Therapeutic Competence Research Articles

Unmet medical needs in otorhinolaryngology

Unfulfilled medical wishes and the resulting disappointments often have infrastructural causes and are the result of inadequate services or limited available resources in amedical practice. As annoying as these might be, they can hardly be influenced by the individual therapeutic competence of the ENT physician. The situation is different in the case of unfulfilled medical wishes of patients who cannot be adequately helped for avariety of reasons, whether because of the severity of their illness or because of the particular, predominantly psychosomatic constellations. This can lead to disappointment and unfulfilled expectations on both sides. This article focuses on diseases for which there are no clear organic findings and therefore no clear treatment options, such as surgery or medication, or in which the organic findings are tangible but do not sufficiently explain the underlying condition. In such cases, the treatment measures initiated are not sufficient and do not satisfy the patient. The patient feels misunderstood, which puts additional strain on the relationship between physician and patient. Abasic psychosomatic understanding of underlying and subjectively dominant organic complaints-by physicians and patients-is helpful here. In this way, the symptom can also be understood and recognized as apossible expression of psychogenic distress in order to pave way to the necessary initiation of causal therapy. The article is intended to reflect on this and make suggestions for dealing with the topic, using the example of tinnitus suffering in particular.

Measuring and training of therapeutic competencies

This article provides an overview of our research concepts on therapeutic competencies with regard to three main questions. The first research question deals with therapists' competencies to succesfully handle transference and countertransference in the cotext of Alliance Ruptures. Research on the Alliance-Focused Training and on subjective countertransference is presented. The second research question deals with therapists' general interpersonal skills. The research approaches outlined here concern the construct of Facilitative Interpersonal Skills (FIS) and the measurement of these skills using the FIS-task. In further studies on this topic, we are focusing on the question of which therapist characteristics are associated with higher interpersonal skills and which linguistic and phonetic features characterise therapist responses that are rated as interpersonally competent. Another study concerns the tendency of therapists to overestimate their interpersonal skills (self-assessment bias). The third main research question deals with the competence to apply therapeutic techniques and to create helpful change processes. An instrument to assess verbal techniques (Psychodynamic Intervention List) and research approaches focusing on the description and the assessment of mediators of change are presented.

What makes us competent therapists? And why it is important how we go about it: A discussion of Mustafa Çevrim’s “The vulture in the room”

ABSTRACT Discussing Mustafa Çevrim’s clinical paper, this article focuses on what it means to feel competent in the treatment room. The felt questioning of our competence or perceived rejection of our therapeutic efforts often activates our trailing edge. It is therefore essential that therapists also reflect on their experiences in an intersubjective context. In addition, therapeutic competencies must be acquired in a process that closely links theory and practice. The article uses Mustafa’s case to examine which abilities and skills are of central importance for progress in treatment from the perspective of intersubjective Self Psychology.

The anti-neoplastic impact of thymoquinone from Nigella sativa on small cell lung cancer: In vitro and in vivo investigations.

Malignant and aggressive, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) constitutes about 15% of all diagnosed lung cancer cases. With primary therapeutic options such as chemotherapy accompanied by debilitating side effects, interest has been soaring in the therapeutic competencies of herbs. The pharmacological driving force behind the beneficial properties of Nigella sativa is the quinone, thymoquinone (TQ). The anti-cancer effects of TQ on different cancers have been extensively studied. Nonetheless, only one paper in the entire National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database describes its effects on SCLC. A more detailed investigation is required. The current study examined the impact of TQ in vitro on five SCLC cell lines and in vivo in a nude mouse xenograft model. The following in vitro effects of TQ on SCLC were evaluated: (a) cell viability; (b) apoptosis; (c) cell cycle arrest; (d) intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and (e) protein expression in concomitant signaling pathways. For the in vivo effects of TQ on SCLC, (a) tumor volume was measured, and (b) selected protein expression in selected concomitant signaling pathways was determined by Western blotting. In general, TQ reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, depleted ROS, and altered protein expression in associated signaling pathways. Furthermore, TQ exhibited a tumor-suppressive effect in an H446 SCLC xenograft model. The cytotoxic impact of TQ arising from anti-cancer mechanisms was elucidated. The positive results obtained in this study warrant further investigation.

