Theory Of Biological Evolution Research Articles

Non-darwinian theories of biological evolution

The article presents material related to evolutionary theories such as Berg’s nomogenesis, Kimura’s theory of neutral evolution, and neo-Lamarckism, the content of which is opposed to Darwin’s doctrine of natural selection as a leading factor in biological evolution. Nomogenesis, a hypothesis according to which the evolution of organisms is based on internal laws. The general thesis of Berg’s worldview was that evolution occurs naturally, in accordance with a pre-existing – pre-established – law of development. The neutral theory of molecular evolution was put forward by Motoo Kimura. It argues that the vast majority of mutations at the molecular level are neutral in nature with respect to the action of natural selection. Thus, the theory of neutral evolution contradicted Darwinism, pointing to the fixation of neutral mutations in the population without the participation of natural selection. Neo-Lamarckism is a combination of three heterogeneous trends in evolutionary doctrine. Despite the fact that neo-Lamarckists have deviated from the basic postulates of Lamarck, most of their concepts contain two provisions that correspond to Lamarck's laws. The first is the recognition of adequate variability that occurs under the direct or indirect influence of the environment and creates well-acquired adaptive traits. The second is the inheritance of similar traits in individual life.

Death from Failed Protection? An Evolutionary-Developmental Theory of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been mainly described from a risk perspective, with a focus on endogenous, exogenous, and temporal risk factors that can interact to facilitate lethal outcomes. Here we discuss the limitations that this risk-based paradigm may have, using two of the major risk factors for SIDS, prone sleep position and bed-sharing, as examples. Based on a multipronged theoretical model encompassing evolutionary theory, developmental biology, and cultural mismatch theory, we conceptualize the vulnerability to SIDS as an imbalance between current physiologic-regulatory demands and current protective abilities on the part of the infant. From this understanding, SIDS appears as a developmental condition in which competencies relevant to self-protection fail to develop appropriately in the future victims. Since all of the protective resources in question are bound to emerge during normal infant development, we contend that SIDS may reflect an evolutionary mismatch situation—a constellation in which certain modern developmental influences may overextend the child’s adaptive (evolutionary) repertoire. We thus argue that SIDS may be better understood if the focus on risk factors is complemented by a deeper appreciation of the protective resources that human infants acquire during their normal development. We extensively analyze this evolutionary-developmental theory against the body of epidemiological and experimental evidence in SIDS research and thereby also address the as-of-yet unresolved question of why breastfeeding may be protective against SIDS.

Why Biological Evolution Should Inspire Worship

The theory of biological evolution has often provoked disagreement, which has frequently been divisive and counterproductive. At other times this scientific paradigm has been discussed with an apologetic intent, to explain why the science of biology and the theology of creation cannot be seen to be mutually exclusive. This paper urges Christians to move decisively to a third type of discourse. The new field of comparative genetics has provided conclusive evidence that biological evolution has given rise to the diversity of living forms, including human beings. Consequently, Christians should, with confidence, gladly accept the evolutionary paradigm and look upon evolution as a divinely ordained historical process that develops through random (stochastic, free) process, but that leads to a divinely purposed consummation. As a result, biological history in its freedom but directedness to God’s final purposes should elicit wonder. People who have come to faith in the God revealed redemptively in Jesus should uninhibitedly offer adoration and praise for evolutionary fruitfulness. Worship should characterise the human response to biological history.[1]
 
 [1] In appreciation of Professor Tom McLeish FRS, scientist, teacher, theologian.

Creationism - a Pseudoscience or Pseudoreligion

The research is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of spiritual culture of Modern times - creationism. Authors analyze the causes of creationist teachings, as well as develop a classification of forms of creationism. As such, the following are distinguished and analyzed: biblical creationism, scientific creationism, theological evolutionism, teleological creationism, alterism, missionary creationism. Biblical creationism is a literal understanding of the texts of the Bible relating to the creation of the Earth and man. Scientific creationism is an attempt by individual scientists to combine scientific knowledge with religious beliefs. It gathers scientific evidence in favor of the biblical narrative, and, at the same time, rational arguments against the scientific theory of evolution. On the contrary, theological evolutionism, especially in the form of concordism, tries to reconcile the scientific and religious view of evolution. This is achieved through the interpretation of Biblical symbols through modern scientific concepts, or by the creation of a new pseudo-religion (for example, Teilhardism). Teleological creationism, in the modern form of Intelligent Design theory, popular in Western Protestantism, using the data of natural sciences, criticizes the foundations of the theory of biological evolution, thus demonstrating the gap of natural causality in order to justify the supernatural purposefulness of the Universe. Alterism asserts that the very nature of the world before original sin was different, therefore, the current knowledge of nature cannot correspond to the original plan of God reflected in the Bible. For the first time, highlighted and explored in this work, missionary creationism seeks to interpret the Bible from the point of view of concepts of modern science in order to bring a person with an already formed scientific picture of the world to faith. It is shown that most of the above forms demonstrate a pseudoscientific or pseudo-religious essence. The authors make an assumption about the origins of creationist teachings rooted in the introduction of elements of Neoplatonic philosophy into Christian teaching. The seeming contradiction between science and religion in understanding the evolution of nature finds its explanation through the disclosure of creationism's claim to understand the world as a "thing in itself".

METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EVOLUTIONISM AND CREATIONISM

In modern natural science, a significant place is given to the concept of global evolutionism and evolutionary theory in biology (in particular). It is considered fundamental and undeniable. Evolutionism was replaced by early worldview ideas about the immutability of the world, which are usually denoted by the term creationism (creation). In scientific and popular literature, evolutionism is presented as something fundamentally new in understanding the picture of the world. Is the difference between the "created world" and the "self-creating world" (evolutionary darwinism) so fundamental? In the work, an attempt is made, if not to refute the fundamental opposition of evolutionism and creationism, then at least to illustrate the hidden methodological connection between them.

Explore the Co-evolution of Environment and Life in Geological History: Recent Progress at IVPP Laboratory of Palaeoenvironment

The co-evolution of climate-environment and ancient vertebrates fossil human are core topics in the theory of biological evolution. At the micro level, we hope to understand the feeding habits of some important groups of organisms in ancient ecosystems, such as dinosaurs, birds, and mammals, as well as their related feeding behaviors, migration patterns, and ecological niches. This requires a comprehensive analysis of key global climate processes during critical periods, the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems, and their relationship with the origin, evolution, and extinction of ancient fossil fauna. Similarly, changes in global climate and ancient monsoon systems have played important roles in the origin, migration, diffusion and behavioral patterns of ancient human being. The domestication of animals and plants and the origin of agriculture are the most representative examples of the co-evolution of human and ecosystem. The early agricultural society not only adapted to most of the area of the terrestrial ecosystem, but also transformed it into the human ecosystem to a large extent.

Integrating the Thrifty Genotype and Evolutionary Mismatch Hypotheses to understand variation in cardiometabolic disease risk.

More than 60 years ago, James Neel proposed the Thrifty Genotype Hypothesis to explain the widespread prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Western, industrial contexts. This hypothesis posits that variants linked to conservative energy usage and increased fat deposition would have been favored throughout human evolution due to the advantages they could provide during periods of resource limitation. However, in industrial environments, these variants instead produce an increased risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and related health issues. This hypothesis has been popular and impactful, with thousands of citations, many ongoing debates, and several spin-off theories in biomedicine, evolutionary biology, and anthropology. However, despite great attention, the applicability and utility of the Thrifty Genotype Hypothesis (TGH) to modern human health remains, in our opinion, unresolved. To move research in this area forward, we first discuss the original formulation of the TGH and its critiques. Second, we trace the TGH to updated hypotheses that are currently at the forefront of the evolutionary medicine literature-namely, the Evolutionary Mismatch Hypothesis. Third, we lay out empirical predictions for updated hypotheses and evaluate them against the current literature. Finally, we discuss study designs that could be fruitful for filling current knowledge gaps; here, we focus on partnerships with subsistence-level groups undergoing lifestyle transitions, and we present data from an ongoing study with the Orang Asli of Malaysia to illustrate this point. Overall, we hope this synthesis will guide new empirical research aimed at understanding how the human evolutionary past interacts with our modern environments to influence cardiometabolic health.

