Theory Of Planned Behavior Predictors Research Articles

Confronting the Bullies, Comforting the Victim, or Reporting to University Staff? Prosocial Intentions Towards Social Exclusion in University Students

AbstractSocial exclusion as a form of in-person relational bullying in higher education (HE) leads to loneliness in students and puts their mental well-being at risk. Utilising and extending the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we investigated prosocial intentions towards bullying in HE students. We included empathic concern and anticipated regret to potentially explain differences in three behavioural intentions towards bullying: comforting the victim, confronting the bullies, and reporting the bullying to the university. The sample comprised 419 participants in an online sample from the UK (MAge = 22.76 years, SDAge = 4.02 years; 47.0% male, 50.6% female, 2.4% other) who filled in a digital questionnaire consisting of a short vignette describing an in-person situation of relational bullying. Applying structural equation modelling, we examined the three prosocial behavioural intentions towards bullying as outcome variables in two models while controlling for age, gender, and socially desirable responding. Traditional TPB predictors were positively associated with confronting the bullies. Empathic concern and anticipated regret were positively associated with comforting the victim. These results demonstrate how cognitive and emotional predictors uniquely contribute to prosocial intentions towards bullying among students. We discuss practical implications for the design of anti-bullying strategies in HE.

The role of OSL in mobile banking application discontinuance: A technological innovation dilemma

Discontinuance usage of mobile banking application has been a great concern for banks. Yet, little attention in existing literature is directed toward understanding the underlying reasons why some customers stop using or rarely use mobile banking. Meanwhile, banking research shows that mobile banking is a highly welcomed innovation which has received substantial investment and has numerous benefits. This study argues that customers, in the quest to fulfilling their control beliefs, perceptions of social expectations, and attitudinal perceptions, tend to discontinue using mobile banking. Moreover, their intrinsic needs for stimulation through exploratory behaviors on mobile banking application determine the degree of fulfilling these beliefs and perceptions, leading to Mobile Banking Discontinuance Usage Intentions (DUI). The study adopts the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with respect to discontinuance and the Optimum Stimulation Level (OSL) theory for the investigation. Covariance-based structural equation modeling technique is applied using web-based survey data, collected from 628 bank customers between April 2022 and June 2022 in a Far East Emerging Market. The results show that TPB predictors have positive significant relationships with DUI. Moreover, significant and non-significant moderating impacts of OSL on these relationships are revealed through the lenses of high and low OSL customers. Specifically, increased perceived behavioral control leads to stronger DUI among high OSL customers, increased subjective norms lead to stronger DUI for both high and low OSL customers, and unfavorable attitude toward mobile banking positively influences DUI regardless of customers’ OSL. The empirical findings offer key theoretical contributions and relevant practical implications for overcoming the dilemma confronting this technology, revamping mobile banking, and management of a range of major mobile financial services.

Perceived Moral Norms in an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting University Students' Bystander Intentions toward Relational Bullying.

Relational forms of bullying, such as social exclusion, are prevalent among students in higher education (HE) and pose challenges to the creation of a safe and inclusive learning environment for young adults. Based on research showing how bystanders in bullying incidents can counteract bullying effectively, the present study investigated the extent to which bystanders' prosocial behavioral intentions may be predicted using an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). Students' behavioral intentions toward the physical-social exclusion of peers in a hypothetical group work setting were investigated in a sample of 419 university students in the United Kingdom. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that moral norms significantly predicted intention over and above cognitive attitude, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control. In contrast, emotional attitudes and injunctive norms were not significant predictors of intention. Moreover, significant weak mediation effects could be shown for moral norms as a mediator of the relationships between standard TPB predictors and intention. The present study contributes knowledge to the growing research body on applications of the TPB and on bystander intentions in bullying in HE. Implications for a development in preventive measures to foster university students' prosocial intentions toward bullying are discussed.

