Cell Therapy Research Articles

IMMU-39. CAR T CELLS TARGETING ICAM-1 SHOW A SURVIVAL BENEFIT IN BOTH SYNGENEIC AND XENOGRAFT GLIOMA MOUSE MODELS

Abstract BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, while effective against hematological malignancies, has faced significant hurdles in its application to solid tumors. Challenges in CAR T-cell therapy for glioblastoma include the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the limited infiltration of CAR T-cells into the tumor, heterogeneous target expression and antigen escape. In this study, we focused on targeting Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a protein expressed on both glioma cells and tumor-associated cells like macrophages and endothelial cells. METHODS Glioblastoma and normal brain tissue microarray sections (TMA) were immunohistochemically analyzed for ICAM-1 expression. Second-generation human and murine ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells were generated by lentiviral or retroviral transduction of T cells from healthy human donors or murine splenocytes. Their efficacy was evaluated in co- culture assays with human and murine glioma and endothelial cell lines. Syngeneic and xenograft orthotopic glioma mouse models were used to assess the in vivo activity of CAR T cells. Ex vivo analysis of these tumors included examination of changes in the tumor microenvironment using high-dimensional flow cytometry. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining of TMA revealed a significant upregulation of ICAM-1 in human glioblastoma tissue compared to normal brain tissue. Single-cell RNA sequencing data from glioblastoma specimens showed a high level of ICAM-1 expression in tumor- associated macrophages. Human and murine ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells displayed strong lysis of ICAM-1-expressing glioma and endothelial cells in vitro. Intratumoral application of CAR T cells resulted in a survival benefit in both syngeneic and xenograft glioma mouse models. Ex vivo analysis of the tumor microenvironment revealed treatment-induced changes from our CAR T cell therapy and indicates potential for further enhancements. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells improve survival in human and murine glioma mouse models. Flow cytometry of the tumor microenvironment reveals therapy-induced changes, for future improvements of the CAR T cell therapy.

CTIM-20. IDENTIFYING CANDIDATE ANTIGEN TARGETS FOR PEDIATRIC BRAIN TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPIES THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE IMMUNOGENOMIC ANALYSIS

Abstract BACKGROUND Identifying tumor rejection antigens continues to be a significant challenge in the development of effective immunotherapies and their application to pediatric brain tumors. METHODS To identify candidate antigen targets for Medulloblastoma (primary MB, n=170; recurrent MB, n=21), Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG, n=10), and Pediatric High-Grade Astrocytoma (HGA, n=12) for adoptive cellular therapy, we conducted a comprehensive immunogenomic analysis of the transcription profiles of the most aggressive pediatric brain tumors and performed in silico antigen prediction across a wide range of antigen classes. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY Pediatric brain tumors are heterogeneous diseases, and current standard treatments do not adequately address this variability. Newer and safer patient-specific treatment approaches are needed for high-risk patients who do not respond to standard therapies. Cellular immunotherapy could be crucial for improving survival and reducing morbidity. For an effective immune response against these brain tumors, appropriate tumor antigens must be targeted. While subgroup-specific genetic mutations in medulloblastoma patients have been reported, the immunogenicity of these genetic alterations remains unknown. Using a custom antigen prediction pipeline, we identified potential tumor rejection antigens with significant implications for the development of cellular therapies for MB, DIPG, and HGA. RESULTS Antigen prediction analysis revealed that most patients express few candidate neoantigen targets that pass all filtering criteria. Overall, the proportion of predicted tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) was higher than that of neoantigens and gene fusions for all molecular subtypes, except for SHH, which exhibited a higher neoantigen burden. Notably, cancer-testis antigens and previously unrecognized neurodevelopmental antigens were found to be expressed in most patients across all medulloblastoma subgroups. Although the absolute immune cell content is predicted to be low, immune gene-signature analysis revealed subgroup-specific differences.

