Theoretical Measurement Research Articles

Topological characterization of [n]-triangulenes through degree-based molecular descriptors with the prediction to π-electron energy

Abstract Triangulene and its π-extended homologues are a family of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
with a peculiar chemical structure. They are recognized for their intricate structural configurations
and electrical properties, which make them a promising material for potential uses in spintronics.
They are built of benzenoid rings fused in a triangular manner. Topological indices are widely
utilized as graph theoretical measures for evaluating the physicochemical properties of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons by analyzing their molecular structures, makes them hold a significant position
in the domain of mathematical and computational chemistry. In this study, a mathematical
exploration of topological indices of [n]-triangulenes has been done to establish a comprehensive
understanding of their applications and significance. Generalized expressions for topological indices
have been computed, and their predictive power for various physicochemical properties has been
studied using statistical methods. Also, a quantitative structure-property relationship analysis of
[n]-triangulene’s energetic characteristics has been performed. Moreover, a generalized algebraic
expression to predict the π-electron energy of [n]-triangulene structure has been derived.

Autoregressive HMM resolves biomolecular transitions from passive optical tweezer force measurements

Optical tweezer (OT) single molecule force spectroscopy is a powerful method to map out the energy landscape of biological complexes and has found increasing applications in academic and pharmaceutical research. The dominant method to extract molecular conformation transitions from the thermal diffusion-broadened trajectories of the microscopic OT probes attached to the single molecule of interest is through hidden Markov models (HMM). In standard applications, the HMMs assume a white noise spectrum of the probes superimposed onto the molecular signal.Here, we demonstrate, through theoretical derivation, computer modeling and experimental measurements that this standard white noise HMM (wnHMM) misses key features of real OT data. The deviation is most pronounced at higher frequencies because the white noise model does not account for the over-damped nature of particle diffusion in an OT harmonic potential in aqueous environments. To address this, we derive how to incorporate autoregression (ar) between consecutive data points into an HMM, and demonstrate through modeling and experiment that such an arHMM captures real OT data behavior across all frequency ranges. Through analysis of real OT data we recorded on a single DNA hairpin undergoing folding and unfolding transitions, we show that the wnHMM extracts lifetimes that are at least a factor of 2 faster and less consistent than the arHMM results which match expectations and prior measurements. Overall, our work suggests that arHMM should be the default model choice for analysis OT single molecule transitions and that its use will improve the fidelity and accuracy of single molecule force spectroscopy measurements.

Study on the match-filtering ability of the electromagnetic flowmeter signals based on the generalized dual-frequency walsh transform

This paper first considered the development of a generalized dual-frequency Walsh transform algorithm specifically for processing dual-frequency EMF signals, taking into account the measurement accuracy requirements in high-precision situations and the limited filtering performance of traditional methods. First, we build a mathematical model of the dual-frequency slurry EMF signal, which is essentially a superposition of interferences and an ideal EMF signal. Second, the match-filtering applicability of the generalized dual-frequency Walsh transform algorithm is verified by exploring the sequency-spectrum distributed features of the mathematical model. Finally, a series of theoretical measurement experiments was carried out, employing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as the qualitative metric to assess the measurement performance of the proposed method. This research not only breaks the limitations of traditional excitation techniques on excitation frequency but also provides new research ideas for signal processing similar to periodic rectangular waves.

Characterization of Coulomb Interactions in Electron Transport Through a Single Hetero-Helicene Molecular Junction Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.

Characterization of the structural and electron transport properties of single chiral molecules provides critical insights into the interplay between their electronic structure and electrochemical environments, providing broader implications given the significance of molecular chirality in chiroptical applications and pharmaceutical sciences. Here, we examined the topographic and electronic features of a recently developed chiral molecule, B,N-embedded double hetero[7]helicene, at the edge of Cu(100)-supported NaCl thin film with scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. An electron transport energy gap of 3.2 eV is measured, which is significantly larger than the energy difference between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals given by theoretical calculations or optical measurements. Through first-principles calculations, we demonstrated that this energy discrepancy results from the Coulomb interaction between the tunneling electron and the molecule's electrons. This occurs in electron transport processes when the molecule is well decoupled from the electrodes by the insulating decoupling layers, leading to a temporary ionization of the molecule during electron tunneling. Beyond revealing properties concerning a specific molecule, our findings underscore the key role of Coulomb interactions in modulating electron transport in molecular junctions, providing insights into the interpretation of scanning tunneling spectroscopy features of molecules decoupled by insulating layers.

Short-range azimuth measurement method based on a single-pulse laser beam expanding mechanism.

Aimed at addressing the problem of azimuth measurement of a short-range target with a pulsed laser, a new, to our knowledge, azimuth measurement method based on a single-pulse laser beam expanding mechanism is proposed based on the research of the pulse laser dynamic/static azimuth detection method. The echo power equation of single-pulse laser beam expanding short-range detection is derived theoretically. Combined with the spatial geometric distribution of the optical path and the normalized sum-difference angle measurement algorithm of the four-quadrant detector, a single-pulse laser short-range azimuth angle calculation model is established. Monte Carlo theoretical simulation and laboratory static measurement experiments are carried out. The influence mechanism of laser emission power, beam expanding reflection cone angle, and target projection size on the probability distribution of azimuth measurement is studied. The results show that with the increase of transmission power and target projection size, the half-width of azimuth measurement distribution decreases, the peak value increases, and the detection accuracy improves. With the increase of the cone angle of the reflected light, the half-width of the azimuth measurement distribution increases, the peak value decreases, and the detection accuracy decreases. As the spot is far away from the coordinate center, it will lead to an increase in the half-width of the azimuth measurement probability distribution, a decrease in the peak value, and a decrease in the detection accuracy.

