Theory Of Generative Grammar Research Articles

A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Empty Categories Based on Generative Grammar Theory

A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Empty Categories Based on Generative Grammar Theory

『맹자』무표 ‘사동구’와 ‘의동구’의 도출비교 해석 - 생성문법의 경동사 이론을 중심으로

『맹자』무표 ‘사동구’와 ‘의동구’의 도출비교 해석 - 생성문법의 경동사 이론을 중심으로

Transformation in Pashto Language An Analysis of Pashto Phrases and Sentences

Transformation is a significant area of research that focuses on how language users utilise knowledge of their language (s) to generate different surface structures from the same deep structure. The study aims to describe how different surface structures are generated from the deep structure and how Pashto speakers use different transformational processes to generate various constructions from a single construction. The study is qualitative in nature, using qualitative data and analysing it qualitatively. The untested sentences selected based on the researcher’s general observation served as the study’s data. Transformational Generative Grammar theory was used as a theoretical framework for the study. The study confirmed that the speakers of Pashto construct new structures from a deep structure using all the transformational processes found in English. The transformational processes the Pashto speakers use are merging, movement, insertion, and deletion. The study supports Noam Chomsky’s view that languages share some universal features.

Word Formation Head and the Typology Analysis of the Word Formation Corpus in Albanian

Word formation in Albanian studies represents many problems that have been identified not only in university level but even in the pre-university one. This paper intends to examine the concept of the head as part of the word formation process, as this is a term, which is not encountered in the Albanian traditional studies. It will be introduced in this study from the perspective of the generative grammar theory. The aim of this paper is to discuss and argue about the similarity of the process and of the terminology when used at the syntactic and morphological level. Furthermore, there will be introduced some criteria based on which the head is defined at each level, and by providing arguments that some of these criteria are not applied at both levels. Then, it will be examined how the term head is applied at the morphological level, by describing its features when it is a derivational morpheme, or when it is the root/base form. Finally, two ways of approaching word-formation will be presented: one of them is based on the morpheme and it includes the concept of the head (morpheme-based morphology), and the other is based on the word (word-based morphology), where the concept of the head has not been excluded, while word-formation rules are being drafted. The approach of the study will be from an analytical and comparative perspective.
 
 Received: 22 August 2023 / Accepted: 27 September 2023 / Published: 5 November 2023

중국어 역사문법의 최신 연구동향 분석 —2012년부터 2022년까지의 古汉语研究와 中国语文을 중심으로

This article reviews recent research trends in Historical Grammar of Chinese based on 212 articles published in Research In Ancient Chinese Language(古汉语研究) and Studies of The Chinese Language(中国语文) from 2012 to 2022. In this field, ‘words’ are being studied more than ‘constructions’, and ‘adverbs’ are being studied the most. There are the most studies on the period of ‘Archaic Chinese’ among three periods of Ancient Chinese, that is Archaic, Middle Ancient and Modern Ancient Chinese. Diachronic research is more focused rather than synchronic research. Research methods of Historical Grammar of Chinese can be largely classified into two types: simple descriptions and theoretical interpretations, and we find more studies of the former than the latter. Theoretical interpretations studies can be subdivided into five types: (1) studies on mechanisms and motivations of grammaticalization, (2) linguistic typology based studies, (3) construction grammar theory based studies, (4) cognitive grammar theory based studies, (5) generative grammar theory based studies. Among these five types, (1) accounts for the highest proportion and (4), (5) accounts for a relatively low proportion. The article concludes by suggesting that theoretical interpretations studies should be conducted more actively, and the subjects should be more associated with Modern Chinese. There also should be a unified understanding of mechanisms and motivations of grammaticalization and the key elements should be found among these.

The UG Paradox of Native and Foreign Language Acquisition

In this paper, I discuss the two issues: the properties of the language acquisition device, an biological organ related to the human language and Plato’s and Orwell’s problems, which are well known as the problems of language acquisition. The nature of human language, that is, creativity and arbitrariness, are also discussed based on the theory of generative grammar. It is argued that the working principle of the algorithm of the language acquisition device enables the chemical combination of essential elements of language, which leads to the creativity and arbitrariness of language. Plato s problem related to the native language acquisition is accounted for by the maturation of the biological language organ and by the substantial minimalism and derivational minimalism. For Orwell s problem related to foreign language acquisition, I tried to find the answer in Chomsky’s(1981) principles and parameters theory. Although all languages are composed by the same principle, the differential characteristics of each language comes from its parameters. The greater differences of parameters between the native language and the foreign language lead to the greater difficulties experienced by foreign language learners. Therefore, in the case of learning a foreign language which has different parameters from the native language, I argue that starting the foreign language learning early is more effective in reducing the difficulty of learning the language.