Sexual Health Among Young Adults Treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy: A Mixed-Methods Study

Sexual Health Among Young Adults Treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy: A Mixed-Methods Study

TRBC1-CAR T cell therapy in peripheral T cell lymphoma: a phase 1/2 trial

Abstract Relapsed/refractory peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis. Unlike B cell lymphomas, treatment of PTCL has not benefited from advances in immunotherapy. This is largely due to a lack of suitable target antigens that discriminate malignant from normal T cells, thus avoiding severe immunosuppression consequent to depletion of the entire T cell compartment. We recently described a targeting strategy based on the mutually exclusive expression of T cell antigen receptor beta-chain constant domain (TRBC) 1 and 2. Selective targeting of the T cell antigen receptor beta-chain expressed by the (clonal) malignancy spares normal T cells expressing the other chain. The LibraT1 study is an ongoing, multicenter, international, single-arm phase 1/2 study of TRBC1-directed autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (AUTO4) in relapsed/refractory TRBC1-positive PTCL. Primary objectives were assessment of safety and tolerability of AUTO4 infusion. Key secondary endpoints included efficacy, CAR T cell expansion and persistence. Here we describe the findings from dose escalation in LibraT1 in the first ten patients, in a non-prespecified interim analysis. AUTO4 resulted in low frequency of severe immunotoxicity, with one of ten patients developing grade 3 cytokine release syndrome. Complete metabolic response was observed in four of ten evaluable patients, with remissions being durable beyond 1 year in two patients. While an absence of circulating CAR T cells was observed, CAR T cells were readily detected in lymph node biopsy samples from sites of original disease suggesting homing to tumor sites. These results support the continuing exploration of TRBC1 targeting in PTCL. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03590574.

DDDR-29. MATRIX STIFFNESS INDUCED PHENOTYPE IN BRAIN METASTATIC BREAST CANCER CELLS DETERMINES RESPONSE TO THERAPY

Abstract Breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer, representing 12.5% of all cancer cases diagnosed worldwide. Breast cancer cells can metastasize to distant organs (i.e., brain) and remain dormant for extended periods of time. This aspect makes it very difficult to treat these cells as they exhibit reduced growth as well as resistance to therapy. Despite advances in our understanding of breast cancer metastasis, the specific mechanisms that enable dormant cancer cells to resist therapeutics, particularly in brain metastatic breast cancer (BMBC), remain unclear. Herein, we employed brain tissue mimetic hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels of varying stiffness (i.e., ~0.4 kPa vs. ~4.5 kPa) to investigate the response to chemo or targeted therapy in dormant versus proliferative BMBC cells. It was revealed that BMBC cells grown on soft HA hydrogels (~0.4 kPa) displayed a non-proliferative (i.e., dormant) phenotype and exhibited resistance to Paclitaxel (PTX) or Lapatinib (LAP). However, BMBC cells grown on stiff HA hydrogels (~4.5 kPa) displayed a proliferative phenotype and sensitivity to PTX or LAP. Furthermore, we found that resistance to therapy was due to the enhanced expression of the serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) gene, mediated, in part, via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Consequently, SGK1 inhibition using a SGK inhibitor in BMBC cells cultured on soft HA hydrogels resulted in a dormant-to-proliferative switch as well as response to PTX or LAP. In sum, our study demonstrated that matrix stiffness plays a major role in the dormancy-associated therapy response, mediated, in part, via the p38/SGK1 pathway.

EXTH-79. BREAKING THE BARRIER: ADOPTIVE CELLULAR THERAPY HALTS GLIOMA IMMUNOSUPPRESSION BY TARGETING MYELOID-DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELL MIGRATION AND CELL CYCLE MECHANISMS

Abstract INTRODUCTION Our group previously demonstrated that adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) significantly increased overall survival in mice across several brain cancer models. ACT remodels the tumor microenvironment (TME) in a pleiotropic manner, and specifically depletes immunosuppressive cells like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) which are a significant barrier to efficacious immunotherapy responses. This led us to hypothesize that ACT depletes MDSCs from the glioma microenvironment by inhibiting MDSC proliferation and migration, thereby overcoming glioma immunosuppression. METHODS We quantified MDSC cell cycle, apoptosis, and localization in the TME and peripheral lymphoid tissues using flow cytometry as well as chemokines in the TME from glioma-bearing mice treated with ACT. C57BL/6J mice intracranially received KR158b-luciferase glioma and were treated with ACT. After treatment, MDSC cell cycle was quantified using bromodeoxyuridine and 7-aminoactinomycin to define cell cycle phases. MDSC apoptosis and cell death states were quantified by measuring annexin-V and propidium iodide. Anatomic localization of MDSCs was measured by comparing host (CD45.2) and transferred HSC-derived cell markers (CD45.1) in the TME and spleen. A multiplex array was performed using tumor lysates to quantify cytokine and chemokine levels within the TME. RESULTS We observed that MDSCs in the TME were significantly less proliferative and exhibited significantly increased levels of apoptosis and cell death after ACT. HSC-derived MDSCs were significantly enriched in the spleen of ACT-treated mice, but both transferred HSC-derived MDSCs and host MDSCs were depleted in the TME. Finally, ACT significantly decreased several chemokines in the TME, including interleukin-16 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-5. CONCLUSION These results indicate that ACT shifts MDSC cell cycle states away from proliferation towards cell death, and inhibits peripheral recruitment to the TME. Our investigation revealed novel, myeloproliferative chemokines that are decreased by ACT, representing a novel mechanism underlying disrupted MDSC migration to the glioma microenvironment and ultimately to overcoming glioma-mediated immunosuppression.