From paper to purpose: Phronesis-informed essential characteristics for therapeutic practitioners in Singapore to attenuate the impact of credentialism (Part 1)

To date there has been little research or consensus on the characteristics essential for therapeutic practitioners in Singapore (i.e., professionals engaging in counseling or counseling-related work). Whilst there are several academic programs in the country leading to readily available credentials in this arena, and a number of graduates entering therapeutic work annually, there is little examination as to what characteristics are essential for graduates once they leave the halls of academia. Compounding matters is the fact that Singapore is grappling with credentialism; an element that may be serving to obscure therapeutic competencies for hiring organizations and clinical supervisors. This paper, guided by phronesis and research, comprises of points extrapolated from a combined total of 50 years of practice experience within the country, and suggests 13 characteristics beyond credentials that are essential for therapeutic practitioners in Singapore. As the first of its kind for the local context, the purpose of the paper is to advance therapeutic practice by providing ground-up, practical, experience-based knowledge that can be beneficial in multiple ways such as initiating a reflexive and dialogical stance that may aid in bridging the divide between credentialism and actual practice not only in Singapore, but in other multicultural communities as well. While grounded in psychology, the arguments within the paper also traverse the disciplines of social work, counseling, management, and education, thereby facilitating transdisciplinary resonance. Additionally, the paper seeks to serve as a starting point for further examination in an area that is critical yet under-explored. Part 1 of the paper provides context and elaborates on six proposed characteristics. Part 2 will continue with seven characteristics and the potential impact of the paper.

Knowledge Profile of Therapeutic Communication Students of Health Services Expertise Program at Vocational School

Therapeutic communication is used by health professionals, such as doctors, nurses, or counselors, to help individuals overcome emotional, psychological, or physical problems. Therapeutic communication is an essential competency that vocational school students must have before doing practical fieldwork. This research aimed to determine the therapeutic communication knowledge profile of vocational high school students in health service expertise programs. This type of research is quantitative. The sampling technique used was a proportionate stratified random sampling of 71 people from all 238 vocational school students in health service expertise programs. Data collection was carried out quantitatively using questionnaires filled out directly by respondents. The research results show the average score based on class level, which shows that the three class levels have the same average score and are classified as not yet competent or below 70. The difference in the average score of class X to class XI and class XI to class III is insignificant. The level of therapeutic communication knowledge of 18% of students is competent, while 82% are classified as yet competent. Considering the importance of therapeutic competence for prospective health workers, it is hoped that the research results can become a reference and illustration for health vocational schools to increase competence in therapeutic communication for students.

Higher-order CBT skills: are there differences in meta-competence between trainee and experienced therapists?

Abstract Meta-competencies govern the application of more basic therapeutic competencies and allow CBT therapists to know when and why particular skills are needed. Meta-competencies are particularly important when responding to the needs of complex or atypical clinical cases. We explore CBT meta-competencies through therapist reflections on complex clinical scenarios and judgements about CBT skills. Three groups of therapists were compared in their responses to four complex clinical scenarios: trainees, recently qualified and experienced therapists. Participants reflected on how they would respond in each scenario and made ratings of the importance of different skills. There was a highly significant difference between trainees and experienced therapists in the number of reflective statements made, but no differences in the number of anticipated actions. There were no group differences in judgements about CBT skills. Reflective capacity is a meta-competency and higher-order skill that CBT therapists continue to develop several years post-qualification. Further studies are needed to replicate this finding and understand its impact on clinical practice. Key learning aims (1) To learn about CBT meta-competencies when considering clinical complexity. (2) To learn how to test meta-competencies in groups of therapists with differing levels of experience. (3) To identify which meta-competencies are prioritised in clinically complex scenarios. (4) To support the development of the scale which measures meta-competencies in therapists.

Does treatment specific-, disorder specific- or general therapeutic competence predict symptom reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder?

