Theory Of Redistribution Research Articles

Party Systems, Inequality, and Redistribution

Political parties have long been theorized as a key political institution that links society with the formal political system, and thus have often featured prominently in theories of political economy and redistribution. Curiously, however, until recently party systems have received substantially less attention in theories seeking to explain redistribution among both democratic and non-democratic regimes. I build on this nascent literature by conceptualizing the relationship between party systems, inequality, and redistribution, advancing the argument that at least a portion of inequality and income redistribution in any given country is attributable to dynamics within its party system—particularly their structure and institutionalization. Hegemonic party systems can initiate large waves of social reform and redistribution in their formative years but their redistributive prospects significantly wane the longer a hegemonic party remains in power, while two-party systems are unlikely to provide much, if any, alleviation of inequality. Multi-party systems provide the greatest potential to redistribute, but the relationship is conditional on their relative institutionalization. Stable multi-party systems with institutionalized parties are more likely to exhibit both lower levels of inequality and redistribute more income, whereas inchoate counterparts are unlikely to be more redistributive than either hegemonic or two-party systems.

Modeling Ni redistribution in the hydrogen electrode of solid oxide cells through Ni(OH)2 diffusion and Ni-YSZ wettability change

Ni redistribution in the hydrogen electrodes of solid oxide cells is an important degradation mechanism. Its driving force is still under debate. This work focuses on the interplay between Ni(OH)2 diffusion and Ni-YSZ wettability change. With a Ni(OH)2 diffusion model developed in our previous work, we further employ three models for the Ni-YSZ contact angle to quantify the Ni-YSZ wettability change. The microstructure evolutions in a reconstructed Ni-YSZ electrode are simulated under selected experimental operating conditions. It is shown that the phenomenological model can capture the driving force of Ni spreading/detachment on YSZ surface and the Ni migration reported in experiments can be qualitatively reproduced through the competition between Ni(OH)2 diffusion and Ni-YSZ wettability change. It is also found that the initial microstructure of the active layer and the microstructure characteristics in the support layer can strongly affect the distribution of steam partial pressure and overpotential, hence the Ni redistribution, in the active layer, which may explain the inconsistencies in experiments. Our results show that there are two missing pieces in current theory of Ni redistribution: a mechanism of fast Ni diffusion under humid atmosphere and the physical reason behind the Ni spreading/detachment.

Lending Cycles and Real Outcomes: Costs of Political Misalignment

Abstract We document a strong political cycle in bank credit and industry outcomes in Turkey. In line with theories of tactical redistribution, state-owned banks systematically adjust their lending around local elections compared with private banks in the same province based on electoral competition and political alignment of incumbent mayors. This effect only exists in corporate lending and creates credit constraints for firms in opposition areas, which suffer drops in assets, employment and sales but not firm entry. Financial resources and factors of production are misallocated as more efficient provinces and industries suffer the greatest constraints, reducing aggregate productivity.

Master equation theory applied to the redistribution of polarized radiation in the weak radiation field limit

Context. This paper presents a numerical application of a self-consistent theory of partial redistribution in nonlocal thermodynamical equilibrium conditions, developed in previous papers of the series. Aims. The code was described in IV of this series. However, in that previous paper, the numerical results were unrealistic. The present paper presents an approximation able to restore the reliability of the outgoing polarization profiles. Methods. The convergence of the results is also proved. It is demonstrated that the step increment decreases like 1/Nα, with α > 1. Results. Thanks to these additions, the results series behaves like a Riemann series, which is absolutely convergent. However, convergence is not fully reached in line wings within the allocated computing time. Development of efficient acceleration methods would be desirable for future work. Conclusions. Agreement between the computed and observed linear polarization profiles remains qualitative only. The discrepancy is assigned to the plane parallel atmosphere model, which is insufficient to describe the chromosphere, where these lines are formed. As all the integrals are numerical in the code, it could probably be adapted to more realistic and higher dimensional model atmospheres. However, this is time consuming for lines with a hyperfine structure, as in the Na I D lines. The net linear polarization observed in Na I D1 with the Zürich Imaging Polarimeter ZIMPOL mounted on the McMath-Pierce telescope at Kitt Peak is not confirmed by the present calculations and could be an artefact of instrumental polarization. The presence of instrumental polarization could be confirmed by the higher linear polarization degree observed by this instrument in the Na I D2 line center with respect to the present calculation result where the magnetic field is not accounted for. At this precise point, the Hanle effect acts as a depolarizing effect in the second solar spectrum. The observed linear polarization excess is found to be of the same order of magnitude in both line centers, namely 0.1%, which is also comparable to the instrumental polarization compensation level of this experiment.

