Verb Theory Research Articles

التداولية في نهج البردة لأحمد شوقي

Pragmatics, as a discipline within linguistics, represents the most comprehensive branch of text science. It revolves around the study of linguistic communication and delves into the intricate relationships between sentences, contexts, and conditions across various languages. Consequently, pragmatics explores language as a rhetorical, communicative, and social phenomenon, while also focusing on the analysis of verbal aspects, known as pragmatism. The primary focus of pragmatics lies in understanding the interplay between a text and its context. This entails examining the internal structure of the text and its connection to communicative elements, specifically the Autonomus Syntax, which is vital for its intelligibility. In this regard, the present study investigates the key deliberative mechanisms present in the poem "Nahj Al-Burda," such as context, background knowledge, and the verbal verb theory. The findings of this research indicate that Shauqi's poem heavily draws inspiration from Imam Busiri's "Burda" poem, and numerous intertextualities share similar characteristics without any contradictions. Despite these similarities, Shauqi's literary style emerges as distinct and novel when compared to Busiri's poem. Shauqi's poem exhibits a profound message, a fresh style, genuine expression of reality, and a skillful portrayal of meaning and significance. Moreover, it captivates with its powerful ideas, leaving a lasting impact without losing its potency.
 Keywords: Pragmatics, linguistics, intelligibility, ahmad shauqi, intertextualities.

요한복음 3:13의 번역에 대한 재고

This study investigates three main issues of John 3:13. The first is the issue of textual criticism. There are two major readings of this text: reading with the expression ὁ ὢν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ (in heaven) and reading without it. Regarding this issue, I judge that the short reading without this expression is closer to the original text, after applying the external and internal criteria of textual criticism. The conclusive ground for this judgment is that manuscripts containing the short reading (PSUP66/SUP PSUP75/SUP א B) are dated much earlier than manuscripts containing the longer reading. In terms of the geographical distribution of manuscripts, PSUP66/SUP and W among manuscripts including the short reading can be judged to have relatively wider geographical distribution as they are a mixture of Alexandrian and Western text-types.BR The second issue is the interpretation of ϵἰ μή. Of the two meanings of this expression (except and but), I find the latter to be more convincing. As a ground for this judgment, I take a fresh approach to this issue by analyzing the speaker of 3:10-13. Beasley-Murray argues that Jesus is the speaker in 3:10-12 and the author of John’s Gospel is the speaker in 3:13-21. Contrary to this argument, I argue that the speaker in 3:13 is Jesus. There are two grounds for this argument. First is that the expression the Son of Man applied to Jesus is used in 3:13-14. Second, verse 3:12 and 3:13 are closely connected by the conjunction καί.BR The third issue is the interpretation of the perfect tense ἀναβέβηκϵν. Recently, Pierce and Reynolds interpreted this word by applying verbal aspect theory. To this interpretation of Pierce and Reynolds, I raise doubt based on the usage of ἀναβέβηκα in 20:17a where another verb in perfect tense form is used according to the traditional verb theory. Through this study, I finally propose to translate this verse as follows: And no one has ascended into heaven, but he who descended from heaven, the Son of Man.

Argument structure of transition and transfer verbs

This study entitled Argument Structure of Transition and Transfer Verbs. It focused on the argument structure which maps the grammatical relation and the semantic roles. This study aimed to recognize the grammatical relations of transition and transfer verbs of slides verbs arguments and to explain the semantic roles of transition and transfer verbs of slides verbs arguments. This study is library research. The data of this study were collected from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) which was related to transition and transfer verbs. The documentation method and note-taking technique were applied in collecting the data. In analyzing the data, the descriptive-qualitative method was applied. The data were described and explained based on the theory of argument structure and the theory of transition and transfer verbs. Based on the analysis, the grammatical relation operated within transition and transfer verbs with the class of slide verb involve subject, object and oblique. Verb bounce, float, move, roll and slide can be constructed with SV, SVO, SV OBL, SVO OBL and SVO OBL OBL. Furthermore, the structure SVO OBL OBL only appears in the verb of move.

THE FUNCTIONS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN FINDING NEMO FILM

This research focuses on analyzing illocutionary acts in Finding Nemo film. This research uses speech acts theory of pragmatics approach to analyze the meaning of illocutionary acts uttered in the film. This research applies qualitative method. The functions of illocutionary act uttered by the characters in Finding Nemo are declarative, representative, expressive, directive, and commisive. The functions of illocutinary acts in the film are classified on theory of Yule, Word Orders and Performative Verbs as the indicator.