Charitable donations and the theory of planned behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Given the predominance of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to represent the psychological determinants underlying people's charitable decisions, the present study synthesised the model's key relationships, using meta-analysis, and tested the predictive utility of the model for charitable giving encompassing donations of blood, organs, time, and money. Given its relevance to altruistic decisions, the impact of moral norm was assessed also. A systematic literature review identified 117 samples (from 104 studies) examining donation intentions and/or prospective behaviour using TPB measures. The sample-weighted average effects for all associations were moderate-to-strong with perceived behavioural control (PBC) most strongly associated with intention (r+ = 0.562), followed by moral norm (r+ = 0.537), attitude (r+ = 0.507), and subjective norm (r+ = 0.472). Intention (r+ = 0.424) showed stronger associations with prospective behaviour than PBC (r+ = 0.301). The standard TPB predictors explained 44% of variance in intention (52% including moral norm). Intention and PBC explained 19% of variance in behaviour. A number of TPB associations showed differences when analysed for moderator variables such as length of follow-up for prospective behaviour and type of target behaviour. Stronger associations were found for the (subjective and moral) norm-intention associations among some of the different types of giving behaviours, especially for donating organs and time. Overall, the large proportion of variance explained by the TPB predictors especially for intention highlights those cognitions associated with people's plans to give, informative for charities reliant on people's propensity to give.

The Effects of Social Networking Services on Tourists’ Intention to Visit Mega-Events during the Riyadh Season: A Theory of Planned Behavior Model

The economic, cultural and environmental benefits of mega-events justify conducting tourism research articles based on tourists’ intention to visit the event destination. These decisions are likely influenced by behavioral attributes and social interaction. In the current study, we assessed potential predictors of tourists’ intention to visit the Riyadh Season using a theory of planned behavior (TPB) model and three variables of social networking service (SNS) variables, including SNS use, SNS content and trip experience sharing (TES). Results showed that the perceived behavioral control and subjective norms were antecedent TPB predictors of participants’ intentions to visit the destination. Additionally, the benefits of SNS content in organizing/planning events were independently associated with behavioral motivations. SNS attributes were not significant moderators of the relationship between subjective norms and tourists’ intentions. National authorities are required to focus on improving the content of SNS while planning for future mega-events to enrich tourists’ experience and support their motivation and decision.

PREDICTING THE INTENTION OF SEEKING PSYCHOLOGICAL HELP AMONG EMERGING ADULTS WITH DIVORCED PARENTS USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR

This study aims to examine the factors that influence the intention of emerging adults with divorced parents to seek psychological help using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) terminology. A total of 118 participants aged 18-25 years old took part in the study. Participants completed self-report questionnaires using the Mental Health Intention Scale, Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale, Attitude Towards Seeking Professional Help Scale, and Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the intention to seek psychological help was significantly associated with the TPB predictors. The attitude toward help-seeking was found to be the most influential predictor of an emerging adult's intention to find out psychological help. Based on the findings of this study, the interventions related to the psychological help-seeking intention should consider individual attitudes, norms, and beliefs.

If others drive intoxicated, so may I: Determinants for young drivers in Bulgaria

Young drivers' crash risk increases as a result of driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol (DUI) due to impaired driving. There is little evidence about the DUI determinants in middle-income countries, such as Bulgaria, a gap addressed by this article.The study used an online survey to obtain data from a sample of young Bulgarian drivers aged 18–25. The survey was designed to extend the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). A base (TPB only) and an extended (TPB plus additional predictors) model were assessed to predict the participants' DUI. The predictors were investigated separately for the whole sample (n = 533, a logistic regression) as well as for the participants who DUI in the past three months (n = 83, a partial least squares structural equation modelling). The models were a good fit for the data.Both models predicted statistically significant amounts of variance in DUI intentions (whole sample: base model between 16.6% and 29.1%, extended model between 23.1% and 40.5%; higher-risk subsample: base model 56%, extended model 60%) and past DUI behaviour (whole sample: base model between 12.8% and 22.1%, extended model between 20.1% and 34.7%; higher-risk subsample: base model 50%, extended model 64%). DUI intentions consistently significantly predicted past DUI behaviour. Descriptive norm was the other consistent significant predictor of both DUI intentions and past DUI behaviour across all analyses. This new knowledge of understanding DUI determinants may help researchers and practitioners meet the safety needs of young drivers better, both in Bulgaria and in the European Union.