IMMU-34. PREDICTION OF TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS USING RADIOGENOMICS

Abstract INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma remains a disease with dismal prognosis. Immunotherapy demonstrated promising results against some refractory cancers. However, comparative results have not been accomplished in glioblastoma therapy due to lack of suitable tumor targets and considerable clonal heterogeneity. OBJECTIVE We propose leveraging radiogenomics using machine learning based on Pre-Op MRI to predict tumor antigen expression profiles displaying specific targets for immunotherapy. METHODS We collected RNAseq data and Pre-Op Axial T2-FLAIR images in 29 patients from IVY Glioblastoma Atlas Project. MRIs were segmented using LIFEx software as follows: 1) tumor + edema (T+E) and 2) whole brain (WB). The intended prediction was for tumor-associated antigens. H2O.ai software was used for prediction using an automated supervised machine learning algorithm. Antigens that achieved >55% area under the curve (i.e., prediction) were reanalyzed adjusting for reproducibility, time of analysis and maximum precision. RESULTS An average of 53.2 T2-FLAIR axial slices per patient were used for 3D reconstruction. We selected the following genes (ERBB2, TP53, IL10RA, CD163, EGFR and MGMT) for downstream analysis given their clinical, immunologic, and prognostic relevance. Regarding tumor-associated antigen prediction for ERBB2, TP53, IL10RA, CD163, EGFR and MGMT predicted 52%, 56%, 66%, 66%, 56% and 0%, on T+E segmentation respectively; The values were 49%, 93%, 87%, 47%, 37% and 0% for the respective WB group. Reanalysis revealed 100% prediction accuracy for the presence of mutant TP53 and IL10RA in both segmentation groups (T+E, WB). CD163 and EGFR prediction was 54% and 61% for the T+E group and 48% for both antigens in the WB group. CONCLUSION We successfully predicted the presence of two out of six antigens (i.e., mutant TP53 and IL10RA) in this patient cohort. Our approach can provide expeditious antigen identification to enable cellular therapy manufacturing for patients with unresectable newly diagnosed tumorsor those which relapsed geographically. Furthermore, this MRI-based methodology might provide a precision medicine approach to places that cannot afford costly testing (i.e., RNAseq).

CTIM-18. HIGH LEVEL OF MUTATIONAL LOAD AND DIVERSITY OF TUMOR INFILTRATING T LYMPHOCYTES ARE FAVORABLE PROGNOSTIC MARKERS FOR CANCER SURVIVAL IN CHILDREN WITH RECURRENT MEDULLOBLASTOMA DURING ADOPTIVE CELLULAR THERAPY

Abstract BACKGROUND Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) has shown remarkable efficacy in some patients with solid tumors, resulting in durable complete responses. A key mechanism behind this success is the targeting of neoantigens by T cells. There is culminating evidence that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have a major effect on the clinical attributes of human cancer and can influence the tumor response to various therapy regimens. We have been sequencing RNA isolated from patient’s tumors to evaluate their mutational burden and identify tumor-specific neoantigens. Additionally, we have identified the entire repertoire of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with recurrent medulloblastoma. METHODS Total tumor RNA was extracted from resected brain tumor specimens and after we applied in-house bulk RNA-Seq and TCR-Seq techniques using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology with the addition of a common adapter at the 5’ end. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the 22 tumor tissues revealed that the frequency of non-synonymous mutations varied dramatically more than 10-fold among patients with recurrent medulloblastoma undergoing adoptive cellular therapy (Re-MATCH protocol, FDA IND BB-14058). Patients with shorter overall survival exhibited non-synonymous mutation frequencies between 0.113 and 0.335 mutations per megabase (Mb). Children with prolonged overall survival had higher mutation frequencies, ranging from 0.6 to 1.1 mutations per Mb. These findings highlight the potential of using mutational burden as a biomarker for patient selection and treatment customization, ultimately aiming to improve outcomes in ACT for recurrent medulloblastoma. Up to 2000 unique TCR clones were found among TIL populations in patients who responded well to ACT. Patients with poor outcomes had significantly lower TCR diversity, with only 10-40 unique TCR clones among TILs. The correlation between TCR diversity among TILs and clinical outcomes in pediatric brain tumors underscores the importance of a diverse T cell repertoire for the success of ACT.