Rawls ve Nozick Bireysel Haklar, Tercihler ve Yetenekler Üzerine

Bu çalışmada, John Rawls’un yeniden dağıtım teorisi ile Robert Nozick’in yetkilenme teorisinin bir karşılaştırması sunulacaktır. Bir tarafta Rawls’un hem toplumsal sözleşme teorileri arasındaki yeri bakımından hem de önerdiği yeniden dağıtım teorisi bakımından önemli olan adalet tezi yer alırken; diğer yanda Rawls’a adeta meydan okuyan ve yeniden dağıtım ve sözleşmeyi reddederek bireyi ve bireyin kendi üzerindeki tahakkümünü öne çıkaran Nozick’in yetkilenme teorisi yer alır. İki teoriyi toplumsal işbirliği ve bireycilik, sosyal-dağıtıcı adalet ve bireysel adalet, tercihlere/yeteneklere duyarlılık ve bireysel haklar kavramları bağlamında karşılaştırmak mümkündür. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın amacı iki düşünürün teorilerini hem kendi içlerindeki tutarlılık bakımından değerlendirmek hem de bireysel haklar ve tercihlere/yeteneklere duyarlılık açısından ele almaktır. Bu karşılaştırma iki görüşün toplumun temel yapısını belirleyen kabullerini göstermek ve genel olarak toplumsal birliktelik veya işbirliği ve bireycilik karşıtlığına örnek olması bakımından önemlidir. Aynı zamanda, bu karşılaştırma bireysel hakların ve tercihlerin sınırlarını gösterebilmek açısından da bir öneme sahiptir. Bu amaçla, öncelikle Rawls’un yeniden dağıtım teorisi daha sonra Nozick’in yetkilenme teorisi ele alınacaktır. Son olarak, bireysel hak ve tercihlere/yeteneklere duyarlılık kavramlarının iki düşünürün teorilerindeki yerleri ve kabulleri karşılaştırılarak sunulacaktır. Bu bağlamda, bu konuda görünen karşıtlığın iki teorinin kavramsal arka planları göz önünde bulundurulduğunda tam anlamıyla bir karşıtlık teşkil edip etmediği sorgulanacak ve Nozick’in eleştirilerine karşı Rawls’ın birey ve hak kavramsallaştırmasının tutarlılığı ve uygulanabilirliği savunulacaktır.

Farmworker Justice, Faith, and Governance: A Critical Realist Analysis of one FBO’s Participatory Initiative

Faith-based organizations (FBOs) are often integral to supporting immigrant populations in the United States. However, there is little research critically examining the way power functions in these entities. This study begins to address this gap by applying Fraser’s (2009) tripartite theory of redistribution, recognition, and representation and a Critical Realist ontological and epistemological framework to examine the power differences between an FBO and the farmworkers it serves. We analyze five months of ethnographic data to demonstrate how the effects of causal mechanisms associated with recognition (social status, nationalism, and racism), redistribution (class, neoliberalism, precarity, and dependency), and representation (immigration status and a concentration on “empowerment”) reinforce power imbalances. These results support our argument that organizations that work with farmworker populations must address power both at the interpersonal and structural levels to effectively address these imbalances. We conclude with recommendations for organizational professionals and critical scholars who engage questions of power and participation within nonprofit, faith-based, and food systems organizations.