ABSTRACT Background: Literature on the association between therapist competence and treatment success in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatments is scarce and results are mixed. Aims/Objective: The relationship between different types of therapeutic competence, therapeutic alliance, and PTSD symptom reduction in patients treated with Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for PTSD (DBT-PTSD) or Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) was assessed. Competence types were PTSD-specific competence, treatment specific competence, and general competence in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). Method: Videotaped therapy sessions from N = 160 women with PTSD and emotion regulation difficulties after child abuse participating in a large randomised controlled trial (Bohus et al., 2020) were rated. Three therapeutic competence-types were assessed using specifically developed rating scales. Alliance was assessed via patient ratings with the Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAQ). PTSD symptoms were assessed at pre- and post-treatment via clinician rating with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and via self-rating with the PTSD-Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Results: No significant association between competence and clinician or self-rated PTSD symptoms was found. PTSD specific competence predicted clinician rated PTSD symptom severity on a trend level. Alliance predicted both clinician and self-rated PTSD symptom reduction. Conclusion: Our results provide a starting point for future research on different competence types and their association with PTSD treatment gains. Therapists were highly trained and received weekly supervision, hence a restricted competence range is a possible explanation for non-existing associations between competence and PTSD symptom reduction in our sample. More research in naturalistic settings, such as dissemination studies, is needed.

Practitioner Review: A core competencies perspective on the evidence-based treatment of child conduct problems.

The effective treatment of child conduct problems is understood to rely on a range of therapist competencies, yet these have rarely been an explicit focus of research. In this practitioner review, we examine core competencies for the delivery of evidence-based parenting interventions for conduct problems in early-to-middle childhood. These are examined in light of research into the common elements shared by these interventions, literature regarding common challenges in these interventions, and conceptualisations of such competencies in other fields of mental health. We report on the development of a novel consensus-based model of core competencies for evidence-based practice in this field, based on consultation with an international expert panel. This includes competencies as they apply to complex presentations of conduct problems. Despite considerable variation among widely disseminated programmes in terms of content, format and skills-training practices, there is strong consensus among practitioners regarding core competencies. These relate to three broad domains: (a) generic therapeutic competencies; (b) parenting intervention competencies; (c) specific parenting skills/techniques. Practitioners working with conduct problems, particularly complex presentations thereof, require competencies for engaging not only mothers, but fathers and diverse/non-traditional caregivers and other stakeholders, in evidence-based parenting interventions. Moreover, the successful delivery of these interventions necessitates competencies that extend beyond behaviour management and encompass broader aspects of the family system and the wider ecology of the child.

Therapeutic Competence in Parenting Programs: A Focus Group Study

While research on parenting programs typically focuses on program-specific evaluations, this article considers therapeutic competence as a transversal feature across different programs. It draws empirically on focus group interviews with practitioners of two separate parenting programs in Sweden: Circle of Security (COS-P) and Communication Method (COMET). The qualitative data analysis shows how the practitioners of both programs used their therapeutic competence to tailor the program manuals for each parent group; they combined the techniques of positive reinforcement and intentional self-disclosure with an attuned flexibility that was enabled by mentalization. The article concludes that therapeutic competence is a crucial aspect of parenting programs that needs further attention from scholars and practitioners alike.

Existential psychological therapies: An overview of empirical research

BackgroundExistential therapies are a range of psychotherapies inspired by existential and phenomenological philosophers. Although relatively little empirical research was conducted on their therapeutic model and outcomes in the early days, a substantial body of research has evolved. AimThis article aims to give an overview of the empirical literature on existential therapies. This article will be divided into four parts: empirical research on existential practices, key concepts, critical therapeutic competences, and outcomes of existential therapies. MethodThis article will review findings from previous systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses. FindingsThe etiological model in many existential therapies seems to focus on how individuals may limit the totality of their subjective experiences. Ignoring or denying a part of the totality of their experiences limits their opportunities to live a meaningful, fulfilling and mentally healthy life and cope in beneficial ways with life's inevitable limitations and challenges. Their clinical concerns may include existential moods, detailed questions, or crises about life, meaning, identity or spirituality. Existential therapists may help via several evidence-based competencies: phenomenological and experiential skills, relational skills, explicating existential themes and processes, school-specific and meta-competences. Meta-analyses show that some existential therapies (particularly meaning-centred therapies) have large positive effects on psychological and physical well-being and overall quality-of-life. DiscussionA large body of empirical literature supports the key therapeutic existential concepts, competences, and outcomes. The discussion compares this literature with other therapies, showing that existential therapies have similarly strong empirical support. These findings indicate that existential therapies are bona fide therapies that may be considered for funding by health insurance and health services. Therapists and training institutes should focus on these evidence-based existential components.