CTIM-02. PIONEERING QUAD-TARGETING CAR T CELL THERAPY IN PEDIATRIC CNS TUMORS – ANALYSIS FROM THE INITIAL PATIENTS TREATED ON THE FIRST-IN-HUMAN PHASE 1 TRIAL BRAINCHILD-04

Abstract BACKGROUND BrainChild-04 is a first-in-human clinical trial of quad-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for children and young adults with central nervous system (CNS) tumors. This trial administers repeated locoregional CAR T cells targeting B7-H3, EGFR, HER2, and IL-13Ralpha2 (“quad-CAR T cells”), leveraging multi-antigen targeting to address the tumor heterogeneity of high-grade CNS tumors. METHODS The primary endpoints are feasibility and safety, and secondary endpoints are disease response and correlative studies of CAR T cell activity. The trial utilized a Bayesian Optimal Interval (BOIN) statistical design with three planned dose regimens(DR). There are 2 arms with weekly delivery for 3 weeks of a 4-week cycle:(A) –diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), (B) –non-pontine diffuse midline glioma (DMG) or other relapsed CNS tumors. RESULTS Enrolled patients include DMG N=6, DIPG N=5, other CNS tumors N=4. Of the 15 enrolled patients, 7 have been infused with 8 awaiting infusions. A total of 33 intracranial CAR T doses have been delivered, including Arm A DR 1 (N=1), Arm B DR 1 (N=3), DR2 (N=3). The most common adverse events have been grade 1-2 fever (7/7 patients), grade 1-3 headache (6/7), and grade 1-2 nausea/vomiting (6/7). There have been no DLTs and no cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity (ICANS). CTCAE and tumor inflammation-associated neurotoxicity are both being captured. All treated patients are alive with median follow up time post-initial infusion of 93(14-198) days. CAR T cells were detected by flow cytometric analysis of CSF post-infusion in 14/24 CSF samples. Radiographic response, CSF circulating tumor DNA, targeted mass spectrometry, and cytokine analysis will be presented. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary experience suggests tolerability of locoregional delivery of quad-CAR T cells at doses currently evaluated. The trial remains ongoing and these data support continued evaluation of this product to better assess anti-tumor activity in patients with CNS tumors, including DIPG/DMG.

Senolysis potentiates endothelial progenitor cell adhesion to and integration into the brain vasculature

Abstract Background One of the most severe consequences of ageing is cognitive decline, which is associated with dysfunction of the brain microvasculature. Thus, repairing the brain vasculature could result in healthier brain function. Methods To better understand the potential beneficial effect of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in vascular repair, we studied the adhesion and integration of EPCs using the early embryonic mouse aorta–gonad–mesonephros – MAgEC 10.5 endothelial cell line. The EPC interaction with brain microvasculature was monitored ex vivo and in vivo using epifluorescence, laser confocal and two-photon microscopy in healthy young and old animals. The effects of senolysis, EPC activation and ischaemia (two-vessel occlusion model) were analysed in BALB/c and FVB/Ant: TgCAG-yfp_sb #27 mice. Results MAgEC 10.5 cells rapidly adhered to brain microvasculature and some differentiated into mature endothelial cells (ECs). MAgEC 10.5-derived endothelial cells integrated into microvessels, established tight junctions and co-formed vessel lumens with pre-existing ECs within five days. Adhesion and integration were much weaker in aged mice, but were increased by depleting senescent cells using abt-263 or dasatinib plus quercetin. Furthermore, MAgEC 10.5 cell adhesion to and integration into brain vessels were increased by ischaemia and by pre-activating EPCs with TNFα. Conclusions Combining progenitor cell therapy with senolytic therapy and the prior activation of EPCs are promising for improving EPC adhesion to and integration into the cerebral vasculature and could help rejuvenate the ageing brain.