Analysis on the Syntax and Semantics of Get and Dapatkan

This study aims at contrasting get and dapatkan covering the structure, syntactic valence, and semantic parameters. Get is analysed along with its synonym make, find, become, and understand as well as dapatkan, represented by mendapatkan, and its synonyms mencapai, menerima, menemukan, and mengambil. Dapatkan needs to transform into mendapatkan to express formality and is more frequently used than dapatkan. By using distributional and identity methods and applying the theory of verbs and their satellites and semantic parameter, this study reveals that the structures only influence the differences of the verbs’ syntactic valence whereas the meanings contribute to the similarities and differences of the verbs semantic parameters. In terms of valence get can be monovalent (S+v+AD), make is trivalent (S+v+AD+PO), find is bivalent (S+v+O), become is bivalent (S+v+ND), and understand is monovalent (S+v). Indonesian verbs, mendapatkan, mencapai, menerima, menemukan, and mengambil are all bivalent with the basic construction S+v+O. The semantic aspects are analysed by applying transitivity parameters and this is affected by the meaning and status of the verb, either state or action. Get and its synonyms show lower transitivity than dapatkan, which is represented by mendapatkan, with its synonym. The verbs presenting low degree of transitivity are get, make, find, become, understand, menerima, and menemukan, whereas the high transitivity is shown by the verbs mendapatkan, mencapai, and mengambil.

Constructional collection theory: A critical theoretical perspective for the duality of construction and action: نظرية التشكيل البنائي: ثنائية البناء والفعل – رؤية نظرية نقدية –

This paper sought to identify why Antony Gednaz formulated the theory of constructional collection and the relationship with major theories (structural-functional, Marxism) and minor theories (symbolic interactive) through contrasting and comparing them as well as the comparison between the concept of social symmetry in the verb theory by Parsons and the constructional collection by Gednaz. The paper tried to identify the most important concepts and principles of the constructional collection theory, through a review of the literature in the books of social theories. The paper also included the critical vision of the (female) researcher about the constructional collection theory. The paper concluded that (Antony Gednaz) formulated the constructional collection theory to fill the outstanding gap between structure and action in both major and minor theories and that Gednaz opposes the idea of studying societies based on construction in major theories, and the idea of relying on the action as a unit of study societies in minor theories. He believes that the principal area to study societies is the social practices regulated through time and place. For a social system, Parsons views the system as a group of individual actors, ignoring spatial and temporal conditions that may affect the actions of individuals, while Gednaz sees the system as the sum of acts that are reproduced among the actors in a given place and time. The concept of the constructional collection is the main concept in the collection theory, which means that the collection of actors and buildings are not independent phenomena (i.e. dual), but they represent duplication. In the critical review of the (female) researcher is taken on the central idea of the constructional collection theory that it is not possible to generalize the possibility of reproducing construction. The generalization may be become possible in case replacing the idea of "reproducing construction" by the idea of "modifying construction or parts of construction" or determining what kind of buildings can be reproduced or not. The (female) researcher fully agrees with the idea that the verb produces the structure and after it forms the structure, the structure becomes an intermediary.

语言学理论视野下的汉韩动词分类体系对比研究综述

Since the 21st century, with the broadening of research region and the emergence of new linguistic theories, the classification of Chinese-Korean verbs in academic circle is no longer limited to the perspective of classification under traditional grammar rules. There has been research on the classification of verbs from new perspectives such as light verb theory, typology linguistics, cognitive linguistics, and the research results show that new subcategories such as light verbs, unaccusativeverbs and unergative verbs, absolutive verbs and ergative verbs have been applied. The Chinese-Korean internal structure of the verb systems have changed as well, showing the trend that the subcategories become more differentiated, but the internal structure is more concise and has stronger explanatory power. After comparing the new and the old classification systems of Chinese-Korean verbs and summarizing the classification and subcategories of verbs in Chinese and Korean, it can be seen that the Chinese-Korean linguistic circle attach great importance to the application of new theories when studying the subcategories of verbs; but the Chinese academic circle seem to be one step ahead in the application of the new theory to constructing the macroscopic study of verb system; and the research on the classification system of verbs in Korean still needs improvement.

