Theory Of Planned Behavior Questionnaire Research Articles

Parent Intention to Participate in an Online Intervention to Enhance Health Behavior Change Among Youth Treated with Psychotropic Medication Who are Overweight or Obese: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Youth with mental health disorders (MHD), particularly those who take psychotropic medications, are at increased risk of being overweight or obese (OW/OB) when compared to typical youth. Parents are important resources for interventions addressing OW/OB. However, parents of youth with MHD may face challenges that require interventions designed to address their needs. Prior to investing research funding in the development of interventions for this group, research is needed to understand factors associated with parents' decisions to enroll in these programs. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) provided a framework for examining parents' salient beliefs, direct attitudes, and intention to enroll in a hypothetical online healthy lifestyle intervention for their youth (ages 11-17) with OW/OB and treated with psychotropic medication. Parents who were enrolled in the study (n = 84) completed demographic questionnaires and a TPB questionnaire which was constructed for this study. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the direct attitude (i.e., attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control) questions generally supported the three-factor model (i.e., RMSEA = .07, 90% CI .03-.11, p = .18; CFI = .96, SRMR = .06). Results from a multiple regression analysis demonstrated that direct attitudes predicted parent intention to participate in an online healthy lifestyle intervention for this sample of youth accounting for 84% of variance. In this preliminary study, the TPB appears to be a promising framework for understanding direct attitudes associated with parent intentions toward intervention participation in this population of youth. Interventions for parents of youth with OW/OB who are prescribed psychotropic medication should consider addressing these direct attitudes to improve intention.

Validating a theory of planned behavior questionnaire for assessing changes in professional behaviors of medical students.

Teaching professionalism is a fundamental aspect of medical undergraduate education, delivering important domains of professional attitudes, ethics, and behaviors. The effects of educational interventions can be assessed by measuring the change in such domains, but validated assessment tools for these professionalism domains are lacking. In this study, we constructed and conducted expert validation of a modified theory of planned behavior (TPB) questionnaire to assess changes in professional behaviors (PBs) in medical students. To validate that, we modified an existing TPB questionnaire, and an 18-item questionnaire was subjected to expert panel evaluation using the content validation method. The clarity and relevance of items were assessed using a four-point rating scale (i.e., 1 = not relevant to 4 = highly relevant). Ratings of experts and free-text comments were analyzed. Quantitative evaluation of relevance and clarity was undertaken through analyses of the Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI). A qualitative assessment of the comments of experts was conducted to refine items, any disagreements were discussed, and a consensus decision was developed among authors for item changes. Quantitative evaluation of the Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) scored 0.9-1 for relevance and 0.7-1 for clarity. Qualitative evaluation resulted in (i) changes to the wording of items (e.g., choices such as "worthless/worthwhile" were replaced with "not important/important"); and (ii) suggestion of the addition of social media in the construct of subjective norms. The proposed tool exhibits content validity and can assess TPB constructs in professionalism education. This study of content validity may help to ensure the modified TPB questionnaire accurately measures the TPB constructs, ensuring its effectiveness in accurately measuring the TPB constructs for PB in diversified educational medical institutions.

An integrated theory based-educational intervention to change intention to have a child: study protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial

BackgroundIn high- and low-income countries, declining birth rates have become a global concern. Couples do not have enough information about the complications of delaying and reducing childbearing and this leads them to make inappropriate decisions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate whether an educational program based on integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) affects child-free couples’ intention to have children and minimizes the consequences of this decline.MethodsThirty couples (intervention, n = 15; control, n = 15) will be enrolled in this cluster randomized controlled trial. After collecting baseline data and separating participants in the pre-contemplation and contemplation stages based on the TTM, the samples were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The intervention group will receive 60-min training based on TPB components for 4 weeks. The first follow-up assessment was performed immediately after the intervention and the final assessment 6 months later. For all 3 time assessments, three questionnaires will be used: The knowledge questionnaire, the TTM, and the TPB questionnaire. The most important consequences are changes in knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and stages of intentions to have children.DiscussionDecision-makers will use the results of this study as a basis to design appropriate, transparent, and useful policies and interventions to improve or stop the decline of the fertility rate at the national level. Also, this study will help young couples who wish to have a child in their lifetime by providing relevant information so that they do not miss this opportunity and face the consequences of delaying having a child.Trial registration This study was approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), Number: IRCT20220618055210N2, Date of registration: 2023-10-03