Effect of therapeutic competence, adherence, and alliance on treatment outcome in youth with PTSD treated with developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy

BackgroundDevelopmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy (D-CPT) is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents and young adults. It is unclear if therapeutic adherence and competence in D-CPT are associated with higher PTSD treatment gains. ObjectiveTo assess if higher therapeutic adherence and competence in D-CPT are associated with higher symptom reduction of PTSD in adolescents and young adults, while controlling for therapeutic alliance. Participants and settingParticipants were 38 patients (aged 14–21 years; M = 17.61 years, SD = 2.42 years) of a multicenter randomized controlled trial in which the efficacy of D-CPT was compared to a waitlist with treatment advice. MethodsVideotaped therapy sessions were rated using validated ratings scales to assess adherence and competence. Therapeutic alliance was assessed via weekly patient ratings. We used hierarchical linear modelling to assess the relationship of adherence and competence on PTSD symptoms being measured by both clinician and patient while controlling for alliance. ResultsNeither adherence nor competence were related to treatment outcomes in clinician or patient rated PTSD symptom severity. Higher alliance was associated with a lower symptom severity at 12 months posttreatment in both clinician and patient rated PTSD symptoms. ConclusionsIn this study of young adults with PTSD, who were treated with D-CPT by well-trained therapists, therapeutic adherence and competence were not related to treatment outcome. This might be explained by a lack of range in therapist adherence and competence. Therapeutic alliance had a positive effect on PTSD symptom severity.

Disparate Psychological Emergencies and its Variegated Clinical Management Directives

Purpose: Tension is generated for everyone concerned when psychological emergencies like severe sensorimotor excitement or suicidal behavior occur in places other than psychological facilities like regular clinics, emergency departments, or clinicians' private offices. These should always be managed right away since they could be fatal. As a tool for their quick as well as efficient care, including the key exhibiting symptoms, multiple diagnoses options, and therapeutic choices for the major categories of mental crises have been included in this paper so that the general population as well as the clinicians of all other specialties other than psychology specialists, can understand the common psychological emergencies and its proper treatment. Objective: There is relatively little reliable data on the frequency of mental crises in routine as well as community practice, in accidents and emergencies in healthcare facilities, or with patients treated by urgent healthcare units. Given the realities of modern healthcare institutions and the public's general hostility to psychological issues of any kind, we shouldn't be surprised that the first therapy for psychological illnesses often doesn't really occur in specialized mental institutions. When there are accidents or crises, people with psychiatric diseases who don't want to be stigmatized commonly resort to ordinary hospital systems since they are commonly both accessible and always open. Understanding different psychological emergencies, as well as associated therapeutic care procedures, is crucial. So the very basic and important objective of this paper is to gain knowledge about some common psychological emergencies and their treatment. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data from a number of reputable, official sources and journal articles were used to produce this clinical research output. Certain data from the emergency department have also been used to develop this study in order to make it more precise and scientific in type. The credibility of the publication has also been guaranteed by expert evaluations from neuropsychologists, general psychologists, doctors, and researchers who are conducting studies in the field. Findings/ Result: Due to the increasing incidence of drug and alcohol abuse, depression, and other critical illnesses, more people are visiting the critical healthcare department. The occurrence of psychological events in non-psychological contexts, such as typical clinics and physicians' homes, and subsequent care is poorly documented by the few observational trials and scant precise information that are currently available. The available research emphasizes the need for improvements in both mental emergency evaluation and care. The treatment of this type of issue entails high expectations of the therapist's personality and conduct in addition to the required therapeutic competence. If the patient approaches the emergency department voluntarily or the family takes him/her to the clinic at the earliest, all the psychological problems can be treated with at most results. Originality and value: A thorough attempt has been launched to shed some light on the issue of several frequent psychological emergencies and their appropriate diagnosis in the emergency room using only certain basic evaluation techniques and without wasting much time. Several evaluation tools and criteria have also been given for the convenience of various clinicians with varying levels of experience. Paper Type: Clinical analyses paper