Aspek Fukugoudoushi Kiru Nuku dan Toosu dalam Kalimat Bahasa Jepang Sehari-hari Oleh Orang Jepang di Bali

The tittle of this research is ”the aspects of compound verb kiru, nuku, and toosu that used in daily japanese by Japanese people in Bali” that aimed to research the form, type, grammatical meaning and substitution of compound verb kiru, nuku, and toosu in daily Japanese that used by Japanese people in Bali. This research was analysed using descriptive method, formal and informal technique. Form and the type of compound verb kiru, nuku, and toosu reference analysis used syntax theory by Chaer (2012). Compound verb comprehension refers to Takanao (1984). Grammatical meaning was analysed using grammatical verb theory by Pateda (2001) and grammatical meaning concept of compound verb kiru, nuku, toosu by Kurita (2015), Himeno (1980), Yoshiyuki (1977) dan Kindaichi (1976). Result of this reasearch is compound verbs kiru, nuku and toosu can form continous, repetitive and prefective aspects when combined with another verbs that showing aspect and used in renyoukei form. These verb should be keizoku doushi, shunkan doushi and joutai doushi. Based on analysis result, compound words kiru, nuku, and toosu in Japanese grammatically means event ended intentionally, event occured unexpectedly, event as the lastest limit, and activity is carried out continuously until finished. Based on the analysis result known that compound verb kiru, nuku, and toosu have the same grammatical meaning and should be substituted. Viewed from japanese grammatical perspectives, the compound verbkiru, nuku, and toosu explained the event carried out continuously until the end and explained that the activity done repeatedly until finished.

Microarray Data Classification Based on Computational Verb

Computational verb (CV) theory is a relatively new research field in mathematics and has been applied to many different fields. In the field of pattern recognition, the CV-based rule induction algorithm can generate some simple rules with CVs and adverbs by linguistically interpretable forms. In this paper, we present an interpretable rule extraction framework based on CV rule theory for the classification of microarray data. In contrast to the existing rule-based methods, the CV method enables to explicitly express the relationships of the genes based on some mathematical templates and hence enhance the understanding on the data results. Stay is a typical verb used in the CV to describe the trend of changes. In our algorithm, Stay is applied to generate CVR by a gene pair, named SCVR. The corresponding evolving and similarity functions for calculating the difference between SCVR rules are also presented to illustrate this process. Similar to other rule-based methods, the SCVR can achieve significant gene selection and cancer classification task concurrently. To evaluate the performance of our proposed approach, we conduct the experiments on several binary class and multiclass microarray datasets. Experiments confirm that the proposed method can outperform many rule-based classiers with the fusion of five rules.