On Chomsky's notion of explanatory adequacy

AbstractThe starting point of this work is the notion of explanatory adequacy. After summarising and analysing the presentation that Chomsky gives of this notion in the first works of generative grammar, I consider the role that such notion has been playing in the construction of the theory of generative grammar and in the foundation of the Universal Grammar research program, focussing, in particular, on the last phase of generative grammar, that is, minimalism.

Negation in Languages: A Urhobo Perspective

This paper examines negation and types of tense negation in Urhobo. It also identifies negation marker(s) and the manner in which these negation marker(s) are used in sentences. Transformational generative grammar theory of analysis was used in the work. The aim of this study is to determine the syntactic characteristics of negation in Urhobo. The study shows that negative construction in the Urhobo language involves the doubling of the last vowel of the last word in sentences; or what may be called the lengthening of the last vowel of the lexical item in the sentence. Also, the low-high tone can do the same function as the lexical or grammatical tone. It was observed that negation is a natural phenomenon that cuts across Urhobo, and that the orthographic representation of the low tone, which is the copying of the final vowel, is written contiguously while other negative markers are written separately. It was also observed that Urhobo operates suffixation. Finally, the study work reveals ejo, je, odie and and oyen as negative markers in Urhobo.

ITALIAN GRAMMATICOGRAPHY BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS

The aim of this paper is to show the current situation in contemporary Italian grammaticography, i.e., to analyse grammatical models (traditional, generative and dependency model) grammar reference books for different purposes are based on. By means of diachronic and synchronic analysis of grammar reference books, we have examined and showed to what extent traditional theories and terminology are retained, i.e., to what extent generative grammar and valency theory are present. The introductory part of the paper shows the development of Italian grammaticography from the first generative research conducted in Italy to this day. The first Italian generative grammar books were published in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Costabile 1967, Saltarelli 1970, Gamberini 1971, Parisi, Antinucci 1973), i.e., shortly after Noam Chomsky’s first monographs on generative grammar theory were published. However, although it can be said that Italian grammaticography kept up to date with the research carried out worldwide in the field of linguistics, the first comprehensive descriptive grammar book (Comprehensive Consultative Italian Grammar Book) was not published until 1988, when the most comprehensive traditional Italian grammar book by Luca Serianni was published as well, which is the reason why that year is considered to be a turning point in Italian linguistics. Following this turn of events, which is frequently described as revolutionary, grammar book production has flourished while authors have begun to turn to new linguistic theories more and more, i.e., mostly to the fruits of generative grammar and other theories formulated within its framework, although not for want of work dedicated to traditional grammar. Therefore, for the last two and a half decades, Italian grammaticography has abounded in traditional grammar books mainly for the purposes of school use and “new” (Andreose 2017), i.e., „modern” (Vanelli 2010) grammar books primarily for the purposes of pursuing linguistic issues professionally, as well as studying languages at the university level. The central part of the paper is dedicated to analysing individually some of the most renowned grammar books published during the first decades of the 21st century (Salvi, Vanelli 2004, Andorno 2003, Sabatini et al. 2011, Ferrari, Zampese 2016) with the aim of showing their new features in relation to tradition (the reference point of traditional linguistics was the Serianni's grammar book) regarding terminology, the norm, topics and the organisation of the very grammar books. The main conclusion of this research is that contemporary grammar books actually show the greatest departure from tradition concerning the norm and the examples sentence analyses are based on, since normative grammar books, whose goal is to establish certain grammar rules, are completely rejected and replaced by detailed descriptive grammar books aiming at describing fully all registers of the Italian language and all its possible linguistic constructions, regardless of their grammatical accuracy. A somewhat minor, but still quite significant, departure from tradition can be seen in the organisation of grammar books and topics they deal with, since syntax has surely taken precedence in analysis, but also that some traditional topics have been rejected, while some new topics have been included in grammatical analyses (e.g. phonetics and textual linguistics). The characteristic which, nonetheless, has undergone minimal changes in that “transition” from the traditional to the modern way of linguistic analysis is terminology that can be concluded to have been brought up to date and expanded rather that completely changed.