Enhancing anti-EGFRvIII CAR T cell therapy against glioblastoma with a paracrine SIRPγ-derived CD47 blocker

A significant challenge for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy against glioblastoma (GBM) is its immunosuppressive microenvironment, which is densely populated by protumoral glioma-associated microglia and macrophages (GAMs). Myeloid immune checkpoint therapy targeting the CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) axis induces GAM phagocytic function, but CD47 blockade monotherapy is associated with toxicity and low bioavailability in solid tumors. In this work, we engineer a CAR T cell against epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII), constitutively secreting a signal regulatory protein gamma-related protein (SGRP) with high affinity to CD47. Anti-EGFRvIII-SGRP CAR T cells eradicate orthotopic EGFRvIII-mosaic GBM in vivo, promoting GAM-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis. In a subcutaneous CD19+ lymphoma mouse model, anti-CD19-SGRP CAR T cell therapy is superior to conventional anti-CD19 CAR T. Thus, combination of CAR and SGRP eliminates bystander tumor cells in a manner that could overcome main mechanisms of CAR T cell therapy resistance, including immune suppression and antigen escape.

STEM CELL APPROACHES IN ORGAN REGENERATION AND REPAIR

Recent advances in stem cell research have provided new hope for treating a variety of diseases and conditions that currently have no effective cure. Stem cells have the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types, enabling them to support tissue growth and replace damaged or specialized cells throughout the lifespan. Among the most promising types of stem cells are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are easily harvested from adipose tissue and can be cultured and expanded in the lab. Due to their versatility, MSCs have become a focal point in tissue regeneration and have been widely used in animal studies and clinical trials involving humans. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of MSCs, focusing on the various types of stem cells isolated from different animal models such as horses, pigs, goats, dogs, rabbits, cats, rats, and mice. Given the growing interest in MSCs, we will also discuss their applications in veterinary and regenerative medicine. Current research highlights the potential of MSCs in treating conditions like heart failure, wound healing, and tooth regeneration, demonstrating their broad therapeutic potential. KEYWORDS: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), animal models, cell-based therapy, regenerative medicine

Stem cell therapy for non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundStem cell therapy is the transplantation of human cells to aid the healing of damaged or wounded tissues and cells. Only a few small-scale trials have been conducted to investigate stem cell therapy for non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy for DCM.MethodsA comprehensive search of the databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest was conducted from their inception to June 30, 2024, to access randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were centered on stem cell therapy for DCM. The primary outcome was left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and the secondary outcomes included left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), 6-min walk test (6MWT), NYHA functional classification, quality of life (QoL) such as Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and VO2 peak. Moreover, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were also recorded. The Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included RCTs, and the certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE method. Sensitivity analysis was taken into consideration to determine the stability of the results. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024568912).ResultsEleven RCTs involving 637 participants were included in the quantitative analysis. The results indicated that there was a significant increase in mean LVEF (MD = 4.84, 95% CI 3.25–6.42, P < 0.00001) and considerable decrease in LVEDV (MD = − 29.51, 95% CI − 58.07 to − 0.95, P = 0.04) and NT-proBNP (MD = − 737.55, 95% CI − 904.28 to − 570.82, P < 0.00001) in DCM patients treated with stem cell therapy compared with controls. Stem cell therapy was also related to the improvement in functional capacity, as evaluated by 6MWT (MD = 44.32, 95% CI 34.70 − 53.94, P < 0.00001) and NYHA functional classification (MD = − 0.63, 95% CI − 0.96 to − 0.30, P = 0.0002). It also had positive effects on improving QoL, including significantly decreasing MLHFQ score (MD = − 16.60, 95% CI − 26.57 to − 6.63, P = 0.001) and increasing the KCCQ score (MD = 14.76, 95% CI 7.76 − 21.76, P < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed in LVEDD, VO2 peak, and MACEs between the two groups. The GRADE analysis revealed that the evidence was graded from low to moderate. Sensitivity analysis of the results suggested that the results were stable.ConclusionThe systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that stem cell therapy may be an effective and safe approach to improve cardiac function and quality of life in DCM patients. Nevertheless, given the limitations of existing studies, larger well-designed RCTs are required to confirm and support our findings.