A systematic review and meta‐ethnography to explore people's experiences of psychotherapy for self‐harm

Self-harm is a major public health concern. Lifetime prevalence is high, and rates of self-harm are rising; however, available interventions do not benefit everyone, and engagement with therapy can be low. Qualitative accounts allow for a greater understanding of what is helpful to individuals. This study aimed to synthesize the experiences of interventions for self-harm, from participants who have participated in these themselves. Participants had self-harmed at least once and undergone an individual psychotherapeutic intervention for self-harm. Papers not written or translated to the English language were excluded. Four databases (Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO) were systematically searched and each paper was assessed using the CASP quality appraisal tool. A meta-ethnographic approach to the synthesis was taken. Ten studies encompassing 104 participants were included. Four overarching themes were developed and the importance of recognizing the person beyond the self-harm emerged through a line of argument synthesis. Building a trusted, therapeutic relationship founded on patience and without judgement was essential for the perceived success of therapy, which was unique to each person and often went beyond reducing self-harming behaviours. Papers included in the study showed a lack of diversity with regard to ethnicity and gender. The findings illustrate the importance of the therapeutic alliance when working with self-harm. Clinical implications of this paper include the importance of utilizing key therapeutic competencies which should be considered fundamental to change within psychotherapeutic interventions for self-harm, with the uniqueness of each patient recognized throughout.

The Transcending Protocol: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach for Addressing the Psychosocial Impact of Minority Stress in Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals

This article describes an innovative, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral protocol, Transcending, to address the effects of minority stress on mental health among transgender and gender diverse individuals. The protocol merges minority stress and cognitive behavioral therapy models to provide a framework for (a) understanding the impact of minority stress (i.e., distal and proximal stressors) and (b) developing skills to address maintenance factors of associated psychological distress. The Transcending protocol is intended to provide a structured approach to filling an important gap in counseling services and increasing therapeutic competence with transgender and gender diverse individuals.

The Therapist's Intuition and Responsiveness: What Makes the Difference between Expert and in Training Gestalt Psychotherapists.

This study aims to investigate the presence of intuition and responsiveness in early students and in experienced students and psychotherapists, which is understood as the ability to integrate bodily sensitivity and cognition of what is experienced with the patient (aesthetic relational knowing-ARK). The study compares how the therapist's felt sense of the phenomenological intersubjective field and aesthetic relational competence differs between a group of experienced students and psychotherapists and a group of beginners. The sample consisted of 128 participants (20 M; 108 F), finally divided into two groups: "experienced students and psychotherapists" and "beginners". The Aesthetic Relational Knowledge Scale (ARKS), a questionnaire consisting of 58 items targeting three factors (empathy, body awareness, and resonance), was administered. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess (i) differences between the two groups (through Student's t and Cohen's d for effect sizes), (ii) the influence of the level of training for each ARK factor using analyses of covariance for testing the possible influence of demographic variables, and (iii) logistic regressions to compare the influence of the three factors of the ARK model on the group variable with groups as a categorical variable. Significant differences between the two groups were found in body awareness and resonance. Body awareness was found to be the variable best discriminating between the beginners and the experienced students and psychotherapists. Despite being non-significant, there is a tendency suggesting that empathy appears more relevant at the beginning of training. The study shows the importance of training for the development of the therapist's intuition and responsiveness, especially in the factors of body awareness and resonance. The results indicate the importance of assessing and supporting the aesthetic and field resonance of therapists in training, increasing quality and depth of the therapist's responsiveness. This study is limited by a correlational design using self-report and on a limited sample, but it shows that the ARKS can monitor the effectiveness of training related to Gestalt therapeutic competencies.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): Nutraceutical values, phytochemical, ethnomedicinal and pharmacological overview

• Current review deals with the traditional knowledge of active components in fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum ). • Fenugreek is highly potent medicinal herb which can be used in the modern medicine system. • Review provides several health & therapeutic benefits as well as nutraceutical properties of fenugreek. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linne, commonly known as fenugreek, is a herb with medicinal and nutraceutical values which has been used from ancient times in the Indian medicine system. According to the literature analysis, the presence of various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, fibers, fatty acids, etc. contributes to the therapeutic potential of the herb. In context to its therapeutic competency, fenugreek has anti-biotic, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogen properties and controls hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. The present review is an attempt to highlight the nutraceutical, health and therapeutic benefits of fenugreek.

