Realistic Theory Research Articles

Strength of the non-locality of two-qubit entangled states and its applications

Non-locality is a feature of quantum mechanics that cannot be explained by local realistic theory. It can be detected by the violation of Bell’s inequality. In this work, we have considered the evaluation of Bell’s inequality with the help of the XOR game. In the XOR game, a two-qubit entangled state is shared between the two distant players. It may generate a non-local correlation between the players which contributes to the maximum probability of winning of the game. We have aimed to determine the strength of the non-locality through XOR game. Thus, we have defined a quantity S NL called the strength of non-locality, purely on the basis of the maximum probability of winning of the XOR game. We have also derived the relation between the introduced quantity S NL and the quantity M introduced in [R Horodecki, P Horodecki, and M Horodecki, (1995) Phys. Lett. A 200, 340.], to study the non-locality of a two-qubit entangled state problem in depth. The quantity M may be defined as the sum of the two largest eigenvalues of the correlation matrix of the given entangled state and it determines whether the given entangled state under probe is non-local. Further, we have explored the non-locality of any two-qubit entangled state, whose non-locality cannot be detected by the CHSH inequality. Interestingly, we have found that the newly defined quantity S NL fails to detect non-locality for the entangled state, when the witness operator corresponding to CHSH operator cannot detect the entangled state. To overcome this problem, we have modified the definition of the strength of non-locality and have shown that the modified definition may detect the non-locality of such entangled states, which were earlier undetected by S NL . Furthermore, we have provided two applications of the strength S NL of the non-locality such as (i) establishment of a link between the two-qubit non-locality determined by S NL and the three-qubit non-locality determined by the Svetlichny operator and (ii) determination of the upper bound of the power of the controller in terms of S NL in controlled quantum teleportation.

Wars, Rulers, Rationality

AbstractThis article provides the conclusions of a study of wars which are relatively well-documented through the ages and across the continents of human settlement. The evidence on which these conclusions are based is to be found in my book On Wars published by Yale University Press in July 2023. There are two main conclusions. First, the initial decisions to make either war or peace have almost always been made by a small handful of rulers and their advisors, regardless of whether they inhabit autocratic or representative political systems. They are to blame for war, not the peoples. Second, wars are rarely rational in either means or ends. They are rarely carefully calculated and they rarely bring the the desired ends, with the exceptions of where big powers aggress against small ones, “sharks swallowing minnows”, and of wars fought in self-defense where there is a reasonable chance of success. This is because in addition to the element of rational calculation so stressed by Realist theory, rulers and their advisors are substantially driven by combinations of emotions and ideologies.

China’s Investment and Infrastructure Cooperation with Balkan Countries

The author examines the cooperation of the PRC with countries in the Balkan region in the areas of investment and infrastructure. The study focuses on China’s economic relations with key actors in the Balkan region: Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia. The subject of the study is investment and infrastructure cooperation of China with the countries of the region in the context of the project «One Belt One Road». The author examines in detail the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the economies of various countries, major FDI flows, the development of the financial sector of the PRC, the cooperation of China in the field of FDI and infrastructure with the main actors of the Balkan region. The author pays special attention to the aspect of implementation of the project «OBOR» in the context of cooperation of China with the countries of the Balkan region. This study is based on the theory of political realism. The main conclusions of the study are the definition of the initiative «One Belt One Road» as a key factor of cooperation of the People’s Republic of China with the countries of the Balkan region, the identification of the main directions of investment of the People’s Republic of China in the Balkan Peninsula: The Republic of Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania, analysis of the impact of political differences between the Governments of the States of the region and the People’s Republic of China on the flow of foreign direct investment and infrastructure projects.

Innovations of "great power diplomacy with chinese characteristics" by Xi Jinping "in the new era"