The multifaceted nature of diabetic erectile dysfunction: uncovering the intricate mechanisms and treatment strategies

BackgroundOne of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic erectile dysfunction (DMED), a condition that has grown more common in recent years and has a significant impact on patients’ daily lives. The complicated pathophysiological changes of DMED, involving vascular, neurological, muscular, and endocrine variables, have not been well addressed by any one treatment technique, and no widely approved treatment strategy has been developed.AimThe objective of this study was to thoroughly examine the complex nature of the pathogenic mechanism of DMED and discover new therapeutic approaches that could improve DMED symptoms.MethodsStudies and review articles from the past 10 years were considered.ResultsThe pathogenesis of DMED encompasses vascular dysfunction, endothelial cell damage, cavernous smooth muscle defects, neurological dysfunction, endocrine/metabolic factors, leukomalacia fibrosis, and psychosocial factors, elucidating complex interplay among the mechanisms underlying DMED. It underscores the need of integrating traditional herbal medicine, energy-based medicine treatments, and advanced techniques like stem cell and gene therapy to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, it expresses optimism on the therapeutic potential of new nanobiomaterials in DMED.ConclusionThrough integrating a complete description of DMED etiology and current therapy methods, this work offers a helpful resource for researchers, doctors, and patients dealing with this difficult condition.

The mechanisms of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapsing following chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy; the plausible future strategies

The mechanisms of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapsing following chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy; the plausible future strategies

Optimizing cancer treatment: the synergistic potential of CAR-T cell therapy and CRISPR/Cas9

Optimizing cancer treatment has become a pivotal goal in modern oncology, with advancements in immunotherapy and genetic engineering offering promising avenues. CAR-T cell therapy, a revolutionary approach that harnesses the body’s own immune cells to target and destroy cancer cells, has shown remarkable success, particularly in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and in treating other hematologic malignancies. While CAR-T cell therapy has shown promise, challenges such as high cost and manufacturing complexity remain. However, its efficacy in solid tumors remains limited. The integration of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a powerful and precise genome-editing tool, also raises safety concerns regarding unintended edits and off-target effects, offers a synergistic potential to overcome these limitations. CRISPR/Cas9 can enhance CAR-T cell therapy by improving the specificity and persistence of CAR-T cells, reducing off-target effects, and engineering resistance to tumor-induced immunosuppression. This combination can also facilitate the knockout of immune checkpoint inhibitors, boosting the anti-tumor activity of CAR-T cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9-edited CAR-T cells can target previously untreatable cancer types, offering new hope for patients with refractory cancers. This synergistic approach not only enhances the efficacy of cancer treatment but also paves the way for personalized therapies tailored to individual genetic profiles. This review highlights the ongoing research efforts to refine this approach and explores its potential to revolutionize cancer treatment across a broader range of malignancies. As research progresses, the integration of CAR-T cell therapy and CRISPR/Cas9 holds the promise of transforming cancer treatment, making it more effective and accessible. This review explores the current advancements, challenges, and future prospects of this innovative therapeutic strategy.

Intraosseous Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Bone and Hematological Diseases

Mesenchymal stem cells are used most in regenerative medicine due to their capacities in differentiation and immune modulation. The intraosseous injection of MSC into the bone has been recommended because of expected outcomes for retention, bioavailability, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy, particularly in conditions involving the bone, such as osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. A review of the intraosseous delivery of mesenchymal stem cells in comparison with intravenous and intra-arterial delivery methods will be subjected to critical examination. This delivery mode fares better regarding paracrine signaling and immunomodulation attributes, which are the cornerstone of tissue regeneration and inflammation reduction. The local complications and technical challenges still apply with this method. This study was more focused on further research soon to be conducted to further elucidate long-term safety and efficacy of intraosseous mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Though much has been achieved with very impressive progress in this field, it is worth noting that more studies need to be put into place so that this technique can be established as a routine approach, especially with further research in biomaterials, gene therapy, and personalized medicine.

Codesign and evaluation of advanced therapeutic information resources for and with families of children with neurological conditions: a mixed methods cross-sectional study

ObjectiveParents and caregivers of children with neurological conditions express interest in new and developing treatments and trials; however, they have limited knowledge of, and access to, reliable information. This study...

Application of CAR-T cell therapy in B-cell lymphoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Application of CAR-T cell therapy in B-cell lymphoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Enforced HCELL expression: empowering “Step 1” to optimize the efficacy of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell therapy for stroke and other clinical conditions

Enforced HCELL expression: empowering “Step 1” to optimize the efficacy of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell therapy for stroke and other clinical conditions