Theory Of Human Personality Research Articles

The Evidence-Based Conceptual Model of Transactional Analysis: A Focused Review of the Research Literature

This article presents a focused review of the research literature in transactional analysis (TA). TA was developed in the 1950s as a theory of human personality and social behavior and as a comprehensive form of psychotherapy, but there has not been any systematic research to test the empirical evidence for the efficacy of TA theory and practice. The aim of this study was to develop the conceptual model of transactional analysis on the basis of a systematic review of the actual, self-reported practice of international TA psychotherapists and on the evidence found in research. The article systematically reviews common conceptual components of TA and their empirical evidence by examining the common denominator and the empirical evidence for the central clinical phenomenon, etiology, therapeutic mechanisms, therapeutic competencies, outcomes, and synthesis. TA focuses on problems in ego states (operationalized as Parent, Adult, and Child) with distinctive behavioral functions of Controlling Parent, Nurturing Parent, Adult, Adapted Child, and Free Child. Individuals can develop long-term problems in their ego states, social functioning, and self-efficacy as the result of unfavorable messages from their social context (negative parental messages in early life, lack of developing mature coping mechanisms, intergenerational messages, negative stroke balance), script decisions (accepting or rejecting unfavorable messages via behavior, emotional disconnection, or cognitive styles), life events, and genetics/temperament. TA treatment intends to help clients by developing constructive ego states, improving social functioning, and stimulating a sense of self-efficacy. Research confirms that TA improves psychopathology, behavior, and general well-being thanks to improvement in ego states, self-efficacy, and social functioning. These effects are achieved by four evidence-based therapist competencies: creating a positive client-practitioner relationship, working with experiences in the present, etiological analysis (life scripts, injunctions, counterinjunctions), and therapeutic structure (treatment contracts, treatment stages, psychoeducation/didactics). Meta-analysis of 75 studies shows that TA has moderate to large positive effects on psychopathology, self-efficacy, social functioning, and ego states. This conceptual model shows that TA can be considered a bona fide and evidence-based treatment for a wide range of clients.

Stability of Owners’ Perceptions of the Behavioral Style of Their Cats

ABSTRACTIn humans, personality is relatively stable across the adult life- span and various situations. Can the same be said of the personality of cats? Primary caregivers of cats thought about their cats in four situations: 1) home alone with the cat, 2) an unknown plumber arrives, 3) during a thunderstorm, and 4) when they had had the cat for six months. In each imagined situation, the 65 female and 28 male caregivers (mean age 38.2 years) rated one of their cats (48 female, 44 male, one unknown, mean age 8.0 years) on 29 adjectives that were collapsed into six dimensions of the behavioral style of the cat: amiability, demandingness, dominance, gullibility, nervousness, and play- fulness. Results indicate that owners’ perceptions of the behavioral style of their cat (except gullibility) were not stable across situations. When home alone with the owner, cats were perceived as more amiable (M = 3.82), demanding (M = 3.33), dominant (M = 3.10), and playful (M = 3.55) and less nervous (M = 2.39) than with a plumber (Mamiable = 2.92, Mdemandingness = 2.36, Mdominance = 2.71, Mplayfulness = 2.77, and Mnervous = 3.60) or during a thunder-storm (Mamiable = 2.98, Mdemandingness = 2.72, Mdominance = 2.56, Mplayfulness = 2.43, and Mnervous = 3.47). These differences are not explained by an overall increase or decrease in cat behavior. The lack of situational stability in per- ceived behavioral styles may limit the applicability of some theories of human personality to cats. Researchers who rely on owners’ ratings of the personal- ity or behavior style of cats should specify the situation during which the owner should rate their cat.

Transactional Analysis of Married and Unmarried Nurses

Background: Transactional analysis is a theory of human personality and social behaviour. It is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy founded in the late 1950s by Eric Berne. Lately, organisational psychologists are waking up to the value of transactional analysis as a valuable Human Resources tool, giving them an insight into various interpersonal transactional styles in various professions. Nursing as a profession has always been characterised as a nurturing, caregiving and comfort providing job, which can emerge as a very taxing and stressful profession in return. The myriad role that nurses play requires certain interpersonal tactics and styles which are very typical demands of their job role. But their personalities and dispositions cannot be ignored. Hence, an attempt is being made in the present study to analyse different transactional styles being adopted by female nursing professionals, along with their back up styles and also the role of their marital status on how they deal with their patients. Methodology: For this purpose, a sample of 120 female nurses, 60 married and 60 unmarrieds, falling in the age range of 25-40 years, working in various private and government hospitals of Chandigarh was taken. The data was collected with the help of Transactional Styles Inventory-Nurses. Results: Results revealed significant differences between married and unmarried nurses. Married nurses were more nurturing while the unmarried nurses emerged to be more regulated in their interpersonal transactions. Conclusion: The overall interpersonal efficacy of nurses needs to be improved so that they can attain the position best suited to help them meet the demands of various roles that they have to play.
 Keywords: Transactional analysis, transactional functions, nurse-patient interaction

JATIDIRI MANUSIA BERDASARKAN FILSAFAT TINDAKAN HANNAH ARENDT PERSPEKTIF FILSAFAT MANUSIA: RELEVANSI DENGAN PELANGGARAN HAM TAHUN 1965-1966 DI INDONESIA