Evaluation of an Educational Intervention Based on Theory of Planned Behavior to Reduce Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Drug Addicts Receiving Methadone: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Background Drug addiction can lead to suicidal ideation or suicide attempt so that half of those who attempt suicide have a history of substance abuse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on reducing suicidal ideation and suicide attempt of addicts. Methods A longitudinal quasi-experimental educational intervention was conducted on 200 methadone-treated addicts with suicidal ideation under the auspices of government addiction centers of Shiraz city from 2021 to 2022. Baseline data on demographic characteristics, suicidal ideation, and TPB questionnaire were collected from two groups at the beginning of the study and then three months after the intervention. The experiment group received educational intervention including sessions of individual and group counseling, training and organizational supports. The questionnaire was completed by both the experimental and control groups before the educational intervention and three months after the educational intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software through independent t-test, Chi-square and paired t-test (p = 0.05). Results The mean age of addicts in the experimental and control groups was 38.80 ± 11.64 and 39.41 ± 11.18 years, respectively (p = 0.206). 22% of the experimental group and 18% of the control group had a history of suicide. According to the results, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of knowledge, attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control before the educational intervention, however, the mentioned variables increased significantly in the experimental group three months after the educational intervention. There was no significant difference in suicide attempt and suicidal ideation between the experimental and control groups before the educational intervention, however, there was a significant change in the experimental group after the educational intervention. Conclusion The results of the present study showed the effect of educational intervention on the knowledge, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt of addicts, thus confirming the effectiveness of the TPB-based intervention on reducing suicide of addicts.

TREATMENT BEHAVIOR OF TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN TABANAN HEALTH CENTER

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The treatment behavior of tuberculosis patients plays an important role in preventing transmission and recovery of tuberculosis patients, if the treatment behavior of tuberculosis patients is not good it can cause drug resistance, recurrence of tuberculosis disease, even death. Objective: to describe the treatment behavior of tuberculosis patients in the Tabanan Community Health Center area. Methods: This research is a type of quantitative descriptive research conducted in April 2023 at Tabanan Health Center. Measurements were carried out using TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) questionnaires. Results: This study presents that most respondents had attitudes with enough categories , while the fewer categories amounted and the good category amounted. Conclusion: We found that 57% of respondents suffering from tuberculosis at the Tabanan Health Center had adequate behavior. There is a need for education for tuberculosis patients to prevent and overcome tuberculosis transmission and increase knowledge about tuberculosis infectious diseases either with booklets, leaflets, or animated videos.
 Keywords: Treatment behavior; Tuberculosis patient; Health center

Application of the extended theory of planned behavior to predict dentist intention and behavior in providing caries preventive care for preschool children

BackgroundVarious studies show a gap between evidence-based recommendations and the preventive practice of dentists. This study aimed to create and assess an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model on dentists' intentions to do caries preventive measures and related barriers experienced by dentists.MethodsA total of 362 general dentists from 34 Indonesian provinces were included in this study. A self-administered online questionnaire consisted of three sections: dentist characteristics and practice pattern, TPB questionnaire, and dentist perceived behavior regarding preventive care for pediatric patients. The questionnaire was distributed and the data was analyzed through structural equation modeling.ResultsTPB's extended version is a fit and relevant model, explaining 55.3% of dentists' intentions to undertake preventive procedures and 17.8% of preventive practices. Perceived behavioral control was the most powerful predictor of intention (44.2%) and practice (8.8%), while parental barriers were the most significant barrier to provide preventive care (18.9%).ConclusionExtending the TPB by taking barriers from multiple stakeholders as a consideration has a higher predictive level for preventive practices. Each barrier should be addressed through oral health programs and policies, and dentists must be taught to overcome these barriers (through formal or continuing education) in order to maximize caries prevention strategies.