PLANT PIGMENTS IN PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY: HISTORICAL AND MODERN USES. PART I (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Purpose. To provide the reader with a detailed historical overview of the human use of plant pigments for medical purposes, starting from ancient times. To show how modern chemical theory of color and evolutionary biology of plants explain, from their very different points of view — some commonly observed properties of many plant pigments, such as their antioxidant and anti-free radical activity. To present modern data on pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic utility in psychiatry and neurology of some selected plant pigments.
 Methodology. To get an idea of what originally were the rationales for human use of plant pigments for medical purposes, we turned to books on the history of medicine and on the history of pharmacology. To get an idea of what is the relationship between the absorption spectrum of a molecule and its chemical properties (in particular, properties of a reducing agent, an electron donor, an antioxidant and a free radical scavenger) — we turned to the book on the chemistry of pigments. And to get an idea of the evolutionary role of pigments in plant tissues — to the book on evolutionary biology. We then selected, based on the lists of plant pigments provided in two of the most authoritative manuals for DIY fabric dyeing with natural dyes — some of the plants that looked most interesting for our purposes. We then searched for information about the use of these plants in psychiatry and neurology and about their neuropharmacological properties, with the use of search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science. The data we have collected were summarized and presented to the reader in this review.
 Results. The data that we have obtained in the process of compiling this review, in our opinion, do indicate a significant therapeutic potential for the use of certain plant pigments in psychiatry and neurology. The evidence base for the use of various plant pigments in psychiatry and neurology — significantly varies in quality. For some plant pigments (for example, for curcumin from turmeric, or for crocetin and crocin from saffron, or for roburin from common oak bark, epigallocatechin gallate from green tea leaves, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid from coffee beans), there is positive data from small randomized clinical trials. For others, so far there is only data from population studies (for example, on the correlation between consumption of walnuts and olives with the lowered incidence of depression), combined with some open-label studies on dietary supplements that contain those pigments.
 Practical implications. Our results, in our opinion, provide theoretical and practical grounds for the use of some plant pigments (curcumin, crocin and crocetin, epigallocatechin gallate, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, roburin, oleuropein, juglone) in the combination treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome, mild forms of anxiety and depressive disorders, mild cognitive impairment, early stages of Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, especially in patients who refuse pharmacotherapy or who do not tolerate it well.

Ontological and Methodological Limitations of Certain Cultural Evolution Approaches

Recently there has been a rise in the application of concepts and methods from biological evolutionary theory to human cultures and societies where the aim is to explain these by describing them as population-level phenomena reducible to individual-level processes. I argue against this type of view by using Mesoudi's Cultural Evolution as a case study. I claim that Mesoudi’s ontological assumptions about cultures and societies are dubious and his methodological assumptions inadequate when it comes to addressing cultural and social phenomena. A consequence is that this approach to studying culture is, at the very least, incomplete and of limited application.

Using Genetic Algorithm for DNA Profile Matching

The DNA is used in forensic investigations to identify suspects and victims at crime scenes. However, manual matching of DNA profiles is difficult and error-prone, especially in large databases. In Iraq, technology for DNA matching is limited, making manual matching the only option. Regenerate. In this work, we propose a Genetic Algorithm (GA) for DNA dataset matching to provide simple and user-friendly software to be used by law enforcement agencies in Iraq. The genetic algorithm is a type of heuristic search method used in computing science and artificial intelligence. It is based on the theory of natural selection and evolutionary biology and is used to find the best solutions to search problems. Genetic algorithm is robust for searching through big, complicated datasets. Thus, in this paper, the GA is the algorithm of choice to achieve the goal of DNA matching search. The used dataset is actual data that have been collected from the Ministry of Interior at the Basra Investigation Center. Finally, the python simulation results show 100% accuracy where the proposed method managed to find the DNAs under consideration precisely.

Scientific practice as ecological-enactive co-construction

Philosophy of science has undergone a naturalistic turn, moving away from traditional idealized concerns with the logical structure of scientific theories and toward focusing on real-world scientific practice, especially in domains such as modeling and experimentation. As part of this shift, recent work has explored how the project of philosophically understanding science as a natural phenomenon can be enriched by drawing from different fields and disciplines, including niche construction theory in evolutionary biology, on the one hand, and ecological and enactive views in embodied cognitive science, on the other. But these insights have so far been explored in separation from each other, without clear indication of whether they can work together. Moreover, the focus on particular practices, however insightful, has tended to lack consideration of potential further implications for a naturalized understanding of science as a whole (i.e., above and beyond those particular practices). Motivated by these developments, here we sketch a broad-ranging view of science, scientific practice and scientific knowledge in terms of ecological-enactive co-construction. The view we propose situates science in the biological, evolutionary context of human embodied cognitive activity aimed at addressing the demands of life. This motivates reframing theory as practice, and reconceptualizing scientific knowledge in ecological terms, as relational and world-involving. Our view also brings to the forefront of attention the fundamental link between ideas about the nature of mind, of science and of nature itself, which we explore by outlining how our proposal differs from more conservative, and narrower, conceptions of “cognitive niche construction.”