The essential problem of human rights violation is a matter of human life. The issue raises many new problems, including the trauma suffered by victims and guilty feelings experienced by perpetrators. Some cases of human rights violation, can often be resolved by the constitutional court. Other cases cannot be solved by laws and regulations that have been established. In such cases, it requires an accomplishment by using another point of view, for example, by understanding the basic structure of human person, based on Hannah Arendt's philosophy of action. This research is a qualitative research with emphasises library research in obtaining datas. Methods used in this study are: hermeneutics, and heuristics. The formal object is human person that is part of philosophy of human. Theory of human person which is categorized into three parts, namely: the personality of human, self identity of human, and the uniqueness in the sociality of human. The result of this research is an exposure of the philosophy of human action, as an ultimate activity in the vita activa. Human beings as individuals, are body and soul; soul and mind. Self identity is understood not only as the present, but also the past and the projections of the future. Human beings develop continuously in the historicity of the time, so that each individual is unique from the others. This uniqueness colors the difference in plurality of life which is expected to keep the friendship in a community. Arendt's philosophy has been successfully answered the problem for human rights violation during the under Nazi rule. Arendt's analysis of the problem for the emphasis on the human personality-conscious thinking in a situation that tends to be authoritarian. Another analysis is the human ability to forgive, promise and build friendship. It is inspire to answer the problem for human rights violation at Indonesia upon 1965-1966. Understanding based on consciousness thinking, forgiveness, promise and friendship will break the cycle of revenge, restore social memory, and ensure the creation of rights of every citizen.

The seven deadly sins: Clarifying the nature of a general factor of personality

The aim of the present study was to determine if a general factor of personality (GFP) could be extracted from a collection of sub-clinical antisocial personality traits. A total of 1505 adults completed the Short-D3 assessing the Dark Triad traits of narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Additionally, they filled out the Vices and Virtues Scale (VAVS) measuring the seven deadly sins—anger, envy, gluttony, greed, lust, pride, and sloth. Principal components analysis yielded a GFP accounting for 47% of the variance in the data. All variables exhibited high loadings on this general factor, ranging from .45 (sloth) to .79 (pride). The loadings remained high even when the scores were adjusted for the effect of social desirability. The implications of these results on the ongoing debate regarding the nature and meaning of a potential GFP are discussed in the context of existing evolutionary theories of human personality.

Satisfaction of basic psychological needs as a mediator of the relationship between community esteem and wellbeing

Past research has shown that possessing a strong sense of community or esteem for one’s community is positively related to feelings of psychological wellbeing. Much less research has examined what mechanisms may underlie this relationship. Self-determination theory, a theory of human personality and optimal functioning, proposes the existence of three species-typical basic psychological needs (for competence, relatedness, and autonomy), the satisfaction of which is crucial for experiencing wellbeing. We hypothesized that need satisfaction is a mediator of the relationship between feelings of esteem for one’s community and several widely employed measures of wellbeing among a sample of residents living in an urban community in the United States. In accord with the primary hypotheses, the results revealed a robust association between community esteem and both hedonic and eudaimonic measures of wellbeing. Furthermore, the associations between community esteem and wellbeing were mediated by self-reported satisfaction of basic psychological needs. This work contributes to an improved understanding of the complex relationship between esteem for one’s community and psychological wellbeing and has implications for debates surrounding the benefits and role of community in individuals’ lives.

Indian conceptions of human personality

Abstract Western philosophical and psychological thinking lacks an accepted theory of human personality; it has produced conflicting and inadequate notions, such as the religious one of a soul, the vague concept of the ‘mind’ and biological theories basing their understanding of man on the functions of the nervous system, particularly the brain, or dealing with his mental dimension only in terms of behavioural patterns. This paper explores the notions of personality in Indian systems and finds that virtually all of them understand it, despite differing terminology, as a fluid complex of functions or living forces characterised by intrinsic intelligence and coordinated by a dynamic structural principle, operating on three levels of reality: phenomenal material, phenomenal immaterial and noumenal or absolute. One can say that the Indian tradition fully appreciated the complexity of the problem and produced theories of personality which are more comprehensive than western ones and merit study as well as atte...

Some Marxist Theories of Human Personality

Some Marxist Theories of Human Personality

Law as an Instrument of Mental Health in the United States and Soviet Russia

Much has been written in recent decades about place of psychiatry in the and especially about the need to incorporate into the law insights derived from psychiatric research. Far too little attention has been given, however, to the closely related question of the place of law in psychiatry and the need to incorporate into psychiatry insights derived from legal research. Law is not merely a fact of social life; it is also a body of ideas. Implicit in legal concepts, and often explicit in them as well, are theories of human personality. Moreover, both through de facto operation and through its concepts and theories, law-like psychiatry-seeks to influence human personality. In helping to maintain social order, law at the same time and by the same token helps to maintain the mental health of the members of society. Those who think of the road from psychiatry to law as simply a one-way street are misled, I believe, by the sharp distinction which is often drawn between the lawyer's concern with social order and the psychiatrist's concern with personality. In one of the best expositions of what law may learn from psychiatry, we are told that focus of the law is on society primarily, and only secondarily on the individual; in psychiatry the emphasis is almost exclusively on the individual. 1 But the truth is that society and the are really two dimensions of the same thing-man. The law, at least, cannot separate the two, and psychiatry separates them at its peril. The word individual is, in fact, quite misleading, for it suggests an isolated being sufficient unto himself and devoid of relationships with others. Psychiatrists are concerned, of course, not with individuals in this abstract sense but with real people, people who have mothers and fathers, husbands or wives, children, friends, teachers,