Theory Of Prophecy Research Articles

Al-Fārābī’s Political Strategy in his Account of Prophecy

This study aimed to explore the possibility that the theory of prophecy within Al-Fārābī’s philosophy can be explained as an expression of an ideology which sought to provide solutions to some problems that the Islamic state was experiencing during his time. This ideology was depicted in the form of elevating the philosopher over the prophet. Al-Fārābī's theory of prophecy was first introduced with focus on how he distinguished between the philosopher and the prophet, highlighting the differences between the rational and imaginary faculties and how he employed these differences to serve the Islamic community. Al-Fārābī’s strategy of defending prophecy can be conceived as a sort of maneuvering to monopolize power for the Prophet and his descendants, i.e., even in favor of the Twelve Imams (al-A’immah al-Ithnā ‘ashar), who were considered free of errors. According to Al-Fārābī, a philosopher never existed in Islam. Given the historical situation, the defense of the Prophet was necessary until an Islamic philosopher existed.

Albert the Great on Revelatory Dreaming and Prophecy: Making Magic Theological with Pseudo-Dionysius

The medieval philosopher Albert the Great (ca. 1200-1280) dealt with the topics of revelatory dreaming and prophecy in a number of his works. The aim of this paper is to show how Albert worked to develop a "grand unified theory" of prophecy, drawing together naturalized ideas of foreseeing possible to human cognition with the faculty of prophecy as he knew it from the Bible and the Church fathers. This article shows how Albert treats revelatory dreaming in tandem with prophecy; he relies on natural features of light and "species" to explain how prophets saw the future in the "mirror of eternity," structuring a unifying theory of prophecy depicted especially in his commentary on the Pseudo-Dionysius corpus and De somno et vigilia (On sleep and waking).

Metaphysical dimensions of the theory of prophecy and mandate at Muhyiddin bin Arabi

نظرية النبوة والولاية من أهم النظريات التي ناقشها الفكر الاسلامي عامة والفكر الفلسفي الإشراقي والصوفي العرفاني خاصة، ناقش هذا البحث نظرية النبوة والولاية عند محيي الدين بن عربي ومن ثم أبعادها (أنطولوجيًا وأبستمولوجيًا وأكسيولوجيا وسياسيًا)

Antecedents and consequences of leaders’ implicit followership theories

Drawing from recognition‐based categorization and self‐fulfilling prophecy theory, the present study investigates antecedents and consequences of leaders’ implicit followership theories (LIFTs). Using latent variable modelling, in a sample of 230 leader‐follower dyads, we support our hypotheses that follower personality and in‐role behaviour influence LIFTs which, in turn, affect follower effort and performance. Specifically, we found that general factor of personality (GFP), including agreeableness, conscientiousness, extroversion, intellect, and emotional stability, positively predicted positive LIFTs and negatively predicted negative LIFTs. Furthermore, personality had an indirect effect on positive and negative LIFTs via active engagement and independent thinking behaviours respectively. With respect to outcomes, positive LIFTs indirectly impacted follower performance via effort. Contrary to our predictions, negative LIFTs also indirectly impacted follower performance via effort, despite showing a negative direct relationship with performance. Our comprehensive model reveals new insights on LIFTs and highlights the importance of educating both leaders and followers about LIFTs.Practitioner points Managers should be cognizant of the follower traits and behaviours that influence their expectations of followers and be mindful of the potential harm done by negative expectations. Followers should be mindful of the way they engage with their leaders, especially when it comes to independent thinking behaviours which may be construed as rude or overly critical. Finally, organizations should encourage leaders and followers to discuss implicit expectations as this may resolve misinterpretations of behaviour and negative attributions of performance.

How does self-performance expectation foster breakthrough creativity in the employee's cognitive level? An application of self-fulfilling prophecy

Drawing on self-fulfilling prophecy theory and status boundary conditions, the aim of this research is to test if promotion focus motivation mediates the employees' self-performance expectations towards breakthrough creativity. Besides, this paper also examines whether status stability significantly moderates the relationship between self-performance expectations and promotion focus motivation. The author conducted a longitudinal study and surveyed 380 staff in China with 102 immediate supervisors. In the first phase of data collection, including self-reported measures of team members' self-performance expectation and promotion focus motivation and status stability in the group. In the second phase of time, supervisors rated their team members' breakthrough creativity. Confirmatory factor analysis is conducted to test the reliability and validity of data. Also, hierarchical linear modeling is used to test the hypothesis. The bootstrapping process was adopted to calculate the indirect effect. The results were in line with the expected conceptual framework, Self-performance expectations and promotion focus motivation are found positive to predict breakthrough creativity. Besides, having more stability in status makes the employee more promotion focus, which brings breakthrough creativity from the cognitive level. Supervisors should organize sensitivity training to make them realize what is anticipated from them. Also, a simple nurturing will mobilize the existing cognitive pressure to achieve breakthrough creativity while investing in lower organizational resources. Finally, this model will deliver new insight into employees' motives towards breakthrough creativity, considering the influence of boundary condition and self-performance expectations in the organization.

