Theoretical Values Of Ultrasonic Velocity Research Articles

Theoretical Values, Percentage Deviations and Calculated Values by Polynomial Equations of the Liquid Mixture with Equimolar Mixture of Ethanol and Formamide

Background: The binary mixtures of isopropanol/isobutanol/isoamyl alcohol with an equimolar mixture of ethanol and formamide consist of different ultrasonic properties, which have been studied at room temperature at a fixed frequency of 2 MHz. The ultrasonic-related physical parameters like velocity (U), density (ρ), adiabatic compressibility (βad), intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (Z), etc., have been studied. The theoretical evaluation of ultrasonic velocity in liquid mixtures offers a transparent method for the study of the nature of molecular interactions in the mixtures besides verifying the applicability of different theories such as Nomoto’s, Van Dael and Vangeel’s, Impedance Dependence relation, Junjie’s relation, Rao’s specific sound velocity relation, and Jacobson’s relations, Percentage deviations of theoretical ultrasonic velocities from experimental values in the mixtures of all liquid mixture and also calculated values of ultrasonic velocity from polynomials for all the schemes with mole fraction (x) of isopropanol/isobutanol/ isoamyl alcohol. Objective: The main focus of the present work was to prepare the structural changes associated with the liquid mixtures having weakly interacting components and strongly interacting components. The study of molecular association in mixtures providing exact information of thermodynamic mixing properties, such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, free volume, internal pressure, and molar volume, has significant importance in theoretical and applied areas of research. The ultrasonic study has been a subject of keen interest during the past many years. This branch of physical sciences has played a significant role in deciding the interactions between the molecules of compounds under study. It has a potential tool for evaluating energy exchange between various degrees of freedom and nonlinear properties in binary liquid mixtures. Methods: The binary liquid mixtures were prepared by mixing two components, by weight, using an electronic analytical balance (Reptech RA-2012), accurate up to ±0.0001 g. The average uncertainty in mole fraction of binary mixtures was estimated to be ±0.0001. To avoid loss of solvent due to evaporation, mixtures were stored in specially designed ground-glass airtight ampoules and placed in a dark place to prevent photolytic effects. Results: These empirical fittings of data are described qualitatively and quantitatively using experimental speed data even in the specific interaction predominant region where non-ideal behavior of the mixture is observed. The values of sound velocities and percentage deviation (after determining the co-efficient of the polynomial equations by applying the least squares method) are compiled in the tables, respectively. Conclusion: The ultrasonic velocities and densities for all three mixtures were measured, and the values were calculated. The observed trends of VEm, ΔkS and LEf indicate the presence of weak interactions, and the strength of these interactions follows the order EMM+IPA>EMM +IBA>EMM+IAA. Besides, the ultrasonic velocities measured from different velocity theories were found to be consistent with the experimentally measured ultrasonic velocities. Among these theories, Jacobson’s velocity equation showed a good result for the experimental and theoretical ultrasonic velocity values for all the binary mixtures used.

Ultrasonic velocity of urea – A comparative study at room temperature

Ultrasonic velocity measurement is a vital tool to find out the liquid properties. It is used to find out the physico-chemical properties of the liquids. Urea or carbamide is an organic compound. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as it is a rich source of nitrogen. It is also an important raw material for the chemical industry. It is used as a stabilizer in nitrocellulose explosive. Ultrasonic velocity (u), density (ρ), viscosity (η) of Urea at room temperature is found out. From these basic entities, acoustical parameters are calculated. Ultrasonic velocity obtained from experimental data of Urea is compared with theoretical ultrasonic velocity values. Scaled Particle theory of Urea is found out which helps to study the phase change of molecules. The shape combination of Urea can be predicted with the help of scaled particle theory.

Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Ternary Liquid Mixture at Different Temperatures

Theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity in the ternary mixtures of diisopropylether+2,2,2- trifluoroethanol+1-propanol have been evaluated at temperatures 303 K, 308 K and 313 K using Nomoto's Relation (UNR), Junjie's Method (UJM), Ideal Mixing Relation (UIMR), Free Length Theory (UFLT), Collision Factor Theory (UCFT) and Impedance Dependence Relation (UIDR). Theoretical values were compared with the experimental values and the validity of the theories was checked by calculating the average percentage error (APE).

Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Ternary Liquid Mixture of Tetrahydrofuran, Heptane and Decane at Different Temperatures

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the ternary liquid mixtures of tetrahydrofuran, heptanes and decane have been measured at temperatures 303 K, 308 K and 313 K over the entire composition range of mole fractions. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using Nomoto's Relation (UNR), Junjie's Method (UJM), Ideal Mixing Relation (UIMR), Free Length Theory (U FLT), Collision Factor Theory (UCFT) and Impedance Dependence Relation (UIDR). Theoretical values are compared with the experimental values and the validity of the theories is checked by calculating the average percentage error (APE).

Acoustical Properties of Ternary Mixtures of Di-(2ethyl- hexyl)phosphoric Acid, Benzene and m-Xylene at Different Temperatures

Ultrasonic velocity (U) and density (ρ) of the ternary mixtures of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA), benzene and m-xylene were measured at atmospheric pressure and temperatures from 298.15K to 313.15K at an interval of 5K. The experimental data have been used to calculate adiabatic compressibility (Ks), intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (Z), surface tension (), molar volume (Vm) and Wada's constant (W). From the data, the deviations in adiabatic compressibility (Ks), ultrasonic velocity (U), intermolecular free length (Lf) and acoustic impedance (Z) were calculated. The results are discussed in terms of molecular interaction among components of the ternary mixture. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity have been calculated using various empirical relations and are compared with the corresponding experimental data by calculating percentage deviation.

Analysis of the alterations in porosity features of some natural stones due to thermal effect

Three types of commercially available carbonate rocks were used in the study to determine the effect of thermal treatment in the range from 100°C to 500°C on porosity features in terms of two different approaches such as pore shape factor and quality index values. The ratio of the ultrasonic velocity measurements before and after water saturation was used to differentiate porosity of pores from porosity of cracks under varying temperatures. It was found that, pores in Burdur Beige and Usak White are in the form of cracks, which are situated through inner structure. On the other hand, pores in Patara Limestone are in the form of porosity with lower pore shape factor values. Quality index calculation is another approach based on the comparison of the measured and theoretical ultrasonic velocity values. When the rocks were subjected to higher temperatures, internal stress was developed, crack lengths and numbers were increased and finally the higher pore shape factor and lower quality index values were obtained. This situation was proven by the higher water absorption values for all the stone types with the higher pore shape factor and lower quality index values depend on the noticeable increase in effective porosity values.

Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocity in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Alcohols [S] + Benzene

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of benzene with 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 3-butanol at 303.15 to 318.15 K, over the entire composition range were measured. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using the Nomoto’s Relation (NR), Ideal Mixture Relation (IMR), Free Length Theory (FLT) and Collision Factor Theory (CFT). The validity of these relations and theories were tested by comparing the computed sound velocities with experimental values. Further, the molecular interaction parameter (α) was computed by using the experimental and the theoretical ultrasonic velocity values. The variation of this parameter with composition of the mixtures has been discussed in terms of molecular interaction in these mixtures.

Theoretical Ultrasonic Velocities in Binary Liquid Mixture Containing Aniline and Anisole at Different Temperatures – A Comparative Study

Ultrasonic velocity is measured experimentally at 3MHz frequency in the binary liquid mixture containing aniline and anisole at different temperatures over the entire composition range and theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity have been evaluated by using Nomoto’s relation, Impedance relation, Van Dael ideal mixture relation. These theoretical values are compared with the experimental values. A good agreement has been found between experimental and theoretical ultrasonic velocities.

