated thrombus resolution. Modulating the inflammatory immune response might be an approach to improve therapy of DVT.

Deep vein thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE), affects an estimated 1 per 1,000 people and contributes to 60,000-100,000 deaths annually. Normal blood physiology hinges on a delicate balance between pro- and anti-coagulant factors. Virchow's Triad distills the multitude of risk factors for DVT into three basic elements favoring thrombus formation: venous stasis, vascular injury, and hypercoagulability. Clinical, biochemical, and radiological tests are used to increase the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing DVT. Anticoagulation therapy is essential for the treatment of DVT. With few exceptions, the standard therapy for DVT has been vitamin K-antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin with heparin or fractionated heparin bridging. More recently, a number of large-scale clinical trials have validated the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in place of warfarin in select cases. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management of DVT, with particular emphasis on anticoagulation therapy and the role of DOACs in the current treatment algorithm.

Interventional approaches to deep venous thrombosis.

Catheter-directed therapy in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a beneficial adjunct treatment when anticoagulation alone does not provide an adequate therapeutic response. This review aims to deliver an up-to-date discussion behind the rationale, safety profile, and clinical outcomes in endovascular management of DVT. Early studies have shown that the use of catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) to be successful in rapid thrombus removal, carry a lower incidence of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS), and improved quality of life. To date, the most robust study evaluating the use of CDT is the Catheter-Directed Venous Thrombolysis in Acute Iliofemoral Vein Thrombosis trial published in 2012, which demonstrated a relative risk reduction in PTS of 26% in the patients who received CDT at 2-year follow-up. The 5-year follow-up results from the trial has recently been published, which revealed persistent clinical benefit of CDT. Since, additional small randomized trials confer the efficacy and safety profile of CDT. Short-term results from pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis are promising; however, the long-term efficacy has yet to be established. The recently completed Acute Venous Thrombosis: Thrombus Removal with Adjunctive Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis trial will be a pivotal study in defining the future role of pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis in prevention of PTS. CDT is a reasonable and well tolerated treatment option in selected patients with acute proximal DVT.

Evaluation of anticoagulant therapy after cerebral hemorrhage combined with deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of anticoagulant therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin after cerebral hemorrhage combined with deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity. Methods One hundred and fifty-three cases of deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity after intracerebral hemorrhage were collected of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University from June 2014 to June 2016. According to whether accepted anticoagulant therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin, the patients were divided into treatment group (n=79) and control group(n=74). Compared the head CT images and the ultrasound of lower extremity venous in the day when admissed to hospital and in the 7th day after treatment. The measurement data was adopted by t test, Chi-square test was adopted in the count data. Results Before the low-molecular-weight heparin therapy, the average bleeding volume in intracerebral was(1.38±0.45) ml for the anticoagulant therapy group. After 7 days of low-molecular-weight heparin therapy, the average bleeding volume in intracerebral was(1.01±0.54) ml, there was no increasing cerebral hemorrhage, with a statistically significant difference(P=0.000). The bleeding volume in intracerebral was(1.47±0.47) ml of control group cases, and after 7 days it became (1.17±0.52) ml, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.000), all these showed that cerebral hemorrhage had significantly absorbed. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment group and the control group (P=0.123). It explained that anticoagulation was not increased intracranial hemorrhage with low-molecular-weight heparin. ultrasound showed that the lower extremity venous thrombosis was stable or decreased before and after anticoagulant therapy, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.000), indicating that the anticoagulant therapy was effective. Conclusions It is safe and effective in low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulant therapy for deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity after intracerebral hemorrhage. But patients need strict screening, and follow the individualized treatment. Key words: Cerebral hemorrhage; Venous thrombosis; Heparin, low-molecular-weight; Anticoagulants

Megahertz rate, volumetric imaging of bubble clouds in sonothrombolysis using a sparse hemispherical receiver array

It is well established that high intensity focused ultrasound can be used to disintegrate clots. This approach has the potential to rapidly and noninvasively resolve clot causing occlusions in cardiovascular diseases such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). However, lack of an appropriate treatment monitoring tool is currently a limiting factor in its widespread adoption. Here we conduct cavitation imaging with a large aperture, sparse hemispherical receiver array during sonothrombolysis with multi-cycle burst exposures (0.1 or 1 ms burst lengths) at 1.51 MHz. It was found that bubble cloud generation on imaging correlated with the locations of clot degradation, as identified with high frequency (30 MHz) ultrasound following exposures. 3D images could be formed at integration times as short as 1 µs, revealing the initiation and rapid development of cavitation clouds. Equating to megahertz frame rates, this is an order of magnitude faster than any other imaging technique available for in vivo application. Collectively, these results suggest that the development of a device to perform DVT therapy procedures would benefit greatly from the integration of receivers tailored to bubble activity imaging.