Time to Clarify

Time to Clarify John A. Cook A rejoinder to A. Andrason, “ The Biblical Hebrew Verbal System in Light of Grammaticalization: The Second Generation,” HS52 (2011): 19– 51. C. H. J. van der Merwe, “ Review of John Cook, Time and the Biblical Hebrew Verb: The Expression of Tense, Aspect, and Modality in Biblical Hebrew(Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic 7). Eisenbrauns: Winona Lake, Indiana,” JNSL40 (2014): 131– 135. A. Andrason and C. H. J. van der Merwe, “ The Semantics Potential of Verbal Conjugations as a Set of Polysemous Senses,” HS56 (2015): 71– 88. E. Robar, “ An Old Argument in New Garb: John Cook on Aspect and Biblical Hebrew,” HS55 (2014): 399– 409. 1. I ntroduction The field of Biblical Hebrew verb study is a fascinating and active one. No one enters the fray without the expectation of pushback from colleagues. I debuted in the field in 2002 with a doctoral thesis, to which my 2012 book stands in some tension, because over the intervening decade I have deepened, broadened, and in some significant ways changed my thinking about Hebrew verb theory. 1The detailed criticisms of both by several colleagues provide a welcome opportunity for me to clarify my approach and the differences between my theory and those of others in the field. Andrason’s extensive oeuvre of the past few years has used this particular approach as a foil for his theory. He devoted a 2011 Hebrew Studiesarticle to an extended critique of my ideas. 2The timing was unfortunate, however, as I [End Page 403]was in the throes of final edits on the 2012 book. Thus, Andrason’s criticisms, aimed at the 2002 thesis, appeared on the eve of the publication of my revised thoughts. Christo van der Merwe, with whom Andrason has studied, published a review of my book in 2014, in which he devotes substantial space to a defense of his student’s ideas. 3This defense is further advanced in a joint article by Andrason and van der Merwe. 4I have therefore slightly revised my interaction below to take the latter article into account. Finally, in 2014, a review essay on my book by Elizabeth Robar, who has recently published her own thesis on the Hebrew verb, appeared in Hebrew Studies. 5My familiarity with her work and her extended interaction with mine adds another dialogue partner for the present rejoinder. 6 2. A ndrason and van derM erwe Since van der Merwe takes up and reaffirms the criticisms of my approach from Andrason, I treat them together here. The differences between Andrason and me are largely theoretical, and to that extent intractable (unless one of us is converted to the opposing stance). At the same time, my disagreement and dissatisfaction with Andrason’s theory is in large part based on his results (or rather lack thereof) as far as philologically usable insights are concerned. As mentioned already, Andrason’s lengthy critique of my 2002 thesis appeared shortly before the publication of my book. As a result, not only had I already anticipated some of his criticisms in the book, but also it was impossible for me to interact there in detail with other points that he had made. As van der Merwe observes, chapters 3 and 4 of the book “have been completely revised” via-à-vis my thesis. 7Indeed, beneath the revisions of both chapters lie some significant shifts and clarifications in my thinking about linguistic theory. Here, I reiterate and clarify some of those changes in light of Andrason’s and van der Merwe’s publications. [End Page 404] At the heart of Andrason’s criticism of my earlier work is that it is not a thoroughgoing grammaticalization analysis. He writes: From the above discussion it becomes evident that Cook’s model does not entirely comply with the requirements of the evolutionary approach. Among all the inaccuracies, three are particularly important constituting the Achilles heal [sic] of Cook’s proposal. Namely, the employment of static and one-stage definitions, the distinctions between the main/inherent meaning and contextual variations, and the claim of a binary opposition between verbal categories are untenable within the grammaticalization...

News from the future: A corpus linguistic analysis of future-oriented, unreal and counterfactual news discourse

This article presents a corpus linguistic analysis of the development in future-oriented political journalism in four Danish newspapers in the period 1997–2013 ( N = 2954 full articles = 1,553,038 word tokens). Keyword analysis and concordance analysis are applied within a framework of grammatical-semantic theory of tense and modal verbs and semantic-pragmatic theory of time meaning, modality and speech acts. The results suggest, unexpectedly, that the newspapers – and news reports in particular – seem to have become less future-oriented in the period. At the same time, however, the articles – and particularly news commentary, in itself increasing – might have become slightly more speculative. Thus, the journalists themselves have become the main source of ‘guessing’, that is, predicting and speculating, with the keywords vil ( will) and ville ( would), including unreal and counterfactual speculations in the past tenses.

Foreground Extraction from Dynamic Videos Based on Computational Verb Theory

Foreground Extraction from Dynamic Videos Based on Computational Verb Theory

The Involuntary State /feel-like Construction: What Aspect Cannot Do

The hyperintensional South Slavic involuntary state/ feel-like construction is interesting in that it is restricted to a peculiar syntactic frame (dative subject and reflexive-impersonal or reflexive-passive verb) but has no overt element encoding its desiderative meaning and its intensionality. Recently it received two very different analyses. For Marušič and Žaucer (2006a), the construction is biclausal, with its desiderative meaning coming from a phonologically null verb. For Rivero (2009), its “modal” meaning arises from a viewpoint-aspect imperfective operator in a monoclausal structure. The aspect-based account poses a challenge for the theory of null verbs, since it cancels what had been considered a rare attestation of the theory’s logical possibility of having a null matrix verb. It also poses a challenge for the sententionalist view of hyperintensionality, since it posits that the latter can arise outside a clausal complement. This paper demonstrates that the aspect-based account is problematic in several respects and reinstates the null-verb analysis.