Psychological Drivers of Hotel Guests’ Energy-Saving Behaviours—Empirical Research Based on the Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour

The hospitality industry is an important energy consumer and carbon emitter. Behaviour-driven energy conservation is a strategy with great promise to strengthen the energy efficiency of hotel buildings. The aim of this study is to explore the driving psychological factors of hotel guests’ energy-saving intentions and behaviours. This paper constructs two extensions of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) with personal norms, past behaviours, and self-determined motivation to explain the guests’ energy-saving behaviour in hotel buildings. This research compares the explanatory power of the original TPB and two extensions with structural equation modelling. The analysis is based on 530 valid, self-reported data from 827 surveyed hotel guests in Shanghai. The analysis suggests that the extended model gains greater explanatory power in predicting the behaviour patterns by employing the above three additional factors. In addition, self-determined motivation presents a more significant impact than other more developed TPB predictors, such as intention and perceived behaviour control. Aside from that, past behaviour replaces attitude as the most critical predictor of hotel energy-saving intention in the extended models. In addition to the existing interventions in office and residential buildings, the research highlights the role of self-determination in hotel energy conservation and further emphasises the long-term benefit of encouraging pro-environmental behaviours in hotel guests. The findings expand the existing research on pro-environmental behaviours and will contribute to energy-saving behaviour intervention in hotel buildings and policy formulations for sustainable hotel operation and maintenance.

To read or not to read: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour to food label use

AbstractThis study applies the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) with ability constructs integrated to investigating consumers’ food label use intentions. With a national sample of 662 U.S. adults, survey results suggest that food label users score higher in all the TPB predictors than food label non‐users. Furthermore, the study suggests that attitudes, descriptive norms, and nutrition literacy are significant predictors of food label use intentions for both label users and non‐users. Perceived behavioural control (PBC) and reading ability are significant predictors for label users but not non‐users. Nutrition literacy and reading ability moderate the effect of PBC on label users’ intention to continue using food labels. The study adds to earlier work on the application of TPB and the Motivation‐Opportunity‐Abilities model in consumer behaviours. In addition, our findings confirm the important role of nutrition literacy in health‐related choices and have practical implications for nutrition education and campaigns.

The Moderating Role of Individual Cultural Values on the Relation between TPB Predictors and Entrepreneurial Intention: Evidence from Egypt and Scotland, UK

Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the purpose of this study is to identify the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions (EI) of university students in both Egypt and Scotland, UK. In addition, the research investigates the moderation role of individual cultural values and nationality on the relation between TPB cognitive predictors and entrepreneurial intention. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaire from 243 Egyptian university students. Whereas, Web survey was applied to collect data from 159 Scottish, UK university students. Structural Equation Modelling was applied to examine the research proposed model. The results confirm that both of attitude and perceived behavioral control are significant antecedents of Egyptian students’ entrepreneurial intention. Yet, in the case of Scotland, UK, attitude was reported as the sole predictor of entrepreneurial intention. In addition, students ‘individual cultural values did not moderate TPB cognitive predictors – entrepreneurial intention relation in both samples, meanwhile, nationality did. The study offers theoretical contribution by examining the moderating role of cultural values at the individual level, as well as contextual contribution by validating the research model in a cross-cultural setting namely: Egypt and Scotland, UK, were both represent two diverse cultural clusters in terms of their rankings on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions index. In addition, they both represent distinct types of economies i.e. efficiency versus innovation driven economies respectively.

Explicating factors that explain condom use intention among in-school adolescents in Botswana: a structural equation modelling approach

ABSTRACT Knowledge with respect to adolescents’ intentions to engage in protective sexual behaviours is still deficient in numerous countries around the world, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where HIV prevalence is the highest. Increasing cross-sectional research suggests that the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is robust in predicting condom use intentions. This study used secondary, baseline data from a study involving 794 in-school adolescents. A structural equation model was applied to the data. Latent variables were used to validate the applicability of the TPB in HIV/AIDS prevention among adolescents in the Botswana context. The predictors of interest were all derived from the TPB. The results revealed that the TPB predictors, apart from affective and instrumental attitude, were predictive of condom use intention among Batswana adolescents. The independent variables explained 57% of the variance in the model. These results suggest that the TPB is recommended as a framework to establish the predictors of condom use intention among Batswana in-school adolescents. Policy makers working on developing HIV education programmes or interventions targeted at adolescents should improve the intention to use condoms via promotion of positive instrumental attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control beliefs of condom use.