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of Chinese diplomacy at the present stage of China's development. The purpose of the proposed study is to determine the features of "great power diplomacy with Chinese specifics in the new era." The purpose of this work - to examine the peculiarities of Xi Jinping-era diplomacy, to clarify the degree of their continuity with respect to previous diplomatic strategies of China, as well as to interpret the modern diplomatic strategy of "great power diplomacy with Chinese specifics" as a consequence of the growing power of China challenging the hegemony of the United States. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is based on the theory of structural realism and the theory of the transit of power, which allow us to study the influence of Chinese diplomacy as a derivative of China's increasing role in global governance on the process of structuring both the regional subsystem and the global system of international relations. The relevance of this study is associated with a change in the tactics of Chinese diplomacy towards a more focused and tougher rhetoric, emphasizing intransigence with baseless attacks by Western countries and manipulations with the vulnerability of indigenous Chinese interests. In the study, the authors note that throughout the period under review, pragmatism and an orientation towards modernization and strengthening of the country remained the invariable principle of Chinese diplomacy. Xi Jinping proclaimed a course for the "revival of the Chinese nation," which met with resistance from the countries of the "Collective West." The authors' scientifically significant contribution to the study of the peculiarities of the diplomatic practice of the People's Republic of China in the context of the implementation of the "diplomacy of a great power with Chinese specifics in a new era" is to assess the degree of compliance of this course with the need to defend China's fundamental national interests in a complicated international situation. The article emphasizes that "the diplomacy of a great power with Chinese specifics" allows China to demonstrate the behavior of a great power and at the same time change the balance of forces in the "international struggle for public opinion."

The impact of COVID-19 on the Persian Gulf: the realist perspective

This article aims to show the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on international relations and state policy in the Persian Gulf through the prism of realism theory. COVID-19 became a game changer for the domestic politics of the Persian Gulf countries and for the balance of power in that subregion. The application of realism reveals the statecraft of the Arab Persian Gulf during the pandemic to be a struggle for power and its consolidation. Therefore the hypothesis of the article holds that the authoritarian Arab Gulf states used the global COVID-19 pandemic crisis to consolidate and strengthen regime power and conduct humanitarian/mask/COVID-19 diplomacy toward the regimes most affected by the pandemic, shifting the geopolitical landscape. The first part of the article presents the general assumption of the analysis and the theoretical framework. The second and the third respectively discuss domestic and foreign policies of the Arab Persian Gulf states in the face of the pandemic, highlighting strengthening authoritarian tendencies and authoritarian bilateral cooperation. The fourth part relate to the Gulf Cooperation Council and its reaction on COVID-19. The last part draws on the theoretical framework adopted in the article offer conclusions that answer research questions.

The Involvement of The United States in the Russia-Ukraine war in The Perspective of Realism

<p><em>This paper examines the involvement of the United States in the Russia-Ukraine war. One of the main topics of study in Cold War studies is how the United States interacted with and intervened in various domestic affairs of nations in different regions of the world between the 1950s and the 1970s. States interact with one another in particular through international relations. Realists view international politics as fundamentally a contest between superpowers over dominance and security. During the cold war, Russia and Ukraine were united in a federated state, the Soviet Union. And in 2022, the conflict between Russia and U kraine is heating up again, and the United States will be involved here. However, this study focuses on the involvement of the United States in the Russo-Ukrainian war, which is analyzed with one of the main theories in international relations, realism. Realism theory focuses on the potential for conflict between state actors, particularly relevant to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.</em><em> </em><em>This research employs a qualitative methodology with a literature review, in which the author gathers data pertinent to the subject under consideration. The result of this research is the involvement of the United States in the war between Russia and Ukraine is part of their tactics to maintain their hegemony as the only superpower in the post-cold war world.</em></p>

Learning trivializing gradient flows for lattice gauge theories

We propose a unifying approach that starts from the perturbative construction of trivializing maps by L\"uscher and then improves on it by learning. The resulting continuous normalizing flow model can be implemented using common tools of lattice field theory and requires several orders of magnitude fewer parameters than any existing machine learning approach. Specifically, our model can achieve competitive performance with as few as 14 parameters while existing deep-learning models have around 1 million parameters for $SU(3)$ Yang--Mills theory on a $16^2$ lattice. This has obvious consequences for training speed and interpretability. It also provides a plausible path for scaling machine-learning approaches toward realistic theories.

Cultivating commoner subjectivities and transforming agency in commoned urban gardens

Commoning as a mechanism for transforming agency and subjectivities is relevant in a contemporary urban context structured by neoliberal capitalist relations that work to alienate people, suppress agency and enclose spaces. Despite wide agreement that commoning practices mediate subject formation and agential change, little has been written on the epistemological and ontological grounds for understanding how commoning practices achieve this. Grounded in the social realist theory put forward by Archer (2000), which suggests understanding transformations linked to agency and subjectivity as outcomes of the dialectical relation between agency and structure, mediated by practice in space and over time, this paper analyses the burgeoning practice of urban gardening in common in the City of Stockholm, Sweden, with respect to its potential to transform agency and subjectivity. I find that (i) conditioned by structural context, gardeners assume a variety of (contradictory) subjectivities (the commoner, the white encloser, the unpaid public manager and hobby gardener), and (ii) that through the collective nature of the gardens, roles are created and a corporate agency emerges, which (iii) allows some gardeners to become social actors whereby they can live out their personal identities and change the structural context for others.