Educational psychologists’ use of cognitive behavioural therapy in professional practice

AimThere is increasing recognition of the centrality schools have in supporting children and young people’s mental health and wellbeing, and the role of educational psychologists (EPs) in supporting this. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a frequently-used, evidence-based approach for supporting a range of outcomes. The purpose of this study is to explore how EPs are operationalising CBT in their practice, and which therapeutic competencies are demonstrated.MethodSemi-structured interviews were completed with a self-selecting sample of eight EPs reporting to be knowledgeable about CBT and to regularly use it in their practice. Transcribed data were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic analysis.FindingsKey themes related to CBT in applied practice, the EP role, drawing on other psychological approaches, ethical practice, external influences and having a holistic view of the child. EPs were using CBT across a continuum of formality in therapeutic work and multi-faceted casework. A range of CBT competencies was demonstrated in practice with children and young people, and adults.LimitationsAs an exploratory research study the sample size was very small. The self-selecting sample does not claim to be representative of the wider EP population. The extent to which findings enable an understanding of the effectiveness of CBT within wider EP practice is extremely limited.ConclusionsThe flexibility of CBT as a therapeutic modality gives insight into its potential wider contribution across EP practice. Potential implications for EP professional training and practice are considered.

What characterizes helpful personal practice in psychotherapy training? Results of an online survey.

Personal practice (PP) is often considered as a central component in psychotherapy training aiming to promote personal and therapeutic competences. However, its implementation varies considerably in practice. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the current practice of PP regarding the frequency/occurrence and perceived usefulness/impairment of topics, techniques and effects, as well as its helpful characteristics in psychotherapy training. 407 German psychotherapy trainees (214 cognitive behavioural therapy; 178 psychodynamic therapy) were surveyed online as to their current practice of PP. For trainees, personal and therapeutic related topics were discussed. Reflection techniques and self-experiential practice were among the most frequently reported strategies, while the fostering of personal and interpersonal competences was among the effects with the strongest occurrence. However, negative PP effects were recorded as well. Differences in PP practice emerged between therapeutic orientations. As certain techniques which are central to PP (e.g. self-experience) were also rarely or not used, and negative effects reported, its potential might not be fully utilized.

The Benefits of Self-Compassion in Mental Health Professionals: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research.

The importance of cultivating self-compassion is an often neglected issue among mental health professionals despite the risks to occupational well-being present in psychological care, such as burnout or compassion fatigue. In this context, this literature review has a twofold aim. Firstly, to contribute to raising awareness of the benefits of self-compassion among professionals, based on empirical research findings. Secondly, to coherently organize the available evidence on this topic, which to date appears scattered in a variety of articles. A systematic search on the APA PsycInfo database was conducted, and 24 empirical studies focused on the topic of the benefits of self-compassion in mental health professionals were finally selected. Concerning their methods, only 4 of the selected studies used experimental or quasi-experimental designs, 14 were cross-sectional studies, 3 presented qualitative research, and 3 were literature reviews. The research, regardless of methods used, points mainly to the benefits of self-compassion on the therapists’ mental health and well-being; prevention of occupational stress, burnout, compassion fatigue, and secondary traumatization as well as improvement of therapeutic competencies and professional efficacy-related aspects. In the review, self-compassion appeared as a process that could explain the benefits (eg on burnout) of cultivating other skills (eg mindfulness). To further explore this point, an additional review included 17 studies focused on the effects of mindfulness or compassion-based interventions on therapists’ self-compassion. In conclusion, our work joins those who have recommended the inclusion of self-compassion trainings in the curricula of mental health professionals.