A Messianic Prophethood Claims Within Islam, Hinduism And Christianity in the Context of Zeitgeist

The concept of “zeitgeist” is used to express the rising values of time within the framework of the ideas that emerge in a certain period. The concept enables the understanding of similar ideas emerging in the same or different geographies at certain times. Because humanbeings often display similar attitudes in similar situations, and even if they live in different regions and geographies, they produce similar solutions to their common needs. As a matter of fact, it is understood that the similar situational so took place in the 19th century, the people struggled with disasters and wars and in connection with this, ideas related to “the End of the World” were put forward. Some people living in different parts of the world, such as the Indian sub-continent, Europe, Russia, and America, were in a "savior" expectation, and some of them were in the expectation of a “prophet” in the context of the continuity of prophethood in that time. In this context, various beliefs about the combination of salvation and prophethood institutions have also come to the agenda; thus, a new theory of prophecy, which we can call "messianic prophethood", meaning “savior-prophet”, which expresses a higher mission, has emerged. The basis of this theory was the idea that a mere “savior” would not be enough for the restoration of the deterioration in the end times and a universal savior-prophet would be needed to dissolve religious differences. This understanding carries out a significant mission in terms of understanding the spirit of that time. The aim of this study is to examine some examples of the claims of “messianic prophethood” in Islam, Hinduism and Christianity in the context of “zeitgeist”.

La versión árabe del <em>De divinatione per somnum</em> de Aristóteles y su impacto en Avicena y su teoría de la profecía

La Epístola sobre los sueños (Risala al-Manamiyya) es un breve tratado donde Avicena se ocupa de algunas consideraciones relevantes acerca del modo en que se suscitan la profecía y la adivinación a través de los sueños. La teoría que aparece en dicho tratado ilustra con precisión cuán intrincada es la teoría de la profecía de Avicena y, al mismo tiempo, aporta varias pistas para reconocer el origen de dicha teoría tal como aparece en tratados mayores como fī al-Nafs e Ilahiyat de la Šifa’. La Risala al-Manamiyya también nos permite reconocer el impacto de varias influencias provenientes de la tradición griega, principalmente de Aristóteles, Galeno, Plotino, y otros Neoplatónicos. Este artículo explica las teorías de la adivinación a través de los sueños y de la profecía tal como aparecen en la versión árabe del De divinatione per somnun, un tratado donde pueden encontrarse los orígenes de la teoría de la profecía de Avicena. Además, muestra el impacto que la teoría contenida en este trabajo tuvo en la Risala al-Manamiyya. Finalmente, expone algunas consideraciones concernientes a la transmisión y adaptación de los planteamientos metafísicos que aparecen tanto en el De divinatione como en la Risāla al-Manāmiyya, aludiendo al impacto que ambas obras tuvieron en las teorías de la profecía que encontramos en los tratados mayores de Avicena.

Moses as a Superhuman: Criticism of Maimonides' Theory of Prophecy by Wissenschaft des Judentums Scholars in Early 20th-Century Germany

Moses as a Superhuman: Criticism of Maimonides' Theory of Prophecy by Wissenschaft des Judentums Scholars in Early 20th-Century Germany

Theory of Prophecy in the Peripatetics and Spinoza

In this article, the Peripatetics’and Spinoza's understanding of prophecy are presented in comparative perspective. The prophecy which is one of the most original theories of Islamic philosophy are discussed in conjunction with metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and politics in connection with the theory of emanation by the philosophers. Al-Farabi is the first Islamic philosopher who systematized the theory of prophecy with the Active Intellect and the faculty of imagination. After him, the whole Islamic philosophers somehow have taken the issue of prophecy. As many western philosophers, also the New Age philosopher Spinoza is very influenced by the Peripatetics’ theory of prophecy. He also explains the prophecy with the faculty of imagination and miracle; additionally he emphasizes unlike the Western thought, the prophets are the chosen people and their messages are universal.