How Sonata Forms: A Bottom-up Approach to Musical Form Yoel Greenberg

There are at least five species of readers, overlapping but in principle independent of one another, to whom I can enthusiastically recommend this book. Readers interested in the eighteenth-century instrumental music of Germany and Italy will find an exhaustive study of compositional strategies of a wide range of composers, including some unfamiliar ones. Readers interested in musical form will find a compelling chronological back-story that precedes those repertories that are most frequently engaged by this topic, a rare focus on formal endings rather than beginnings, and a destabilization of some fundamental tenets about classical form. Readers interested in processes of musical change across historical time will be introduced to a provocative, informed, and compelling new model adapted from biological evolution and dynamic systems theory. Readers drawn to large-corpus statistical studies will find that rare application whose methodological trees never occlude their rich musical forest. And finally, readers who are also writers will be inspired by the beauty of the book-making craft: compact, focused, organized at multiply embedded levels of structure, witty and engaging. I can’t remember a book about music in which I read so many sentences that I wished I had written myself.

Federated Fuzzy Neural Network With Evolutionary Rule Learning

Distributed fuzzy neural networks (DFNNs) have attracted increasing attention recently due to their learning abilities in handling data uncertainties in distributed scenarios. However, it is challenging for DFNNs to handle cases in which the local data are non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID). In this paper, we propose a federated fuzzy neural network (FedFNN) with evolutionary rule learning (ERL) to cope with non-IID issues as well as data uncertainties. The FedFNN maintains a global set of rules in a server and a personalized subset of these rules for each local client. ERL is inspired by the theory of biological evolution; it encourages rule variations while activating superior rules and deactivating inferior rules for local clients with non-IID data. Specifically, ERL consists of two stages in an iterative procedure: a rule cooperation stage that updates global rules by aggregating local rules based on their activation statuses and a rule evolution stage that evolves the global rules and updates the activation statuses of the local rules. This procedure improves both the generalization and personalization of the FedFNN for dealing with non-IID issues and data uncertainties. Extensive experiments conducted on a range of datasets demonstrate the superiority of the FedFNN over state-of-the-art methods.

Evolutionary biological perspectives on current social issues of breastfeeding and weaning.

Breastfeeding and weaning are actively studied from evolutionary, medical, and social research perspectives because of their close association with infant mortality, lifetime health, and human population dynamics. Each discipline benefits from an interdisciplinary exchange of knowledge regarding the bases, processes, and consequences of these phenomena. However, current social issues related to breastfeeding and weaning have received little attention from an evolutionary biology perspective. We address this gap by reviewing current social issues related to human breastfeeding and weaning in an evolutionary framework. This approach helps build a conceptual framework with the goal of better understanding ultimate causes of or influences on these current social issues. The six social issues reviewed here fall into three categories: the spatiotemporal constraints of breastfeeding, abuse of breast milk as valuable material, and mismatch in breastfeeding practices. Some of these issues have an evolutionary basis. We analyze the structure of these social issues and discuss their possible solutions in terms of extension of the trade-off theory in evolutionary biology. Our discussion on the current social issues in breastfeeding and weaning highlights the effectiveness of an approach rooted in evolutionary theory and biological anthropology.

ON THE CULTURAL-ETHIC CATEGORIES TRANSFORMATION IN EUROPE OF THE XIX CENTURY: SEARCH FOR THE BASIC FOUNDATIONS

The article aims at discussing the XIX century’s European studies which influenced the new ethically-themed performance, viewed as the source of the main meaningful (or subject-to-subject) cultural categories. Social and scientific changes, which led to the “cultural upheaval”, made the scientists consider the value system newly and define the existence of the dynamic cultural-ethic elements as a system. Further this approach provided the basis for the division of the cultural categories into fundamental and meaningful. The vectors of ethic norms’ transformation are also under discussion, i.e. the development of philosophical ideas of the following researchers A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche, Ch. Darwin, A. Bergson: voluntaristic (built on the philosophy of the will), evolutionist (based on the Ch. Darwin’s theory of biological evolution) and vital (designed on the metaphysics of Bergson’s Elan Vital). Viewed as a whole, both “philosophy of living” and Ch. Darwin’s theory of the origin of species seem to ground cultural categories of a moral and ethical value. Thanks to them, life turned out to be not only of irrational creative philosophical principle but also of the ultimate value; while the concept struggle for existence moved to Biology. Life as an ultimate value acknowledgment did not mean the full refusal from the morality with the social degradation, it was only associated with relativization of traditional (Christian, primarily) values. This acknowledgment did not involve the recognition of the human being’s unlimited selfishness which in practice had to give way to the “instinct” of solidarity found in animality.