The impact of personality traits on household energy conservation behavioral intentions – An empirical study based on theory of planned behavior in Xi'an

Individuals usually present highly stable differences in household energy conservation intentions. Personality traits are a possible explanation for such differences. However, the mechanism through which personality traits affect household energy conservation intentions is still unclear. This research aims to explore the roles of personality traits in household energy conservation intentions by connecting the Big Five personality traits with household energy conservation intention through the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The study employs data from a survey in Xi'an, China, with a valid sample size of 279 households. The analysis results indicate that, except for Extraversion, the other four personality traits affect household energy conservation intentions through different mechanisms. Agreeableness and Openness show positive correlations with all three TPB predictors. Conscientiousness also presents a positive correlation with perceived behavioral control, while Neuroticism only presents a negative relationship with attitude. This study combines personality traits with TPB to investigate household energy conservation intentions. The results provide a shred of empirical evidence on the relationships between personality traits and pro-environmental behaviors in northwest China. The findings of this study would contribute to eco-friendly policy-making for sustainable community development.

Hotel managers' intentions towards female hiring: An application to the theory of planned behaviour

Hotel managers who run daily operations and interview new employees play a vital role in gender equality. Based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this paper examines the factors that affect hotel managers' intentions to hire females. Furthermore, this paper integrates gender attitudes into the TPB framework. Structural Equation Modelling was conducted with a convenience sample of 201 managers in Egypt. Results support the usefulness of the TPB framework. Specifically, managers' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control were positively associated with female hiring intentions, which, in turn, predicted female hiring behaviour. Results, however, reveal negative effects of gender attitudes on the TPB predictors. This paper contributes to the literature by examining the capacity of the TPB to predict female hiring intentions and extending this model by including gender attitudes as a relevant background variable. Results position gender attitudes as an effective window of intervention for influencing female hiring.

Understanding Parent Support for Physical Activity among Parents of Children and Youth with Disabilities: A Behaviour Change Theory Perspective

Parent support facilitates physical activity among children and youth with disabilities (CYD). Parent physical activity support is a behaviour unto itself which requires motivation and effort, yet its predictors are not well understood. Guided by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and multi-process action control (M-PAC) framework, the study aimed to identify predictors of physical activity support among parents of CYD (N = 95; 83.2% female). TPB and M-PAC variables were assessed, followed by parent physical activity support behaviour four weeks later. Regression analysis identified TPB (i.e., perceived behavioural control for child physical activity, intention) and M-PAC (i.e., behavioural regulation, habit, and identity) predictors of parent physical activity support. The inclusion of M-PAC variables into the model explained an additional 18% variance in parent physical activity support. There is value in understanding both pre- and post-intentional predictors of parent physical activity support. This study can inform future research and interventions to support parent physical activity support to facilitate physical activity among CYD.

Social Desirability in Multivariate Context for Inmate Survey Research

ABSTRACT In efforts to reduce recidivism, methods to develop predictors of post-release success for the incarcerated are important for assessing whom to target and deliver effective education and other support. Psychological surveys of work-release transitional center participants in Georgia obtained their reports about attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) to predict positive financial management intentions. Consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), multivariate analysis revealed that those predictors were positively related to intentions, as was long-term incarceration status. The study also examined the extent to which participants may have provided misleading reports via socially desirable response patterns (SD). SD scores were measured with the Crowne–Marlowe short-form scale. SD had different relationships to each of the TPB predictors, which included a puzzling negative relationship to PBC. Alternative theories about SD reporting were used to interpret these relationship patterns as well as to consider how the level of SD scores affected associations between the TPB predictors and intentions. A main conclusion is that transitional center participants’ SD tendencies did not confound inferences that PBC promoted positive financial management intentions nor other findings regarding attitudes, norms, and incarceration status. Implications for future psychological survey research are discussed.

Mental Health Conditions in Young Asian Adults and Motivation to Seek Counseling: A Cross-Country Study.

Mental illness is a prevalent and pressing public health problem among the Asian population, especially among young adults. This study examined the psychosocial predictors of the intention to seek counseling based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the effects of mental health conditions on the relative contributions of the TPB predictors in forming the intention among Asian young adults. The survey results in Singapore (n = 232) and Hong Kong (n = 998) revealed that attitudes, descriptive norms, and self-efficacy significantly predicted the intention to seek counseling in both Asian sites. In addition, the descriptive norms-intention association was stronger among those in a better mental health condition than among those with a worse mental health condition for both samples. The findings extend the literature on the TPB, as well as provide tailored strategies to promote counseling seeking among Asian young adults.