Aspects of the Reception of Avicenna’s Theory of Prophecy in Islamic Theology

Aspects of the Reception of Avicenna’s Theory of Prophecy in Islamic Theology

Fundamentals of Bioethics in Abrahamic Religions

Abrahamic religions refer to three religions of Islam, Christianity and Judaism that are inspired by the ancient tradition of Abraham in the Semitic writings. These religions, all believe in the prophecy theory, i.e. God selects certain individuals and sends them messages directly and through an angel. The main feature of aforesaid religions is that the prophets are addressed by God. Although these three religions enjoy three distinct and different theological systems, but they have a lot of common features so that they may be placed in a category. The present paper intends to explain and illustrate existing similarities and differences in the ethical decision making in the biological affairs between them by discussing the fundamentals of the bioethics in theses religions.

Imposture and Rebellion: Consideration of the Personality of Prophet Muhammad by Ma'ruf ar-Rusafi

AbstractThis paper is devoted to an analysis of ma‘ruf ar-Rusafi’s work The Personality of Mohammed or the Elucidation of the Holy Enigma. While ar-Rusafi is traditionally known as a poet who combines great evocative power with a superb mastery of language and strict adherence to classical form, this canonical image is seriously complicated by the iconoclastic character of this book, completed in 1933 but unpublished until 2002. It totally rejects the orthodox theory of prophecy as passive transmission, and insists on the historic development behind orthodoxy. Rusafi puts forward a way of conceiving the Prophet’s mission that he considers more faithful to the sources and in greater conformity with the elementary requirements of reason. he proposes a “disenraptured” or “demythologized” reading of the Prophet’s life and work. The author considers ar-Rusafi’s book as the most serious assault on orthodoxy that has been launched on it from within in modern times.

Teachers’ Expectancy and Efficacy as Correlates of School Achievement in Delta, Mississippi

This study explored the relationship between school achievement levels and teachers’ expectations, locus of control and efficacy in four elementary schools in Delta, Mississippi in keeping with the self-fulfilling prophecy theory. Data from surveys of 102 teachers, five focus groups, observations, and secondary information on teachers’ grading pattern were used. Analyses using t-tests and multiple linear regressions revealed that teachers in high achieving schools tended to exhibit an internal locus of control and base their expectancies on students’ abilities rather than personal characteristics. School achievement level was found to be the only significant predictor indicating that high achieving schools had a culture of higher expectations that affected teachers’ perceptions, motivations, and grading pattern. These findings are substantiated by qualitative assessments.

:After the Heavenly Tune: English Poetry and the Aspiration to Song

This study is first of its kind to analyze large questions about poetic authority and musical aspiration. After Heavenly Tune will appeal to a broad audience including Renaissance, classical, and romantic literary scholars; philosophers; musicologists; theologians; and general readers interested in English poetry and literature. After Heavenly Tune offers an expansive answer to a basic question central to history of poetry and poetics: what do poets mean when they write I sing? Beginning with complex relationship between music and poetry in West -defined and refined by Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Boethius, and Sidney-Berley then examines writings of such major poets as Shakespeare, Milton, Yeats and Stevens, all of whom return to Pythagorean idea of speculative music, or the trope of song. After Heavenly Tune offers not only groundbreaking studies of The Merchant of Venice and Milton's theory of prophecy, but also compelling new readings of romanticism, and resolutions of modernism. Its range of insight, as well as application, is uniquely wide.

Predicting Change in Marital Satisfaction from Husbands' and Wives' Conflict Resolution Styles