Theoretical Ultrasonic Velocities in Binary Liquid Mixture Containing Aniline and Anisole at Different Temperatures – A Comparative Study

Ultrasonic velocity is measured experimentally at 3MHz frequency in the binary liquid mixture containing aniline and anisole at different temperatures over the entire composition range and theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity have been evaluated by using Nomoto’s relation, Impedance relation, Van Dael ideal mixture relation. These theoretical values are compared with the experimental values. A good agreement has been found between experimental and theoretical ultrasonic velocities.

Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocity in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Alcohols [S] + Benzene

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of benzene with 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 3-butanol at 303.15 to 318.15 K, over the entire composition range were measured. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using the Nomoto’s Relation (NR), Ideal Mixture Relation (IMR), Free Length Theory (FLT) and Collision Factor Theory (CFT). The validity of these relations and theories were tested by comparing the computed sound velocities with experimental values. Further, the molecular interaction parameter (α) was computed by using the experimental and the theoretical ultrasonic velocity values. The variation of this parameter with composition of the mixtures has been discussed in terms of molecular interaction in these mixtures.

Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Anisaldehyde with Some Alcoxyethanols at Different Temperatures

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of anisaldehyde with alcoxyethanols like methoxyethanol (MOE), ethoxyethanol (EOE), and butoxyethanol (BOE) have been measured at temperatures 303.15 K, 308.15 K, 313.15 K, and 318.15 K over the entire composition range of mole fractions. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using Nomoto's relation (), impedance relation (), ideal mixing relation (), Jungie's relation (), and Rao’s specific velocity relation (). The molecular interaction parameter () has been evaluated from the values of experimental and theoretical velocities. The variation of this interaction parameter with the composition mixture has been discussed in terms of molecular interactions.

Studies on molecular interaction in binary mixtures of diethyl ether with some alkanols – an acoustic approach

The viscosity (η), density (ρ) and ultrasonic velocity (u) of pure diethyl ether (DEE) and three alkanols, namely methanol, n-propanol and n-butanol, and their binary mixture with DEE as a common component have been experimentally measured at 303.16 K under atmospheric pressure. The experimentally measured parameters were employed to compute the values of isentropic compressibility (β s), intermolecular free length (L f), molar volume (V m), acoustic impedance (Z), available volume (V a), free volume (V f), internal pressure (π i) and the viscous relaxation time (τ). Furthermore, the deviation functions such as were estimated in the entire range of DEE molefraction. The compositional variation of deviation functions were correlated to the Redlich–Kister-type polynomial equation. The sign and magnitude of deviation parameters have been interpreted in terms of H-bonding, proper interstitial accommodation in the structural process and the dipole–dipole type of molecular interactions between DEE and alkanol molecules. Theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity in all three binary mixtures have been estimated using five different empirical relations, such as Nomoto's relation, Junjie's relation, Rao's relation, Van Deal-Vageel's ideal mixing relation and impedance dependence relation. The relative merit of these relations with the measured values of ultrasonic velocity is discussed in this article.

Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Anisic Aldehyde with some Esters at Different Temperatures Using Different Theories and Models

Densities and Ultrasonic velocities of the binary liquid mixtures of Anisicaldehyde with Methyl Acetate (MA) Ethyl Acetate (EA) and Butyl Acetate (BA) have been measured at a temperature range from 303.15 to 318.15 K with an interval of 5 K, over the entire composition of mole fractions. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using the Nomoto’s relation (UNR), Impedance relation (UIR), Ideal mixing relation (UIMR), Rao’s specific velocity relation (UR) Junjie’s relation (UJR) and Danusso model (UD). The molecular interaction parameter (χ), Chi-square value, average percentage error (APE) have been evaluated to find the best applicable theory. The variation of this interaction parameter with the mole fraction of common compound has been discussed in terms of molecular interactions.

Theoritical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Binary Liquid Mixtures ofN-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone at Different Temperatures with Some Cyclic Compounds

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures ofN-methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) with Cyclohexylamine (CHA), Cyclohexanol (CHOL) and Cyclohexene(CHE) at a temperature range of 303.15 to 318.15 K over the entire composition range were measured. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using the Nomoto's relation(UNR), Impedence relation(UIR), Ideal mixing relation(UIMR), Jungie's relation(UJR) and Rao's specific velocity relation(UR).The molecular interaction parameter (α) was computed by using the experimental and theoretical ultrasonic velocity values. The variation of interaction parameter with the composition of the mixture has been discussed in terms of molecular interactions.

Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Ultrasonic Velocityin Binary Liquid Mixtures of Ethyl benzoate

Ultrasonic velocity is measured at 2MHz frequency in the binary mixtures of Ethyl Benzoate with 1‐Propanol, 1‐Butanol, 1‐Pentanol and theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity have been evaluated at 303K using Nomoto′s relation, Impedance relation, Ideal mixture relation, Junjie′s method and free length theory. Theoretical values are compared with the experimental values and the validity of the theories is checked by applying the chi‐square test for goodness of fit and by calculating the average percentage error (APE). A good agreement has been found between experimental and Nomoto’s ultrasonic velocity.

Application of Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory to volumetric, ultrasonic, and compressibility parameters of (glycylglycine + CuCl 2) in aqueous ethanol mixtures

The molar volume and compressibility of (glycylglycine + CuCl 2) in aqueous ethanol mixtures have been obtained at four different temperatures T = (288.15 to 318.15) K from ultrasonic velocity and density measurements. Excess molar volumes were found to be negative throughout the composition range indicating notable changes in hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Using the Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory, quantitative estimation of different contributions, i.e. interactional, free volume, and P ∗ effect to V E have been obtained. The molar isentropic compressibility has been computed using the ultrasonic velocity and excess volume data. The trends in κ S E are affected by the size of the molecule leading to negative contributions. In order to compare the theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity, the equations of Nomoto and Junjie were used and found to predict the experimental data very well.

Theoretical Prediction of Ultrasonic Velocity in Binary Liquid Mixtures

Theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity in the binary mixtures of chlorobenzene with benzene have been evaluated at different temperatures from 303.15 K‐323.15 K using Nomoto′s relation, ideal mixture relation, Junjie′s method, collision factor theory and free length theory. Theoretical values were compared with the experimental values and the validity of the theories was checked by applying the chi‐square test for goodness of fit and by calculating the average percentage error (APE).

Molecular Interaction Studies in Binary Liquid Mixtures from Ultrasonic Data

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of dimethy1 sulphoxide (DMSO) with phenol, o‐cresol, m‐cresol, p‐cresol and p‐chlorophenol at 318.15 K, over the entire composition range were measured. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using the Nomoto’s Relation (NR), Ideal Mixture Relation (IMR), Free Length Theory (FT) and Collision Factor Theory (FLT). The validity of these relations and theories was tested by comparing the computed sound velocities with experimental values. Further, the molecular interaction parameter (α) was computed by using the experimental and the theoretical ultrasonic velocity values. The variation of this parameter with composition of the mixtures has been discussed in terms of molecular interaction in these mixtures.

Theoretical Prediction of Ultrasonic Velocity in Organic Liquid Mixtures

Theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity in the binary mixtures of cyclohexanone with 2‐propanol and 2‐methyl‐2‐propanol have been evaluated at 303 K using Nomoto’s relation, collision factor theory, free length theory, ideal mixture relation, Junjie’s method. Theoretical values are compared with the experimental values and the validity of the theories are checked by applying the chi‐square test for goodness of fit and by calculating the average percentage error (APE).

Theoretical Evaluation of Sound Velocity and Other Acoustic Parameters for Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (NaDS) at 298.15 K

Abstract The intermolecular free length Lf has been evaluated employing thermodynamic approach of Eyring and Hirschfelder while free length theory (FLT) of Jacobson has been used to compute the theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity. Subsequently, the theoretical values of other acoustic parameters were calculated. The results of theoretically calculated parameters have been compared with those derived from experimental ultrasonic velocity data. Both, v theo and v exp differ by 0.20% and v theo > v exp. The results for ⊘K theo and ⊘K exp show the maximum variation (62%) while data for R theo and R exp change by minimum (0.07%) and R theo > R exp.