Malaysia – Indonesia Conflict: In the National Interpretation 1963 – 2010

The people of Malaysia and Indonesia established kinship relations long before the two countries were formed which gave rise to similarities in culture, customs, and habits. However, in reality, the national perspective of each country is not always in line, thus triggering the ups and downs of bilateral relations between the two neighboring countries. Through this research, the examiners wish to gain a comprehensive understanding of the perspectives of the two countries' nationalities from geo-strategy, geo-economic aspects, socio-cultural geography aspects, as well as defense and safety aspects. . These aspects show a fairly high dynamic, as can be seen from the ups and downs of Indonesia-Malaysia relations between 1963 and 2010. To obtain an accurate analysis, data was extracted directly from leading information providers from both countries who have knowledge and experience. Knowledge of the object under study, such as former government officials who were involved in foreign activities, former soldiers who were directly involved in the confrontation and still have fresh memories of the war, as well as academics and researchers who have studied the confrontation. To achieve this, data from a number of Malaysian scientists were also sought. Realist and Liberalist theory as well as other relevant theories used in this research as. From the data analysis, the study reveals that geoscientific and geographical aspects are the main causes of the "tidal wave" relationship between the two countries. Moreover, the Melaka border strait has become a “critical point for the two countries, which have overlapping interests so that the Malaysia-Indonesia conflict will continue to exist. Therefore, the most optimal recommendation according to this study is to place the sea boundary in a "Status Quo" position or a "floating" position, but managed jointly through formal and informal approaches for the welfare of both countries. and culture through economic, Islamic, and military diplomacy approaches.

Characteristics of Magical Realism in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Film By J.K. Rowling

Abstract. This research analyzes the characteristics of magical realism in the film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them by J.K. Rowling. This study uses the magical realism theory of Wendy B. Faris. This research aimed to determine the characteristics of magical realism contained in the Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them film. This research method uses the documentation technique. The data source of this research is the film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them by J.K. Rowling, which was released in 2016 and with duration 2 hours 3 minutes. The main theory in this study uses the magical realism theory of Wendy B. Faris, which is contained in the book Ordinary Enchantments Magical Realism and the Remystification of Narrative (2004). The results of this research indicate that there are five characteristics of magical realism in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, namely the irreducible element, unsettling doubt, merging realism, disruption of space, and disruption of identity. Keywords: Magical Realism, Characteristics of Magical Realism, FIlm

Editor's Note

Editor's Note

Individual and institutional discrimination: Theoretical and methodological contributions of social psychology

In France, as in many other countries, research has established the existence of origin-based discrimination. Where does this racial or ethnic discrimination come from, and why does it seem to last despite efforts to eradicate it? This article outlines the main findings on the issue in social psychology, whose contribution is still largely ignored in France. First, I describe the intergroup approach by discussing three major theories of intergroup relations developed in social psychology: realistic conflict theory, social identity theory, and social dominance theory. These theories have spurred much research, mostly about stereotyping and prejudice, but more rarely about discriminatory behavior. The reason for this neglect is that it is difficult to measure discriminatory behavior in a laboratory. In the second section, I present an experimental procedure inspired by social dominance theory, which aimed precisely at measuring discrimination. The first results obtained with this method are promising. The objective, in this case, was to measure individual discriminatory behaviors. However, discrimination and racism are not limited to individual attitudes or behaviors. In the third and final section on institutional discrimination, I show how social dominance theory and research developed in the United States to measure unintended racist bias provide an original and novel approach for understanding the contemporary manifestations of institutional discrimination. The findings of a series of studies conducted in France using different methods appear to be theoretically consistent with those obtained in the United States.