GENERATING PATTERNS OF SYNTACTIC STYLE AND SYNTAX STRUCTURE ON SIQUIJODNON-CEBUANO FOLKSONGS

The study attempts to generate the patterns of syntactic styles and syntax structure of Siquijodnon-Cebuano folksongs. It adopts the descriptive content analysis as its research methodology; and employs Computational Theory of Goal-Directed Style in Syntax, Lexico-Syntax, Congruent Lexicalization and X-bar Theory of Generative Grammar theories in analyzing the folksongs. The results reveal that the patterns of the literary syntactic style of the Siquijodnon composers/writers not only include narrative and conversational texts, figures of speech, rhymed sentences, simple and compound sentences but also syntactic structure which comprises word order, structure modification, and structure of implementation. Additionally, X-Bar Generative Transformational Generative Grammar fortifies that although Siquijodnon-Cebuano and Standard English have different syntactic structures in some lexical and functional heads, both syntactic structures convey the same meaning and are used for stylistic purposes. Results further show that patterns of literary syntactic style and syntactic structure reinforce the innate writing style of the Siquijodnon composers/writers. The study concludes that Siquijodnon folksong composers/writers are capacitated with stylistic skills using linguistic features as one of their popular rhetorical devices in the field of literature.

Transformational Generative Linguistics Movement Before Chomsky: Nahiv

The transformational generative grammar theory is one of the linguistic theories that caused fundamental changes in linguistics since 1950s. This theory is based on the themes: deep structure and surface structure. Chomsky, who introduced the transformational generative grammar, explained the language with processes in mind in 1950s by including mind processes into linguistics. He clarifies the concept of deep structure in mind processes. He aims to emphasize the thought aspect in language by deep structure. This research intends to reveal that the theory of Chomsky depending on the mind processes and explained as the thought aspect in language: deep structure indeed dates back before the 1950s. Within this context, Nahiv as one of the works of Fitrat is analysed. As a linguist Fitrat displays the deep structure by establishing a relationship between the mind and language and drives the semantics forward. This research indicates the similarities between the deep structures of Fitrat (in Nahiv) and Chomsky. This research is done by means of document analysis method as one of the qualitative research methods. Content analysis method that is one of the data analysis methods is used. Similarities between the deep structures of Fitrat’s and Chomsky’s are identified. As a result of the study, it is proved that the deep structure which constitutes the fundamentals of transformational generative grammar theory is introduced before the 1950s and this work of Fitrat has already been designed in the transformational generative grammar system.

Platform-based Sentence Generation: Unity of Sentence Elements and Hierarchy of Arguments without the Use of Lines and Binary Branching

본 연구는 생성문법에서 통사체들의 단위성과 위계가 어떻게 나타나는지 논의하고 통사체들의 단위성과 위계를 나타낼 수 있는 새로운 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 생성문법에서는 현재 사선과 수직선을 사용하여 통사 체들의 단위성을 나타내고 있지만 사선과 수직선을 사용하는 것은 통사적 연산과정을 복잡하게 한다. 통사체들의 단위성을 나타낼 수 있는 새로운 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 또 생성문법은 이분지 병합을 사용하여 통사체들의 위계를 생성한다. 통사체들의 위계, 특히 논항들의 위계는 결속이론이 요구하는 구조적 특성이다. 하지만 이분지 병합에 입각한 위계는 첫째, 논항 간의 위계뿐만 아니라 거의 모든 통사 체들 간의 위계를 만들어낸다. 둘째, 병합에 입각한 위계는 주절과 종속절로 되어 있는 복문에서는 결속이론이 필요로 하는 위계를 만들어 낼 수 있지만 등위절로 되어있는 중문에서는 결속이론이 필요로 하는 위계를 만들어 낼 수 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 새로운 플랫폼 기반 문장생성 방식을 제안하여 이러한 문제를 해결한다.This article seeks to investigate how the unity of syntactic elements is formed and how a hierarchy of arguments is provided in the current framework of generative grammar as well as to provide alternative solutions to these requirements. Syntactic elements need grouping to form a unity. The current theory of generative grammar uses vertical and slanted lines to group syntactic elements and form a unity among them. However, the use of lines causes computational complexity and violates the inclusiveness condition. A new mechanism for providing a unity of syntactic elements will be put forth in this study. The current theory of generative grammar uses binary merge to create hierarchy between syntactic arguments. This hierarchy between syntactic arguments is necessary to satisfy the requirements of the binding theory. However, the binary merge-based hierarchy is problematic in these two respects. First, it creates not only hierarchy between the arguments, but also that between non-arguments. Second, the binary merge-based hierarchy provides a hierarchical structure for binding theory to operate in complex sentences comprised of main clauses and embedded clauses. However, it does not provide a legitimate hierarchical structure for binding theory to operate in compound sentences comprised of coordinate clauses. For this reason, another platform-based hierarchy between such arguments will be put forth as a solution to these problems.