Residential’s Household Intention to Utilize Their Food : A Case Study in Solo, Indonesia

Food loss and food waste leads to severe effect such as economic, environment and social consequences in Indonesia as the third largest contributor of food waste In the world. Most of the food waste source in Indonesia is from household sector. This phenomenon needs to be analyzed more deeply with tested variables related to human behaviour and perception. This study investigates determinants of residents’ participation intention and behaviour to waste their food in a framework that incorporates Extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The modified TPB questionnaire was given to 300 respondent samples ever used waste bank in Solo, Central Java. The analysis in this study was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), The result of this research is that there are five significant correlations between variables, namely Perceived Circular Knowledge, Perceived Economic Usage, Perceived Economic Knowledge, Descriptive Norms and attitude have a significant effect on Intention to Use. This study also found that the Perceived Effectiveness, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Behavioural Control factors had no significant effect on Intention to Use.

Predicting Training Transfer of Oxygen Therapy During COVID-19: Theory of Planned Behavior Application

Introduction: Patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms need respiratory support. Therefore, nurses should use oxygen therapy knowledge and skills to treat such patients. Despite heavy investment in health care training to improve nurses’ skills, such as oxygen therapy skills, only a small portion of training is transferred to the workplace. Objective: The present study aims to predict training transfer (use of oxygen therapy in the workplace) among nurses using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on nurses who participated in the oxygen therapy workshop and was selected using the method proposed by a random sample of 127 nurses. The TPB questionnaire and the oxygen therapy checklist were used to collect data. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was applied. Results: The results showed that nurses’ attitudes toward oxygen therapy (β=0.358, 95%CI, 0.182%-0.542%, P=0.01), subjective norms regarding oxygen therapy (β=0.246 95%CI, 0.0.018%-0.223%, P=0.01), and perceived behavioral control over oxygen therapy (β=0.229, 95%CI, 0.050%-0.264%, P=0.01) are significant predictors of intention toward oxygen therapy application. Moreover, the results showed that perceived behavioral control over oxygen therapy (β=0.412, 95%CI, 0.226%-0.499%, P=0.01) and intention toward the use of oxygen therapy (β=0.360, 95%CI, 0.241%-0.640%, P=0.01) are significant predictors of nurses’ actual use of oxygen therapy. Conclusion: The TPB can predict the intention to use oxygen therapy and the actual use of oxygen therapy in nursing staff. Therefore, this theory can guide health officials to create a suitable environment for using oxygen therapy.

Understanding Self-Care Behaviours among Type II Diabetes Patients: A Behaviour Change Models' Perspective.

Self-care behaviours among diabetes patients is often hindered because of various psycho-social factors which become obstacles to their better diabetes management and its proper outcome. The current study aims to find out these psycho-social factors that influence the execution of self-care behaviours among Type II diabetes patients from the perspective of various behaviour change models. The study adopted a correlational research design. A total of 266 participants above the age group of 18 years and diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were selected using purposive sampling from the Indian state of Karnataka. The data were collected using The Health Belief Questionnaire, Theory of Planned Behaviour Questionnaire (TPBQ), Socio-Ecological Model Questionnaire, and Diabetic Self-Care Activities Revised (SDSCA-R). The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple regression. From the findings, it was observed that the domains of perceived susceptibility, cues to action and subjective norms are positively correlated with self-care behaviours significantly at p<0.05 levels, while the domains of socio-ecological theory, personal, interpersonal, media and policy and community organizations are significantly positively correlated with self-care behaviour at p<0.01 levels. The linear regression of the domains of health belief model, theory of planned behaviour and socio-ecological theory on self-care behaviour showed that the statistically significant final model explained 14.9% (R2 =.149), F (3,262) =15.337, p< 0.000. The significant predictors are community at p<0.000 level, self-efficacy and perceived severity at p<0.05 levels. The study results ascertain the necessity of a psychosocial approach or the sociocognitive perspective to understand the factors that actually enable a diabetes patient to engage in more self-care behaviours. In the Indian scenario, where health literacy is very minimum, the findings of the study can be used to implement better strategies for diabetes management both at the level of medical/mental health professionals and at the level of media and policy.