In situ spatial distribution mapping of radionuclides in minerals by nanoSIMS

The nanoSIMS (nanometre-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry) microanalytical platform is used, for the first time, for direct in situ visualization of medium half-life radionuclide (RN) distributions ( 226 Ra – 1602y; 210 Pb – 22.3y) in copper sulphide-bearing ore and copper sulphide flotation concentrate samples. More than 200 grains have been mapped, all with an Hyperion (H200) RF plasma oxygen ion source. Sufficient counts for masses of interest allowed the generation of maps that stand as a proof of concept for further detailed work to address the physical locations of radionuclides of main interest. The issue of potential isobaric interfering masses has been addressed and partially resolved. The distribution of the studied radionuclides, both in relation to host minerals and in relation to each other, is logical and clearly supported by well-established theories of deportment, diffusion, and redistribution. Isotope maps for 210 RN ( 210 Pb, 210 Po and 210 Bi) and 226 Ra maps tended to show RN distribution either within minerals (evenly distributed or zoned), as ‘hot spots’ on grain surfaces/mineral boundaries, or between cleavage planes of micaceous minerals. NanoSIMS element mapping of radionuclides may have widespread application for the disposal and long-term storage of nuclear waste, radioisotope monitoring, forensic science, nuclear and materials science, nuclear medicine, minerals engineering, and isotope geochemistry.

Impact of Technological Blockchain Paradigm on the Movement of Intellectual Property in the Digital Space

The article is dedicated to investigate the problem of influence of cutting edge digital technology on the virtual and real legal relations, related to the movement and the turnover of intellectual property.Using the method of analyzing modern definitions of blockchain, and relying on the political-economic theory of social redistribution of wealth, authors define the term blockchain and its principles as a technological paradigm.Authors conclude the fact that blockchain can be used to guarantee intellectual property rights and it should be accepted at the national level.As a mechanism of a trusted environment, blockchain allows to reduce transaction costs and increase the level of commercialization of intellectual property.

A dominação masculina e a divisão sexual do trabalho: perpetuação da violência simbólica em face da mulher brasileira nos espaços públicos

A pesquisa se pauta na apreciação crítica da posição da mulher no espaço social brasileiro, especialmente, no que se refere à divisão sexual do trabalho, marcada pela destinação prioritária dos homens à esfera produtiva, pública e decisória, e, as mulheres ao âmbito reprodutivo, privado, e de pouco valor social agregado. A tradicional divisão sexual do trabalho tem como princípios organizadores o da separação e da hierarquização, fenômeno “do teto de vidro”, que substanciam uma relação social sexual de dominação masculina. A perpetuação das relações assimétricas de poder entre os sexos são retratadas no conceito sociológico de violência simbólica desenvolvida por Pierre Félix Boudieu. Desde o início da industrialização brasileira, as mulheres têm desempenhado significativo papel no desenvolvimento socioeconômico do país, que historicamente restou esquecido no imaginário social. Nessa linha, ainda que haja um progresso na desconstrução da divisão binária sexista do trabalho no Brasil, apoiada em estudos de gêneros primados nas Teorias do Reconhecimento e da Redistribuição desenvolvida por Nancy Fraser, a mulher brasileira ainda ocupa pouco espaço nos cargos de alta chefia. Além disso, a bipolarização feminina descortina uma segregação interseccional na divisão sexual do trabalho entre as próprias mulheres. Assim, as politicas públicas podem ser um caminho na desinstitucionalização de padrões culturais tradicionais que refletem capilarmente nas estruturas sociais. A eficácia social dos princípios de igualdade e democracia perpassam pela promoção e proteção do direito fundamental à diferença. Para tanto, no presente estudo empregar-se-á o método dedutivo com metodologia bibliográfica-documental e na apreciação transdisciplinar do problema proposto.

Pedagoginės patirties apibendrinimo metodologija kaip ugdymo realybės tobulinimo prielaida

The article analyzes the possibilities and prerequisites for improving the reality of contemporary education, which is provided by the methodology of teaching pedagogical experience. Research based on the methodology of generalization of pedagogical experience is particularly relevant in the context of educational innovation and education diversity. The significance of this research methodology in Lithuanian education science was highlighted by prof. B. Bitinas. Specific pedagogical experiences provide the skills for one or another phenomenon of education, help to get to know it from the inside and make it possible to move into another context, to improve and develop new theories. The paper presents a methodology based on the theory, summarizing the experience of educators, organizing the process of education according to the model of productive learning, and the theory of power redistribution illustrating the educational process of creating synergy.