Role of the Transformational Generative Grammar and other Language Learning Theories in English Language Teaching

In linguistics, Transformational –Generative Grammar (TGG) is the part of the theory of generative grammar, especially of natural native languages. Transformational Generative Grammar is also known as Transformational Grammar, which is a system of language analysis. It shows the relationship among the various elements of a sentence and among the possible sentences of the English language and process or rules which are called transformations of sentences to express semantics with the help of ‘surface structures’ and ‘deep structure’. While teaching English as second (L2), third (L3) or foreign language (FL), to the university students is an arduous task as they are socio-psychologically and linguistically preoccupied with his or her own native language (L1) competence which has its certain implications in the learning and teaching of any other language. This paper intends to explore some key concepts of Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) The base Components, Transformational Component, Phonological Component, Semantic Component and their roles in contrastive analysis, one of the major instruments of language teaching in Applied Linguistics, of two languages of the same or different language families. In this article, our attempt is that TGG is an essential aspect of learning English but only for the students of advanced study of English what I find is that a fine fusion of all the there- traditional grammar, structural grammar and TGG is equally important. To be familiar with and learn the basics of grammar such as the knowledge of single and double parts of speech and such other items, traditional grammar (Newfield, and P. C. Wren & H. Martin) is a must; and for syntactic structures and sentence patterns (A. S. Hornby) structural grammar is needed and then a learner will easily learn the target language with the help of his native language (L1). He would enjoy learning English at the advanced stage through TGG (Chomsky).

Chomsky’nin Üretici Dil Bilgisi Kuramı ile Klasik Nahiv İlminde Selika (Dil Yetisi)

Bir yönüyle dillerin kökeni tartışmalarıyla ilişkili olan dil selikası (yetisi), hem klasik dönem Müslüman dilbilimcilerin hem de modern dönem Batılı dilbilimcilerin gündemini meşgul etmiştir. Müslüman dilbilimcileri Arap dili özelinde, Batılı dilbilimciler ise genel olarak dilde bu olgunun ne ifade ettiği, edimsel bir beceri mi yoksa fıtri bir yeti mi olduğu konusunda farklı görüşler öne sürmüşlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, klasik dönem Arap dilbilim temsilcilerinden olan ve selikayı coğrafi ve sosyolojik bir olgu olarak gören Câhiz (ö. 255/869), standart kurallara sahip bir sistem olarak gören İbn Cinnî (ö. 392/1002) ile yapısalcı ve yüzeysel bir olgu olarak gören Cürcânî’nin (ö. 471/1078), modern dönem Batılı dilbilimci, Üretici Dönüşümsel Dilbilgisi kuramını geliştiren ve bu kurama uygun farklı bir selika anlayışı ortaya koyan Noam Chomsky’nin dil selikası hakkındaki görüşlerini mukayeseli bir şekilde ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın sonunda da modern dönem Arap dilbilim temsilcilerinden ve çalışmanın yazarı olan Temmâm Hassân’ın dil selikası hakkındaki görüşleri yer almaktadır.

PASS: Picture Augmentative Synsemic System. Un nuevo sistema para las prácticas habilitativas en la CA (comunicación aumentativa): marco teórico


 
 
 In this paper we discuss the theoretical linguistic and graphic preconditions of the design of PASS, a glyph system which we designed for use in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) habilitative practices that has been released under open source licence.
 
 
 
 We highlight the relevance of graphic design supporting sustainable practices for people with Autism Spectrum Di- sorders (ASD), in a context in which the o er of public healthcare services for rehabilitation is insufficient.
 
 
 
 We present the context in which the AAC is adopted and how a glyph system can be used by people with ASD to learn a language. is particular group of users can access a language by using the glyph system as an interlanguage or as an alternative language.
 
 
 
 We analyse the most common glyph systems (ARASAAC, PCS, WLS, Blissymbolics), highlighting their strengths and weaknesses from a graphic and linguistic point of view.
 
 
 
 We present the theoretical background of the design process for the PASS glyph system.
 
 
 
 In particular, we provide an in-depth description of the graphic design strategy, which aims to develop a systematic and consistent approach to the construction of the glyphs. This approach is grounded in a reflection on how to solve the linguistic problems raised by the valency model and Chomsky’s generative grammar theory in the visual domain.
 