The effectiveness of teaching complementary and alternative medicine based on the components of theory of planned behavior on nutrition students: multicenter research study

ObjectiveSafe and beneficial use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities results from integrating CAM education into curricula and increasing CAM knowledge. We sought how much teaching CAM procedures in a virtual environment can influence the components of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), including knowledge, attitude, behavioral intention, and behavior of nutrition students.MethodsThis cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 162 undergraduate nutrition students were selected through convenience sampling based on inclusion criteria in 2021–2022. Data were collected through a validated researcher-made CAM questionnaire that was designed based on TPB questionnaire that consisted of four constructs (knowledge, attitude, behavioral intention, and behavior). The content validity index and content validity ratio of the questionnaire were evaluated.ResultsOur results revealed that students who significantly scored the highest scores in attitude, behavioral intention, and behavior constructs were the students who claimed that “teaching two credits of CAM for nutrition students is not enough” (p. value = < 0.001, < 0.001, and 0.005, respectively). In addition, these students used treatment methods of CAM for themselves, suggested treatment methods of CAM to others, and followed the recommendations of the CAM specialists (for three pairwise comparisons: p. value = < 0.001, < 0.001, and < 0.001, respectively). The attitude could predict 70% of behavioral intention. However, attitude and behavioral intention could predict 90% of behavior.ConclusionAttitude was the most critical determinant influencing behavioral intention and behavior. CAM teaching using evidence-based CAM-ITM principles with a succinct, concerted, and collaborative curriculum, integration of CAM into continuing education, and integration of educational CAM programs continuously for several years into the academic curriculum in the actual setting influence the success of the educational CAM program.

Structural Equation Modelling Analysis of Purchase Behavior of Halal Products

Indonesia is renowned for being home to the largest Islamic population globally, but the absence of a halal certification logo on products continues to be a cause for concern. For Muslim customers, their basic knowledge of halal ingredients written on the product is the only guide they can be relied on. Hence, it is crucial to understand the essential factors that influence their purchasing behavior regarding halal-certified products. This study uses the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine Muslim customers' behavior, as a case study, in Banda Aceh. The TPB questionnaire, including attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and purchase intention attributes, was distributed online to respondents in the Banda Aceh area using non-probability random sampling. Through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) methodology and AMOS software, this research reveals a strong correlation between attitude and subjective norm with Muslim customers' purchasing intention. Moreover, purchasing intention shows a strong relationship with purchasing behavior. Consequently, attitude, subjective norm, and customers' intention are the critical factors that influence Muslim customers' behavior when purchasing halal-certified products in Indonesia.

Dental Hygiene Behaviors among Young Adults: A Systematic Review of Surveys Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

ABSTRACT Background Dental diseases are associated with chronic health conditions and decreased psychological and sociological wellbeing. Young adulthood presents a pivotal stage as dental hygiene behaviors developed and practiced during this time persist into later life. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a commonly used theoretical framework to examine intention to engage in dental behaviors. Purpose To systematically summarize research studies using TPB questionnaires to assess predictive factors of oral hygiene behaviors among young adult populations. Methods A four-phase article identification process ensured articles met the inclusion criteria. Quality appraisal assessments were used to evaluate questionnaire construction methodology. Results Twelve articles met the study’s inclusion criteria. Each study incorporated supplemental predictive factors such as oral health knowledge and expected social outcomes in addition to the TPB constructs. Discussion Evidence from this systematic review suggests that TPB is a useful theoretical framework for designing questionnaires that assess dental hygiene behaviors of young adults. Translation to Health Education Practice Health education specialists should administer oral hygiene behavior surveys that utilize TPB and TPB-related constructs to better understand factors associated with improved intentions toward dental hygiene behaviors among young adults.

