Theory Of Staining Research Articles

Intracellular structures of amphibian erythrocytes and their relation to the theory of cytological staining

The cell membrane and some intracellular structures of amphibian erythrocytes were studied in relation to the permeability of dye stuffs. The permeability of dyes can be arranged in the following order: nigrosine, water blue, anilin blue<pyronine<light green S. F.<acid fuchsine<orange G, eosine yellowish, methyl green (pH 5.0).Various structures have their own different critical points of permeability, and this simple fact must be considered first of all in the theory of staining in dye mixtures.In the smear preparation of erythrocytes and liver clles pyronine (pH 7.0-8.0) cannot penetrate into the chromatine region, while methyl green shows typical chromatine staining. In this case the selective staining of methyl green cannot be at once regarded as a specific chemical reaction of highly polymerized desoxy-ribo-nucleic acid.If the preparations are treated for a few minutes in boiling water, pyronine also stains the chromatine. In ordinary paraffine sections, the nuclei of erythrocytes are condensed to about one tenth of normal volume and the boundary structures between cytoplasm and chromatine are utterly destroyed. In such case, the relative dye concentration and the structure-density of each part play an important role for the resulting colour tones.SIBATANI's purely chemical theory on UNNA-PAPPENHEIM's staining was criticised in respects of above mentioned facts.

Dye exchange in bacterial cells, and the theory of staining.

Bacterial cells were stained in sequence, and at various pH's, by 22 different basic dyes. It was found that any dye could replace another already present in the bacterial cell. This replacement was shown to act according to mass action laws for reversible reactions, and hence was influenced by concentration of reagent and time of application. Since basic dyes are also known to react at carboxyl group sites, the phenomena of staining of bacterial cells by ordinary basic dyes must be a chemical adsorption exchange reaction.

The Mechanism of Staining Explained on A Chemical Basis. I. The Reaction Between Dyes, Proteins and Nucleic Acid

Basic dyes cause an increase in hydrogen-ion concentration when added to a solution containing nucleic acid, the both solutions were originally at the same pH. Acid dyes have no effect on nucleic acid solutions. Basic dyes show the same behavior when treated with solutions of typical proteins. Acid dyes when treated with proteins show an analogous effect but in the opposite direction. The only adequate explanation found is that there is a definite reaction between the dye ions and the oppositely charged ions of protein or nucleic acid. The bearing of these results on the theory of staining is discussed. The growing recognition of the dominance of chemical forces in colloidal adsorption behavior is indicated, and certain of the experimental bases for this recognition are pointed out and discussed.

The mechanism of stain action with basic dyes

The chemical theory of staining is discussed in the light of recent discoveries respecting the mechanism of the reaction of basic dyes with substances of an acid character. It is pointed out that staining may result through the formation of addition products as well as through the formation of dye salts.

The Mechanism of Stain Action with Basic Dyes

The chemical theory of staining is discussed in the light of recent discoveries respecting the mechanism of the reaction of basic dyes with substances of an acid character. It is pointed out that staining may result through the formation of addition products as well as through the formation of dye salts.