Welfare state structure, inequality, and public attitudes towards progressive taxation

AbstractRecent research indicates that while higher tax levels are politically unpopular, greater tax progressivity is not. However, there remain unanswered questions regarding public support for more progressive taxation. In particular, little is known about how individual attitudes towards tax progressivity are affected by their institutional context. Building on existing theories of redistribution, this article develops the argument that the structure of the welfare state shapes public attitudes towards progressive taxation—support for progressive taxation among both average and high-income households is undermined by ‘pro-poor’ welfare spending. We support our argument with a cross-sectional analysis of rich democracies, interacting household income with country-level indicators of welfare state structure. In doing so, we contribute a micro-level explanation for the paradoxical macro-level phenomenon that larger, more redistributive welfare states tend to be financed by less progressive tax systems.

A Theory of Redistribution in New Democracies: Income Disparity in New Democracies in Europe

A Theory of Redistribution in New Democracies: Income Disparity in New Democracies in Europe

Women’s activism around gender-based violence in South Africa: recognition, redistribution and representation

South Africa is a country struggling to come to grips with very high levels of gender-based violence (GBV) that is eroding the social fabric of society. Using Nancy Fraser’s theory of redistribution, recognition and representation as a starting point, the author shows the importance of acknowledging these dimensions in struggles and activism around GBV, illustrating the theory with the Shukumisa Campaign and the activities of the African National Congress Women’s League (ANCWL) in South Africa. Both these campaigns engage the state to end GBV in order to change conditions of misrecognition and maldistribution, yet with very different outcomes.

Master equation theory applied to the redistribution of polarized radiation in the weak radiation field limit

Context. This paper presents a numerical application of a self-consistent theory of partial redistribution in nonlocal thermodynamical equilibrium conditions, developed in previous papers of the series.Aims. The code was described in IV of this series. However, in that previous paper, the numerical results were unrealistic. The present paper presents an approximation able to restore the reliability of the outgoing polarization profiles.Methods. The convergence of the results is also proved. It is demonstrated that the step increment decreases like 1/N α , with α > 1.Results. Thanks to these additions, the results series behaves like a Riemann series, which is absolutely convergent. However, convergence is not fully reached in line wings within the allocated computing time. Development of efficient acceleration methods would be desirable for future work.Conclusions. Agreement between the computed and observed linear polarization profiles remains qualitative only. The discrepancy is assigned to the plane parallel atmosphere model, which is insufficient to describe the chromosphere, where these lines are formed. As all the integrals are numerical in the code, it could probably be adapted to more realistic and higher dimensional model atmospheres. However, this is time consuming for lines with a hyperfine structure, as in the Na I D lines. The net linear polarization observed in Na I D1 with the Zurich Imaging Polarimeter ZIMPOL mounted on the McMath-Pierce telescope at Kitt Peak is not confirmed by the present calculations and could be an artefact of instrumental polarization. The presence of instrumental polarization could be confirmed by the higher linear polarization degree observed by this instrument in the Na I D2 line center with respect to the present calculation result where the magnetic field is not accounted for. At this precise point, the Hanle effect acts as a depolarizing effect in the second solar spectrum. The observed linear polarization excess is found to be of the same order of magnitude in both line centers, namely 0.1%, which is also comparable to the instrumental polarization compensation level of this experiment.

Global Justice and Reflexive Immigration

The nature of immigration policies across countries have gained immense importance and come under scrutiny; on whether notions of global justice are better implemented under open or close borders. This proposed paper will look into the theory of global justice and redistribution starting with Rawls and his critics and apply a cosmopolitan framework on the ethics of immigration and borders. Relevant discourses on immigration and borders have largely focused on the accepting country and migrants, and their relationship but have failed to adequately consider the origin country. However, this analysis will not only include the origin country but also look at principles of global justice in a comprehensive structure comprising all three actors: the migrants, accepting and origin countries. Engaging with the issues on how to make immigration policies fair will be done through an analysis of global difference principle and global equality of opportunity. Based on this understanding, the paper attempts to seek to assert a weak cosmopolitan premise with opportunity sets in as the context to create immigration policies.