Health education using the theory of planned behavior to modify ergonomic posture in hospital computer users: a randomized controlled trial.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent in those who use computers, and education using ergonomic principles may be helpful to prevent such conditions. The present study sought to identify how an educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) may be effective for adopting healthy ergonomic postures. A convenience sample of 162 computer users working in a hospital setting in Iran were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. The intervention group (n = 81) received six weekly educational sessions based on TPB principles, whereas the control group received no intervention during the study period. Both groups were assessed at baseline and 3 months after the intervention using a TPB questionnaire, rapid office strain assessment (ROSA), and Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the independent/paired Student's t test, chi-square, and analysis of covariance. All TPB constructs in the intervention group improved from baseline to follow-up, indicating considerable progress compared to the control group (p < 0.001). More than 60% of intervention and control groups were categorized as high risk at baseline in terms of ergonomic posture measured by ROSA. This percentage was reduced to 21% for intervention group and increased to 65% in the control group at follow-up. Symptom relief was obtained for wrist/hands, lower back, neck, shoulders and upper back in the intervention group (all p < 0.05). The number of affected areas also significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group three months after the intervention. Educational programs based on TPB principles may be helpful in correcting ergonomic postures among computer users. Such interventions are recommended for worksite health promotion in that they may prevent the development of musculoskeletal disorders in staff.

College students’ intent to intervene with a hypothetical peer exhibiting depression: Leveraging lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic

This study assesses college students’ intent to intervene when presented with a hypothetical peer exhibiting depression in one of three scenarios: depression, sadness, and depression in quarantine during COVID-19. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), variations in constructs associated with intent were examined by context (external triggers vs. no trigger), knowledge of, and experience with depression. One hundred and sixteen health sciences students read three vignettes and completed an enhanced TPB questionnaire. Intent to intervene was greater when the vignette target was experiencing depression with external stressors. Prior experience with depression and knowing someone with depression were associated with greater intent to connect the hypothetical peer to counseling resources regardless of vignette scenario. Due to increased mental health concerns resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, efforts promoting awareness of mental illness in peers may benefit from increasing education about stressors and causes of depression that may not be observable.

Predicting Hypnotic Use among Insomnia Patients with the Theory of Planned Behavior and Craving.

While long-term hypnotic use is very common in clinical practice, the associated factors have been understudied. This study aims to explore the cognitive factors that might influence the long-term use of hypnotics based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and examines the moderating effect of craving between cognitive intention and actual hypnotic-use behavior at follow-up. A total of 139 insomnia patients completed a self-constructed TPB questionnaire to measure their attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention of hypnotic use, as well as the Hypnotic-Use Urge Scale (HUS) to measure their craving for hypnotics. They were then contacted through phone approximately three months later to assess their hypnotic use. Hierarchical regression showed that perceived behavioral control was the most significant determinant for behavioral intention of hypnotic use. Behavioral intention, in turn, can predict the frequency of hypnotic use after three months. However, this association was moderated by hypnotic craving. The association was lower among the participants with higher cravings for hypnotic use. The findings suggest that the patients’ beliefs about their control over sleep and daily life situations, and their craving for hypnotics should be taken into consideration in the management of hypnotic use.

Factor Structure and Construct Validity of the Chinese Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire (TPB-Q) for Eating Disorders among University Students

Factor Structure and Construct Validity of the Chinese Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire (TPB-Q) for Eating Disorders among University Students

Factors associated with the implementation of COVID-19 health protocols among Indonesian older adults living in rural areas: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Implementing health protocols became a challenge for older adults living in rural area. This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing implementation of COVID-19 health protocols among elderly in rural areas based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Methods: This study used an explanatory survey with cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 100 older adults who resided in rural areas. Data were collected using the TPB questionnaire and COVID-19 health protocol questionnaire, both have 21 items. The data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Bivariate analysis used Pearson correlation, Chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test. Multivariate analysis used multiple linear regression with a level of significance = 0.05. The independent variables were attitude toward behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control while the dependent variable was the implementation of COVID-19 health protocols. Results: Gender (p &lt; 0.001), age (p &lt; 0.001), employment status (p &lt; 0.001), attitude toward behavior (p &lt; 0.001), subjective norm (p &lt; 0.001) and perceived behavioral control (p &lt; 0.001) were significantly associated with the implementation of COVID-19 health protocols, while education level (p = 1.000) was not significantly associated with the implementation. The R-square shows 0.610 which indicates that TPB model can predict 61% of implementation of COVID-19 health protocols. Conclusions: The most dominant factor in increasing the implementation of the COVID-19 health protocol is attitude toward behavior. Nurse need to provide education to elderly and their family to increase the implementation of COVID-19 health protocols as prevention of transmission of COVID-19.