 
 
 We have designed the core of the glyph system by detecting the pertinent visual and linguistic variables in literature, with the objective of developing the system for clinical experimentation.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Use of Grammatical Elements to Achieve Persuasion in Advertising in the Print Media in Ghana

Advertising is a type of communication whose ultimate goal is to persuade potential customers of the good qualities of products and services. There are various strategies that advertisers employ in order to persuade their customers to take purchasing decisions. One of them is the designing of an advertisement in which the pictorial images and other graphic designs are prominent. Another persuasive technique is the use of language to transmit the advertising message. In this regard, copywriters employ language in an attractive way to achieve persuasion in advertisements. It is worth postulating that although a number of persuasive strategies are available in advertising, language is integral in the communication of information. The focus of the current study was the use of grammatical elements in the English of advertisements by copywriters in the newspapers in Ghana for persuasive effect. The qualitative research design was employed and the study was underpinned by the Standard Theory of Generative Grammar. The current study proved that copywriters in the print media in Ghana employed imperative and declarative sentences, nominal phrases, the second person personal pronoun and modifiers such as adjectives and adverbs for persuasive effect. Keywords: Grammatical Units, Standard Theory, Advertising, Advertisement, Advertiser, Copywriter, English language, Print media, Persuasion, Communication. DOI : 10.7176/NMMC/85-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

The Use of Grammatical Elements to Achieve Persuasion in Advertising in the Print Media in Ghana

Advertising is a type of communication whose ultimate goal is to persuade potential customers of the good qualities of products and services. There are various strategies that advertisers employ in order to persuade their customers to take purchasing decisions. One of them is the designing of an advertisement in which the pictorial images and other graphic designs are prominent. Another persuasive technique is the use of language to transmit the advertising message. In this regard, copywriters employ language in an attractive way to achieve persuasion in advertisements. It is worth postulating that although a number of persuasive strategies are available in advertising, language is integral in the communication of information. The focus of the current study was the use of grammatical elements in the English of advertisements by copywriters in the newspapers in Ghana for persuasive effect. The qualitative research design was employed and the study was underpinned by the Standard Theory of Generative Grammar. The current study proved that copywriters in the print media in Ghana employed imperative and declarative sentences, nominal phrases, the second person personal pronoun and modifiers such as adjectives and adverbs for persuasive effect. Keywords: Grammatical Units, Standard Theory, Advertising, Advertisement, Advertiser, Copywriter, English language, Print media, Persuasion, Communication. DOI : 10.7176/NMMC/85-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

A Study of the Development of Generative Grammar from the Perspective of Changes in the Movement Pattern

Movement plays an important role in generative grammar. This paper expounds characteristics and motivation of the development of generative grammar theory by analyzing and contrasting the movement pattern in different periods of generative grammar. From Move-∝ to the feature checking, and then to the matching of the probe and the target under agreement feature, a series of changes in movement pattern indicate that generative grammar is exploring the principled interpretation of the language from the perspective of biolinguistics, the explanation of the characteristics and general principles of the interface system, ultimately to the goal of going beyond the explanatory adequacy.

O comportamento sintático-semântico do pronome de terceira pessoa no português brasileiro

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo observar aspectos do comportamento morfossintático e semântico da forma pronominal de terceira pessoa plena no Português Brasileiro (PB), a partir do inventário de traços que a constitui, sob a perspectiva de uma teoria de traços (HARBOUR, ADGER & BÉJAR, 2003). Para tanto, foram observados dados de introspecção do português brasileiro, conforme os pressupostos teóricos da Teoria Gerativa, conforme o Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1995 e posteriores), os quais permitiram observar que a terceira pessoa plena pode ocorrer em qualquer contexto sintático, que permite apenas leitura definida e específica, exceto em posição de sujeito, que pode assumir leitura definida e/ou específica, ou ainda, nenhuma das duas (caso dos expletivos), e, portanto, terceira pessoa não apresenta comportamento arbitrário, como ocorre com a primeira e a segunda pessoa. Os resultados mencionados, por conseguinte, apontam para as seguintes conclusões: (a) a geometria de traços da categoria pessoa parece estar relacionada com elementos, em princípio, pós-sintáticos como semântica e pragmática; e (b) a terceira pessoa pode ser a forma pronominal default, em português, pois é o pronome pessoal cuja forma é mais subespecificada, não possui leitura genérica e comportamento arbitrário e é a forma expandida para neutros e expletivos na maioria das línguas humanas.

Unveiling the Systemic Nature of the Firm Using a Grammar of Social Processes

This paper proposes a meta-theoretical framework to explain all forms of eco-nomic coordination with a computational complexity approach, taking into con-sideration the contractual (or transaction costs-based), the competence-based and the relational views of the firm. A model of sequences of decision-making events about the participation in either individual actions or social interactions is deduced from Generative Grammar Theory. It makes a clear distinction between the mar-ket and all other coordination structures, including the firm. Finally, the contribu-tion mechanism of the systemic view of the firm as an extension of the social processes of competence development and interorganizational relationship is pro-posed.