ТЕОРІЯ ЕВОЛЮЦІЙНОГО ВЧЕННЯ ТА ЇЇ РОЛЬ У ФОРМУВАННІ НАУКОВОГО СВІТОГЛЯДУ СТУДЕНТІВ В СИСТЕМІ ПІДГОТОВКИ ВЧИТЕЛІВ ПРИРОДНИЧОГО СПРЯМУВАННЯ

The article examines the importance of the educational discipline ″Theory of Evolutionary Teaching″ in the system of training future teachers of natural sciences. The role of this discipline in the formation of students’ scientific outlook is highlighted. The main part of the scientific worldview contains the views and beliefs that were formed on the basis of knowledge about nature and society and became the internal position of the individual. The theory of evolution forms scientific views and beliefs about the structure of the universe, the origin of life on Earth, the origin of man, and others. The educational and professional programs implemented in the Volodymyr Vynnychenko Central Ukrainian State University at the Department of Natural Sciences and Methods of their teaching were analyzed. These educational and professional programs present a number of general, professional competencies and program learning outcomes. Among general competencies, the ability to form a scientific worldview, development of human existence, society and nature, and spiritual culture are listed. Among the professional competences, the ability to use biological concepts, laws, concepts, teachings and theories of Biology to explain and develop students' understanding of the integrity and interdependence of living systems and organisms are mentioned; the ability to understand and be able to explain the structure, functions, vital activity, reproduction, classification, origin, distribution, use of living organisms and systems of all levels of organization; the ability to reveal the essence of biological phenomena, processes and technologies, to solve biological problems; the ability to explain to specialists and non-specialists the strategy of sustainable development of mankind and ways of solving its global problems based on a deep understanding of modern problems of natural sciences. Among the learning outcomes, it is indicated that a student knows biological terminology and nomenclature, understands the basic concepts, theories and general structure of biological science; as well he or she knows the basic laws and provisions of genetics, molecular biology, and the theory of evolution. The working program of the academic discipline and its contents were also analyzed. The structure and integration of this subject is shown, which combines such natural sciences as: genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, ecology, paleontology, morphology, systematics, embryology, comparative anatomy and physiology, anthropology, biophysics, quantum physics, nuclear physics, astronomy, biocybernetics, biogeography, paleogeography, geology and other sciences. Keywords: theory of evolutionary teaching, natural sciences, biology, biology and chemistry teacher, natural sciences teacher, scientific outlook, competences.

El edificio histórico del Instituto de Botánica Darwinion de San Isidro: el mensaje silencioso del legado del Dr. Cristóbal M. Hicken

The Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (CONICET and ANCEFyN) was founded by the end of 1910 in the San Martín district by Cristóbal María Hicken as his private botanical research laboratory. Its name honors Charles Darwin for his brilliant theory of biological evolution. In 1924, Cristóbal M. Hicken made public his desire to bequeath the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion to the National State, a fact that only materialized in 1934. But in the early ‘30s, he decided to move the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion to a new building located in the San Isidro district, built especially to contain the institute and also his retirement home. After 87 years of existence and five building extensions, the historic building of the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion of San Isidro maintains its integrity and attracts the attention of both the public and architecture and design professionals. Based on the study of building characteristics and the thought of Cristóbal M. Hicken, the main objective of this work is to evaluate whether the external and internal structure of the historic Darwinion building in San Isidro, together with the ornamentation and distribution of original functions of each room, respond only to an aesthetic and functional design or if, in addition, they have a symbolic meaning, a vision of the world, a silent message for those who want (and know how) to understand. With this central purpose as a guide, we carried out a multidisciplinary investigation to reconstruct Cristóbal M. Hicken’s vision in the design of the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion of San Isidro. We started from the analysis of the original building in the San Martín district in search of any possible design background, to then focus the attention entirely on the building in San Isidro. Plans, public documents, correspondence, historical photographs, academic and dissemination articles of the time, pre-Hispanic South American ethnographic information, Argentine historical information between 1860 and 1930, and interviews with relatives and historians were studied. In short, the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion in San Isidro was created as a museum and a laboratory plus a home. The design of the museum agrees with the concept of “temple of Botany” manifested by Cristóbal M. Hicken himself, and whose first sign is observed in the etymology of the name of the institute. Its ornamentation is eclectic, since it combines symbols of Andean pre-Hispanic cultures with symbols of Western civilization, and it is structured according to each room (portal, front rooms, herbarium, library) and orientation (towards the street or towards the inner garden). This ornamentation works like a discourse in symbolic key with multiple messages for the visitor: it reflects an original, foundational, and ancient Argentine identity, which in turn communicates that the Darwinion is a place where a silent and fertile unveiling of the knowledge, of the secrets of evolution, takes place protected from evils and misfortunes by Nature itself. The design plan of the institute, the portal, the access terrace, and the internal garden convey desirable masonic values through the symbolic language, typical and traditional of Freemasonry. Likewise, we show evidence of Dr. Cristóbal M. Hicken’s great interest in Andean pre-Hispanic cultures, of his refined knowledge of Greco-Roman mythology, his belonging to Argentine Freemasonry and consequent ability to symbolic language, and his knowledge of construction, cosmology, and analytic geometry. For these reasons, and considering his participation in the supervision of the building work declared by the newspapers of his time, the probable direct intervention of Cristóbal M. Hicken is proposed both in the design of the building of the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion of San Isidro, as well as in the design of its ornamentation. In addition, evidence is provided of the possible intervention of Arturo Prins and Fernando de Estrada in the project of the building.