Validity and reliability of the theory of planned behavior questionnaire on the balanced dietary behavior of adolescents in a post-disaster area

Introduction: The assessment of mediator components of behavior change based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be carried out with a questionnaire instrument. Meanwhile, the questionnaire to assess the mediator of adolescents’ balanced dietary behavior in post-disaster areas has not yet been developed. Failure to recognize nutritional problems in this period can increase morbidity and mortality. Therefore, this present study attempts to provide the overview of the implementation of content and face validity as well as reliability of the TPB questionnaire on the balanced dietary behavior of adolescents in the post-disaster area by taking a study case in Palu City, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.Methods: By involving nine expert panelists, the content validity was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively by calculating the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Kappa statistics scores. Face validity was conducted qualitatively by interviewing ten adolescents’. Meanwhile, Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha was calculated to measure the reliability by interviewing 30 adolescents aged 15–17 years old living in the disaster site with their mothers during the massive disaster in 2018.Results: The results showed that the Item CVI and the kappa statistics scores were between 0.75 and 1 and 0.72 and 1, respectively. The final version of the questionnaire was resolved based on the panelists’ recommendation, the face validity’s findings, and the results of the questionnaire reliability assessment. There were 14 items of attitude, 12 items of subjective norms, 17 items of behavioral control, and eight items of intention components with acceptable questionnaire reliabilities.Conclusion: Overall, the TPB questionnaire on the balanced dietary behavior of adolescents has excellent validity and reliability to measure the mediator of balanced dietary behavior changes of adolescents.

Behavior Model Analysis of Pedestrians and Cyclists Mode Selection Base on Active Transportation on Universitas Jember Tegalboto Campus

Abstract The University of Jember as one of the campuses that have a high traffic volume is trying to realize a “Green Campus” through the “Ring the Bell” program. However, this vision has not been implemented optimally because there are still many campus residents who do not use active modes of transportation (walking &amp; cycling) even though sidewalk facilities are available. This indicates that the behavioral preferences for choosing active transportation modes for the residents of the Jember University campus are still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the behavioral model of pedestrian and cyclists mode selection based on active transportation at the Tegalboto Campus, Jember University. The primary data collection of residents’ preferences was obtained through the TPB (Theory Of Planned Behavior) questionnaire. SEM model (Structural Equation Model) was applied in the behavioral analysis process to determine the interaction between the independent variables of TPB as a whole. The results of behavioral modeling show that intention is the variable that most influences the behavior of campus residents in using active transportation modes, while attitude is the variable that most influences intentions than subjective norms and perceptions of behavioral control.

The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior in Pregnant Women and Individuals Affecting Their Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Controlled Trial

Background: Breastfeeding affects long-term child health and improves the quality of their lives. This study sought to compare educational interventions based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in pregnant women and individuals influential to their exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the first six months of an infant’s life. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed from 2020 to 2021 on pregnant women, who were at their&gt;30 weeks of pregnancy, and relatives influential in their life in Jahrom, southern Iran. Sampling was conducted by the stratified random method, and the sample size was determined as 90 (30 cases in each group). The study consisted of two intervention groups and a control group. Data collection tools included the demographic questionnaire and the standard TPB questionnaire for EBF. In the first stage, the questionnaires were completed by all three groups. The second stage involved an educational intervention. The training lasted five weeks. In the third stage, the questionnaire was completed again six months later. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 21 using one-way ANOVA, chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Based on the results, a significant difference was observed in intervention group 1 in terms of the attitude construct (P=0.009) before [Median (IQR)=34.5 (6)] and after [Median (IQR)=36 (5.25)] the educational intervention. Similarly, a significant difference was found in intervention group 2 regarding the subjective norm construct (P&lt;0.001) before [Median (IQR)=25 (4.25)] and after [Median (IQR)=30 (4)] the educational intervention. Conclusion: Overall, in addition to pregnant women, their subjective norms should be considered in health education and promotion programs to improve EBF.