Psychological and Demographic Factors Affecting Household Energy-Saving Intentions: A TPB-Based Study in Northwest China

Changing energy consumption behavior is a promising strategy to enhance household energy efficiency and to reduce carbon emission. Understanding the role of psychological and demographic factors in the context of energy-conservation behaviors is critical to promote energy-saving behaviors in buildings. This study first proposes a theoretical framework built on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Based on the collected survey data from 207 families (553 residents) in three communities in Xi’an, a typical city in northwest China, the research examines how three standard TPB predictors, namely attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, as well as their interactive effects and three socio-demographic factors (i.e., house ownership, education and household income) influence building occupants’ energy-saving intention at home. Through structural equation modeling and keyword analysis, this study reveals that two interaction terms, namely attitude and subjective norms, as well as attitude and perceived behavior control, significantly influence building occupants’ energy-saving intention. Furthermore, this study implies that household income may positively associate with occupants’ energy-saving intention. The model in this study would be conducive to architects and property managers to mitigate severe building energy overuse problem in design and operation stages. Based on a qualitative analysis, the study then discusses the limitations of the study and further research direction. The results of this study would be conducive to building designers and operators to develop customized architectural or informatic interventions and to mitigate the severe energy overuse problem in the residential sector in northwest China.

A Survey on Factors Influencing Recycling Behavior for Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment in the Municipality of Volos, Greece

The status of waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling in a middle-sized industrialized city in Greece has been investigated, through the application of structured questionnaires to 310 citizens from the municipal units of Volos and Nea Ionia, asking for their habits and opinions on this kind of recycling. The underlying factors affecting the intention of these citizens to perform WEEE recycling were investigated, applying aspects of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Results show that there is an underperformance of WEEE recycling with 57% of the sample answering that they have never participated in WEEE recycling. A number of behavioral factors, based on TPB predictors, affect the intention of these citizens to participate in WEEE recycling schemes, namely total attitude, willingness to pay, information status regarding WEEE recycling and subjective norm. These findings may aid in improving marketing strategies for WEEE recycling of the general public. Investigation into pro-environmental incentives in Greece and in other countries with similar WEEE recycling management is urgently needed.

Analysis of Chinese pupils’ intents in using bioenergy through the application of structural equation modeling approach

The present study, based on the structural equation modeling approach and with the help of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), analyzed Chinese pupils' bioenergy related behavioral intentions. Total 453 high school students participated in the study from three Chinese cities. Two structural models were constructed – a standard TPB model with the constructs attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention, and an extended TPB model with additional constructs of anthropocentric and biocentric beliefs. Result showed that the predictor attitude had positive and the strongest effect on the Chinese students' intents in using bioenergy. The effects of the other TPB predictors and the additional belief constructs were of insignificance. It is concluded that positive attitudes among the Chinese students related to bioenergy could influence their plans to adopt bioenergy in the future. Therefore, the Chinese educators and energy policy makers should consider these findings to improve students’ awareness and attitudes concerning bioenergy in China.

University students and retirement planning: never too early

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the main predictors of university students’ intention to invest in a pension fund: an understanding of how young people perceive retirement planning is relevant for its policy implications. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) proposed by Ajzen (1985) which explains how human behaviour is guided, and provides a framework to explore the underlying beliefs that affect one’s behaviours. Findings The evidence on a sample of Italian university students highlights that the TPB predictors, pension knowledge, money management and the highest level of financial literacy, positively influence their intention to invest in a pension fund. Research limitations/implications Although the authors are aware of the limitations of the analysis (limited to a specific country and to a specific financial product), the authors believe that the study has the merit of offering a number of ideas for further research. In fact, there are few contributions in the literature that identify the intention of young people to save for retirement. The study sheds light on this important issue. However, because it is limited to Italian university students, its findings cannot be generalised. Practical implications The study can be used by regulators, financial educators, counsellors and public institutions to increase the propensity of young people to plan for their future and guide them towards attitudes and behaviours most likely to increase their savings for retirement. Social implications The evidence suggests that regulators, institutions and educators should improve the information that is provided to families first and to the younger generations – at school, for instance – about the functioning of the pension system. The survey’s findings emphasise that university students are generally unaware of the many reforms to the system while believing that their state pensions will be sufficient to maintain a retirement standard of living that is the same as the standard of living achieved during their working lives. Originality/value In the authors’ knowledge, there are not studies that focus on the youngs’ intention to invest in a pension fund. The authors believe that millennials are the most hitted by the Fornero’s reform and understand which predictors affect this intention can allow to drive the decision in investing in these important financial tools.