The Perfect Tense-Form and the Son of Man in John 3.13: Developments in Greek Grammar as a Viable Solution to the Timing of the Ascent and Descent

The perfect tense-form verb ἀναβέβηκεν in John 3.13 is usually interpreted in light of traditional verb theory, as a ‘past action with present results’. This interpretation introduces an apparent problematic chronology in that the Son of Man ascends before descending; however, recent developments in Greek grammar, particularly verbal aspect theory, provide a viable solution to this grammatical ‘problem’ and indicate that the Son of Man's descent precedes his ascent.

A Variable Step Size LMS Adaptive Filtering Algorithm and Simulations Based on Computational Verb Theory

Based on traditional LMS algorithm, variable step LMS algorithm and the analysis for improved algorithm, a new variable step adaptive algorithm based on computational verb theory is put forward. A kind of sectorial linear functional relationship is established between step parameters and the error. The simulation results show that the algorithm has the advantage of slow change which is closely to zero. And overcome the defects of some variable step size LMS algorithm in adaptive steady state value is too large.

Event structure, conceptual spaces and the semantics of verbs

The aim of this paper is to integrate spatial cognition with lexical semantics. We develop cognitive models of actions and events based on conceptual spaces and vectors on them. The models are then used to present a semantic theory of verbs. We propose a two-vector model of events including a force vector and a result vector. We argue that our framework provides a unified account for a multiplicity of linguistic phenomena related to verbs. Among other things it provides a cognitive explanation for the lexico-semantic constraint regarding manner vs. result and for polysemy caused by intentionality. It also generates a unified definition of aspect.

New Theory of English Model Auxiliary Verbs and Tense

New Theory of English Model Auxiliary Verbs and Tense

La cuestión de la aserción en La Logique ou l'art de penser y la Grammaire générale et raisonnée

Este artículo tiene como finalidad estudiar la noción de aserción en dos obras del siglo XVII francés: La Logique ou l'art de penser (conocida como Lógica de Port-Royal), de Antoine Arnauld y Pierre Nicole, y la Grammaire générale et raisonnée, de Antoine Arnauld y Claude Lancelot. Se ha dividido el artículo en dos apartados dedicados respectivamente a la concepción de Port-Royal acerca del juicio, y a la teoría del verbo. A lo largo de la reflexión en torno a estos importantes conceptos en la teoría del lenguaje de Port-Royal, pretendemos probar que sus autores efectuaron la distinción entre contenido proposicional y actitud proposicional antes de que Frege la estableciera de forma sólida y definitiva.The present paper sets out to examine the notion of assertion within two French 17th century works: Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole's La Logique ou l'art de penser (known as the Port-Royal Logic), and Antoine Arnauld and Claude Lancelot's Grammaire générale et raisonnée. This article has been divided into two sections. The first section is devoted to the Port-Royalian doctrine about judgment; the second section analyzes the theory of verb. On our account of these important notions of Port-Royal's theory of language, we intend to prove that its authors had made out the distinction between propositional content and propositional attitude before Frege could set it forth in a solid and definite way.

Abhinavagupta's Philosophical Hermeneutics of Grammatical Persons

In Kashmiri, monistic and tantric Śaiva traditions, the adept pursues the realisation of perfect I-hood (pūrṇāhaṃtā), consisting of identity with the God Śiva, who possesses the Goddess Śakti as his consort and world-constituting power. In earlier publications, the author examined how Abhinavagupta (c. 950–1020), in his philosophical hermeneutics of these traditions, interpreted the Self's/Śiva's universal agency with a theory (developing earlier Sanskrit grammar) of verb–noun syntax. This paper examines how Abhinavagupta reinforces and complements that theory with an interpretation of the semantic and dialogical aspects of the grammatical persons. In Abhinavagupta's scheme, the divinised and empowered tantric Self as the enunciator of discourse (English, ‘first person’) contemplatively absorbs within itself the discursive audience (‘second person’) and objects (‘third person’). The paper also compares features of Abhinavagupta's hermeneutics of the grammatical persons with contemporary linguistic and semiotic theories.

Les noms épistémiques et leurs verbes supports

This article aims at clarifying the notion of “cognitive nouns” (noms “épistémiques”), as it relates to cognitive mental phenomenons, for instance in sentences such as Max a une idée claire du problème (Max has a clear idea of the problem), or Max a une vision déformée du monde (Max has a twisted idea of the world). The syntactic analysis is essentially based upon the theory of support verbs. A semantic class of nouns describing the various aspects of mental activity, such as judgement and representation, was thus defined.