Identifying what specific conflict resolution styles are linked to change in marital satisfaction is important because managing conflict is one of the central tasks of maintaining a marriage (Gottman, 1994) and because declines in marital satisfaction herald a series of processes indicative of a deteriorating marriage (Gottman & Levenson, 1992). Findings regarding the concurrent link between conflict resolution styles and marital satisfaction have been consistent in indicating that each spouse's marital satisfaction is positively related to the frequency with which each spouse uses constructive strategies to resolve conflict (such as agreement, compromise, and humor) and negatively related both to the frequency with which each spouse uses destructive strategies to resolve conflict (such as conflict engagement, withdrawal, and defensiveness) and to the joint frequency with which the wife uses conflict engagement and the husband uses withdrawal (the demand-withdraw pattern). This pattern of findings has been obtained regardless of whether conflict resolution styles were assessed by means of brief behavioral observations (Gottman & Krokoff, 1989; Heavey, Layne, & Christensen, 1993; Noller, Feeney, Bonnell, & Callan, 1994) or by means of self-report and partner-report questionnaire data (Christensen, 1988; Heavey et al., 1993; Huston & Vangelisti, 1991; Noller et al., 1994). Given that the concurrent link between conflict resolution styles and marital satisfaction is well-established, researchers have used longitudinal data to assess the plausibility of two causal relations involving conflict resolution styles and marital satisfaction. The first causal relation--the assumption that the use of certain conflict resolution styles causes marital satisfaction--is based on interdependence theory (Rusbult, 1983) which posits that perceived rewards to a relationship (such as the frequent use of constructive conflict resolution strategies) and perceived costs to the relationship (such as the frequent experience of negative conflict resolution styles) determine satisfaction with the relationship. The longitudinal data consistent with this causal relation would indicate that the frequency with which certain conflict resolution styles are used at Time 1 predicts change in marital satisfaction. The second causal relation--the assumption that the level of marital satisfaction is causally related to the frequency with which certain conflict resolution styles are used--is based on self-fulfilling prophecy theory (e.g., Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid, 1977) which posits that one's attitude (e.g., level of satisfaction with the marriage) provides a psychological environment that elicits behavior (e.g., conflict resolution styles) that reinforces and is consistent with the initial attitude. The longitudinal data consistent with this causal relation would indicate that the level of marital satisfaction at Time 1 predicts the degree of change in the frequency with which certain conflict resolution styles are used. Unfortunately, longitudinal findings relevant to the plausibility of either causal relation have been inconsistent (Gottman & Krokoff, 1989; Heavey et al., 1993; Huston & Vangelisti, 1991; Noller et al., 1994). In part, this could be due to four methodological and two conceptual limitations of these studies. Regarding the methodological limitations, first, because Gottman and Krokoff (1989) and Heavey et al. (1993) used measures of marital satisfaction that also tapped frequency of conflict and disagreement, the correlations from these measures may have been inflated (see review by Fincham & Bradbury, 1987). Second, only Huston and Vangelisti (1991) reported that marital satisfaction scores changed appreciably over the time interval studied, raising the possibility that, in the other studies, a restriction of range accounted for nonsignificant findings. Third, because the first assessments made by Huston and Vangelisti (1991) and Noller et al. …

La preuve de la prophétie

Mon sujet est une prophétie : une prophétie contre-nature, la résurrection d'un roi qui doit établir l'empire de Dieu sur terre. C'est une histoire portugaise qui se passe entre 1660 et 1667 et qui a pour cadre un procès du Tribunal du Saint-Office. On cherchera à dégager la logique de cette prophétie. Elle est en rapport avec une théorie «réaliste» de la preuve de la prophétie et elle sera saisie à la lumière de deux relations : la détermination d'un objet par un ensemble d'opérations et le remplissement d'une attente, dans le cadre général de la connaissance que constitue le système perception-langage.

Contributions to the history of psychology: LIII. Maimonides' "Freudian" theory of prophecy.

Maimonides, in The Guide of the Perplexed developed an an approach to interpreting prophecy using "Freudian" dream-interpretation methods on the assumption that prophets report dreams and visions, based on Numbers 12:6-8.

Allusions to Muḥammad in Maimonides' Theory of Prophecy in His "Guide of the Perplexed"

Allusions to Muḥammad in Maimonides' Theory of Prophecy in His "Guide of the Perplexed"

Al-Fārābī's Theory of Prophecy and Divination

It is the purpose of this paper to draw the attention of classical scholars to an Arabic theory of prophecy and divination which, though known for a long time in the original text and in modern translation, has quite escaped the notice of those interested in the history of late Greek philosophy and its continuation in mediæval Islam. I mean here by prophecy and divination, like the Arabic author I am going to deal with, all kinds of apparently supernatural knowledge, concerned with the realm of the transcendent as well as with particular events in the future and special happenings at the present time. The possessors of this knowledge are characterised as individuals of a peculiar excitability and a range of imagination which exceeds the normal. Attempts at explaining phenomena of this kind in rational terms were not uncommon in Greek philosophy from Plato's days down to late Neoplatonism. I propose to show that the Arabic theory continues these Greek discussions and to suggest that it represents, at the same time, a facet of Greek thought which has not survived in its original context.Al-Fārābῑ (c. A.D. 870–950), a well-known Muslim Neoplatonist and Aristotelian of outstanding importance in the history of Islamic philosophy, deals at some length with prophecy in his workThe Views of the People of the Best State. Since, in accordance with the Greek tradition, he connects divination and prophecy with an innate faculty of the soul itself, and does not describe it as a state of possession by supernatural powers, his explanation of these phenomena is linked up with his analysis of man and his Neoplatonic-Aristotelian metaphysics. Prophecy is auxiliary to the rational faculty and as such an indispensable ingredient in man's perfection; divine inspiration (wahy) can be understood as the union of the highest philosophical knowledge with the highest form of prophecy; but the primacy of reason and philosophy is maintained, prophecy being confined to the faculty of imagination, which is given a less humble position than in Aristotle'sDe anima, but still ranked as inferior to philosophy.