What Is a Neganthropic Institution?

This article discusses the relation between the institutions and the production of entropy as read by Bernard Stiegler and locates this discussion within a more specific debate on institutions in advanced capitalism. Commenting on Stiegler’s approach to the concept of entropy, the article brings into focus the institutional strand of Stiegler’s increasingly hurried writings where this concept is discussed and reframes his critique of political economy as ‘neganthropology’ in relation to what I describe as neganthropic institutions. A full explanation of Stiegler’s positive project of neganthroplogy is offered through an inherent critique of Friedrich Hayek’s economic theory and of his view on institutions. I show that Hayek’s approach to institutions largely stems from his understanding of the theory of biological evolution, which is fundamentally flawed because it neglects the question of entropy with regard to the organisation of the living in general and of the human species in particular.

Female cooperation: evolutionary, cross-cultural and ethnographic evidence.

Women and girls cooperate with each other across many domains and at many scales. However, much of this information is buried in the ethnographic record and has been overlooked in theoretic constructions of the evolution of human sociality and cooperation. The assumed primacy of male bonding, hunting, patrilocality and philopatry has dominated the discussion of cooperation without balanced consideration. A closer look at the ethnographic record reveals that in addition to cooperative childcare and food production, women and girls collectively form coalitions, have their own cooperative political, ceremonial, economic and social institutions, and develop female-based exchange and support networks. The numerous ethnographic examples of female cooperation urge reconsideration of gender stereotypes and the limits of female cooperation. This review brings together theoretic, cross-cultural and cross-lifespan research on female cooperation to present a more even and empirically supported view of female sociality. Following the lead from trends in evolutionary biology and sexual selection theory, the hope going forward is that the focus shifts from rote characterizations of sex differences to highlighting sources of variation and conditions that enhance or constrain female cooperative engagement. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives'.

Construction of Early Warning Model for Financial Economic Cycle Using Genetic Algorithm

Economic crises occur when the economy experiences drastic fluctuations, which in turn cause heavy losses to society and the economy. Economic crises happen when there are significant losses to society and the economy as a result of the economy experiencing abrupt changes or deep recessions. The term “economic cycle early warning mechanism” refers to a collection of theories and techniques for keeping track of, assessing, forecasting, and choosing policies regarding finances in light of the particular economic phenomenon known as economic cycle fluctuations. The traditional early warning mechanism has been unable to keep up with the demands of economic cycle early warning due to the growth of economic globalisation, and the phenomenon of incomplete early warning and poor early warning accuracy frequently occurs. A genetic algorithm simulates the natural selection and genetic mechanisms of Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. It is a computational model of the biological evolution process. It is a technique for looking for the best answer by simulating the course of natural evolution. Genetic algorithms have advanced incredibly quickly in recent years. It has been widely applied in machine learning, neural networks, control system optimization, and the social sciences as an effective, useful, and reliable optimization technique. In order to optimize the early warning mechanism and increase the thoroughness and accuracy of early warning, this paper investigates the early warning mechanism of financial and economic cycles by combining genetic algorithms. A mathematical model of the economic cycle was built during the experiment and tested in accordance with the genetic algorithm’s basic operating principle. The findings demonstrate that the genetic algorithm-based early warning system for the financial economic cycle is more complete and accurate, with a 6.4% increase in accuracy.