Recognition as Redistribution

This paper aims to explore and examine the implied commitment to the premises of recognition in Rawls’s account of redistributive justice. It attempts to find out whether or not recognition relations that produce humiliation and cultural injustice can be followed to their logical conclusion in his theory of redistribution. This paper makes two claims. Firstly, although Rawls does not disregard the harms of misrecognition as demonstrated in his notion of self-respect being the most important primary good, he cannot liberally accommodate the idea of humiliation as a case of injustice without compromising the basic premises of his theory. Secondly, while resource distribution produces indirect side effects that can impact upon cultural injustice, addressing recognition issues through the prism of redistribution can inadvertently result in further misrecognition. The paper concludes that in the final analysis Rawls wrongly takes redistribution as the overarching principle of justice to which recognition is but a subservient principle.

No Increase in Female Breast Size or Fat Redistribution to the Upper Body After Liposuction: A Prospective Controlled Photometric Study.

Some studies have indicated that liposuction may cause breast enlargement. Fat redistribution to the upper body as a compensatory mechanism after liposuction has also been reported. To evaluate the possibility of secondary breast hypertrophy and fat redistribution after liposuction, breast size and upper body measurements were obtained and compared for women who did not gain weight postoperatively. Eighty-two women who underwent cosmetic surgery, not including breast surgery, were enrolled in this prospective controlled study. Participants represented 1 of 3 procedure groups: cosmetic surgery not including liposuction (n = 24), liposuction (n = 41), and liposuction combined with abdominoplasty (n = 17). Breast measurements were obtained from standardized lateral photographs matched for size and orientation. Results were compared among the study groups. Postoperatively, there were no significant changes in mean body weight among the study groups. No significant increases in upper pole projection, breast projection, or breast area were found in patients treated with liposuction alone and those who received liposuction plus abdominoplasty. Upper body dimensions were unchanged except for a significant (P < .01) decrease in upper abdominal width in women treated with liposuction plus abdominoplasty. The findings were the same for a subset of 17 women with liposuction aspirate volumes >1500 mL. Results indicate that neither liposuction nor abdominoplasty produces secondary breast enlargement. Upper body dimensions are unchanged, consistent with findings of a previous study and contrary to the theory of fat redistribution. 2.

Bridging vs. bonding: achieving participatory parity in recovery communities

Purpose – Mental health professionals have increasingly taken for granted the discourse of social inclusion, and so the purpose of this paper is to highlight two competing visions of community that exist for people with mental illnesses. Design/methodology/approach – Review of literature. Findings – The first vision of community holds to the Durkheimian belief that social integration not only promotes mental health, but also signifies successful adaptation and recovery from a pathological state. The second vision holds to the Foucauldian belief that integration can be a means of social control. What is often overlooked is how these contending paradigms might play out differently in liberal welfare states when compared to social democracies. Originality/value – The author draws from Nancy Fraser's theory of redistribution and recognition to interrogate both positions. How can society achieve universal citizenship and inclusion for people with mental illnesses by only providing surface-level reallocations? How do enclave models detract from efforts to move toward deep restructuring of society? The author recognizes that each vision advocates for social justice, but carries distinct implications for mental health policy and practice.

Inequality in democracies: Testing the classic democratic theory of redistribution

The classic democratic theory of redistribution claims that an increase in the mean-to-median (MM) income ratio causes a majority coalition in the electorate to collectively demand more redistribution. The functional dependence of redistribution on the MM income ratio is tested in parametric and nonparametric regression frameworks using an OECD panel dataset. While the parametric regression model is found to be misspecified rendering subsequent inference invalid, the robust nonparametric regression model fails to uncover evidence that the MM income ratio is relevant for predicting redistribution.

Recognition and redistribution: State of the women's movement in South Africa 20 years after democratic transition

abstractThis article attempts to analyse the shift from a mass-based women's movement in the form of the Women's National Coalition in South Africa to more localised temporal movements since political transition 20 years ago. I apply Nancy Fraser's theory of recognition and redistribution to illustrate how two alliances – the Shukumisa campaign around gender-based violence and the Alliance for Rural Democracy around the Traditional Courts Bill – meet the criteria of localised temporal movements that engage the State with the intention of recognising identities and redistributing resources to promote gender equality.