A Realist Membership Account of Political Obligation

The paper offers a realist account of political obligation. More precisely, it offers an account that belongs to the Williamsian liberal strain of contemporary realist theory (as opposed to a Geussian radical realist strain) and draws on and expands some ideas familiar from Bernard Williams’s oeuvre (thick/thin ethical concepts, political realism/moralism, a minimal normative threshold for distinctively political rule). Accordingly, the paper will claim that the fact of membership in a polity provides people with sufficient reason for complying with those political authority claims whose source is that particular polity. The paper will explain that membership in a polity is constituted not by communitarian identification (Horton), nationhood (Tamir), joined commitment/plural subjectivity (Gilbert), but by the fact that people are stably exposed to political authority claims associated with a particular polity which they find making sense as passing the minimal normative threshold for a distinctively political form of rule (as opposed to the rule of terror or sheer coercion). This political-ethical phenomenon is widely known as political obligation but the paper will argue that the label is in fact a misnomer because it does not refer to a generic obligation. The implications of this account are manifold but two seem especially important: first, the notion of political obligation makes sense even beyond the realm of moralist political theory and, second, realist political theory should pay more attention to the problem of compliance than it used to do.

The Inhibition and Equilibrium of Policy Effectiveness of the Low-Carbon Economy: Evidence from Liaoning Province of China.

Excessive emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have seriously affected the ecological environment, public health, and the normal operation of the social economy, and the development of the low-carbon economy has become an international consensus. The policy norms are one of the important factors affecting the development of the low-carbon economy; however, the implementation of low-carbon economic policy in many countries has been inhibited. This study chose Liaoning Province of China for the case study, and the policy system, the policy tools, the administrative system, the low-carbon technology, and the low-carbon concept are found to be factors that led to the inhibition of the policy effectiveness of the low-carbon economy in Liaoning Province. We applied the modified Schweller Neoclassical Realist Theory to establish a multi-factor linkage model to demonstrate the overall relationship among various variables. The results show that the equilibrium of policy effectiveness of the low-carbon economy in Liaoning Province depends on different permutations of variables. We also discussed the problems of the policy system, the policy tools, the administrative system, the low-carbon technology, and the low-carbon concept that lead to policy effectiveness inhibition, and used the economic method to set a special mathematical model for maximizing the equilibrium of policy effectiveness of the low-carbon economy in Liaoning Province. In response to the problems of the above factors, strategies to promote the development of the low-carbon economy in Liaoning Province are proposed. This study enriches the research on the policy effectiveness of the low-carbon economy in China and provides some inspiration for the goal of carbon neutrality and other developing countries with high carbon emissions.

NORTH KOREA'S NUCLEAR THREAT TO UNITED STATES SECURITY DURING THE LEADERSHIP OF DONALD TRUMP

This paper attempts to look at the North Korean nuclear threat to the security of the United States during the presidency of the United States President Donald Trump by using the Security Dilemma, which is one of the concepts in realism theory that arises as a result of a country's actions to improve its country's security. Still, on the one hand, it creates a reaction. Other countries also want to improve their security, which will lead to a decrease in safety in the first country. In addition, the author also uses Balance of Power which underlies his view that every government or alliance of countries that feel threatened by increasing the military power of a country or a coalition of other countries will respond by increasing the strength of their country as a balancing effort. North Korea is again in the global spotlight for developing its nuclear program. This has created a reaction in the form of a security threat to the United States, so under the leadership of Donald Trump, various efforts have been made to offset this. This paper finds the results that the U.S. security dilemma is based on fear and threats due to the increasing power of North Korea. U.S. President Donald Trump tries to stop this by carrying out a Balance of Power. The forms of activity by Donald Trump include trying to combine diplomatic and sanctions with extreme measures in cutting economic resources, stopping food supplies, and diplomacy of isolation. Using military instruments to force Pyongyang to halt its nuclear weapons development program is also possible.

Realism – Forgotten Theory for Peacebuilding

The article brings attention to the gap in the research on peacebuilding from the perspective of realist theories. Started by Johan Galtung, the peacebuilding field has been largely influenced by his understanding of peace and violence, as well as by the peace studies discipline itself. An Agenda for Peace turned the theoretical concept into international practice, and the liberal spirit accompanying it imprinted on the research approaches that guide peacebuilding activities. Executed in the form of democratic transformation and statebuilding, peacebuilding operations often did not bring the expected results and called on a lot of criticism. Besides, throughout the decades dominating approaches (liberalism complemented by institutional and critical IR theories) have not been able to explain the continuous unattainability of sustainable peace and exacerbation of violence. A little attention has been given to peacebuilding by the realist theory, which has limited interest in local conflicts. In this aspect, the article aims to discuss how the realist theories have been addressing the topic of peacebuilding so far, analyse what are the main assumptions related to peacebuilding from a realist perspective; and assess if the realist theories can be helpful in resolving the problem of peacebuilding ineffectiveness. The article opens further discussion on whether the realist perspective and its focus on states’ interests, rather than (democratic and liberal) values and institutions, can be used for analysing the problems of the peacebuilding process and can help to better understand situations, where it is ineffective.

Ukrainian Reforms Impact Foreign Relations

Ukraine and Russia’s military conflicthave put Ukraine's past reforms under the spotlight. Foreign and domestic policy reforms made after the nation’s independence in 1991 are believed to have triggered Russia’s military operation. It was aimed to maintainRussian strategic and economic presence in the region. Ukraine acts as a proxy for western nations such as the United States in this conflict. In the past decade, Ukraine has steered economic developments away from the Russian circle of influence under the aid of the US and EU against Russian benefits. This fight already started when Ukraine began its reforms under guidance from western nations. Over time, Ukraine and its reforms have leaned far to the west, making war inevitable with Russia. This article will analyze the reforms that led to the current war. With the international relations theories of neo-liberalism, constructivism, and realism, it is the goal of this article to analyze how Ukrainian reforms led to the current conflict.

A Realism Analysis of the Impact of the Taiwan Strait Crisis Induced by Pelosi's Visit to Taiwan from the Perspective of Realist Theory

The US-China relationship has always been an important part of international relations, and Taiwan is a central issue in the relationship between the two countries. 2022 The visit of Nancy Patricia, the President of the US House of Representatives, to Taiwan in August has caused another tension in the Taiwan Strait. This paper will use this Pelosi's visit to Taiwan as an entry point to analyze the impact of this event on China, the US, and Taiwan from the theory of international relations realism. Finally, it will be analyzed that the US, to safeguard its influence in the Asia-Pacific region, has used the Taiwan issue to cause a new crisis in the Taiwan Strait to weaken China's national security and to achieve the result of the US becoming the controller of the Asia-Pacific region again. To ensure its national security, China has been conducting regular military exercises in the Taiwan Island region to strengthen its military power for self-help purposes. Taiwan, as a non-sovereign state, has acted as a pawn in the game between the two great powers, China and the United States. This incident has made China pay more attention to cross-strait relations and security in the Taiwan Strait, and has provided an opportunity for China to advance cross-strait reunification.

The Analysis of Turkish Foreign Policy in Syria: A Neoclassical Realist Perspective

Since 2011, the Syrian Civil War has become an arena of international competition between regional and global powers. As a dominant regional actor, Turkey has important interests in this conflict. However, although great importance is given to civil war factors and power balances at the field level, Turkey’s internal conditions play a role as well as these externalities. Therefore, an analysis of Turkey’s foreign policy towards Syria from a local perspective is needed to reveal some negligible dynamics. In this direction, this study aims to analyse Turkey’s foreign policy towards Syria, taking into account the interaction between Turkey’s external and internal dynamics within the framework of neoclassical realist theory. Within this scope, we ask “how do Turkish external and internal dynamics explain its foreign policy in Syria?” as the leading search question and conduct our analysis using the explanatory case study method. Based on our findings, we provide a broad perspective on the significant impacts of four main internal factors on Turkish foreign policy, from the start of the Civil War to the most recent “Operation Spring Shield” by the Turkish Army and local Syrian armed groups.

From Revolutionary to Stakeholder: Looking at Identity Discourses to Understand the 2016 Short-term Change in China’s North Korea Policy

During 2016 China’s policies towards North Korea appeared to undergo considerable short-term change, increasingly distancing itself from its neighbour and instead supporting the international community’s response. Existing research has focused on long-term policy change and given little importance to short-term changes in policy, or has drawn on realist and constructivist theories which expect consistency and struggle to account for these changes. This article took an identity discourse approach to understanding the 2016 short-term changes in China’s North Korea policy. It used quantitative computer assisted text analysis methods to measure changes in the dominance of different identity discourses related to North Korea that are produced on the Chinese Internet. It found that around 2015–2016, a previously more dominant “revolutionary” identity discourse lost dominance to a “stakeholder” identity discourse. The article argues that this change made possible the shift in approach to North Korea at the start of 2016 and indicates ways the short-term policy changes at this time may contribute to longer-term change in China’s behaviour.