Higher-order incompatibility improves distinguishability of causal quantum networks

Abstract Higher-order quantum theory deals with causal quantum processes, described by quantum combs, and test procedures, described by quantum testers, ``measuring" these processes. In this work, we show that ``jointly non-implementable" or incompatible quantum testers perform better in distinguishability tasks than their compatible counterparts. To demonstrate our finding, we consider a specific two-party game based on distinguishing quantum combs. We show that the player does better at winning the game when they have exclusive access to incompatible testers over compatible ones. Moreover, we show that, using the resource theoretic measure convex weight, any general quantum resource present in testers is resourceful in quantum comb exclusion tasks. These investigations generalise, respectively, an earlier finding that incompatibility of quantum observables to be a bona fide resource in quantum state distinguishability tasks and another finding that any resource present in observables result in improved performance in state exclusion or antidistinguishability tasks.

Two-Stage Recruitment Design to Reduce Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening Cost for a Theoretical Clinical Trial of White Matter Hyperintensity Progression.

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) and their progression are associated with risk of dementia and stroke, so are an important target for clinical trials. The cost of broad magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening to identify eligible individuals, however, limits the feasibility of designing clinical trials targeting WMH. A low-cost retinal or clinical screening measure before MRI could reduce recruitment costs versus an MRI-only screening design in a hypothetical clinical trial. Data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study with valid retinal and WMH measurements (N=1311) were used. To identify a population at greater likelihood of significant WMH on MRI and thus reduce the number of screening MRIs required, we evaluated 3 theoretical prescreening measures: (1) retinal, (2) clinical, (3) combined clinical-retinal. Given a target sample for clinical trials (N=646), we calculated screening sample sizes based on the proportion within the population having an elevated score for each prescreening measure (separately) multiplied by the proportion of significant WMH among those with that prescreening feature. Recruitment costs were calculated using estimated retinal and MRI cost estimates. Compared with the estimated cost of MRI-only screening (>$4.24 million, requiring MRI on 6526 participants), prescreening for a high clinical score resulted in total cost of $2.47 million, with an initial screening group of 52 778 participants, with MRI in 3801. A high clinical-retinal score cutoff resulted in costs of $2.9 million while requiring 13 572 participants, with 3801 completing MRI. A 2-stage design with low-cost prescreening measures is a promising approach, resulting in reduced theoretical recruitment costs compared with an MRI-only design.

Glycosylium Ions in Superacid Mimic the Transition State of Enzyme Reactions.

The hydrolysis of glycosides is a biochemical transformation that occurs in all living organisms, catalyzed by a broad group of enzymes, including glycoside hydrolases. These enzymes cleave the glycosidic bond via a transition state with substantial oxocarbenium ion character, resulting in short-lived oxocarbenium ion-like species. While such transient species have been inferred through theoretical studies and kinetic isotope effect measurements, their direct spectroscopic characterization remains challenging. In this study, we exploit a superacid environment to generate, accumulate, and fully characterize nonprotected 2-deoxy glycosyl cations in the d-glucopyranose, d-galactopyranose, and l-arabinofuranose series using low-temperature NMR spectroscopy, supported by DFT calculations. Additionally, QM/MM MD simulations reveal that the properties of these glycosyl cations in superacid closely resemble those within the active sites of glycosidase enzymes, particularly in terms of conformation and anomeric charge distribution. These findings highlight a parallel between the stabilizing effect of counterions in superacid media and the network of multidentate noncovalent interactions within glycosidase active sites, which stabilize transition states with pronounced oxocarbenium ion character.

Study on roadway roof deformation and coal pillar energy accumulation instability

To address coal pillar instability, the study focuses on the 3−1 coal seam coal pillar at Nanliang Coal Mine. It analyzes the bending deformation energy of the main roof and the pre-yield elastic energy of the coal pillar’s elastic zone through theoretical analysis, similar simulation, and field measurements. The formula for the bending elastic energy of the main roof is derived by establishing the mechanical model of the roadway’s main roof near the goaf side. Based on the side abutment stress distribution of the coal pillar, the calculation of the pre-yield elastic energy distribution along the width direction of the coal pillar’s elastic zone is conducted, leading to the derivation of the instability energy criterion for the coal pillar. The range analysis method is used to analyze the influencing factors and distribution patterns of the bending elastic energy of the main roof and the pre-yield elastic energy of the coal pillar’s elastic zone. Findings indicate that the main roof’s tensile strength is the primary factor influencing bending elastic energy. Higher tensile strength of the main roof, and smaller load, larger thickness and elastic modulus on the overlying strata, lead to higher bending elastic energy in the main roof. The internal friction angle, width of the coal pillar, and elastic modulus of the coal seam notably impact the pre-yield elastic energy of the coal pillar’s elastic zone. A larger internal friction angle and coal pillar width, along with a smaller elastic modulus, result in higher pre-yield elastic energy in the coal pillar’s elastic zone. Using the working face of 3−1 coal seam in Nanliang Coal Mine as the engineering context, the study calculates the minimum coal pillar width required for stability. Physical simulations and field monitoring demonstrate that with a 9 m—wide coal pillar, there is no apparent deformation or failure in the surrounding rock of the roadway, indicating good internal rock stability.

Turbulence correlation between moving trains and anemometer towers: Theoretical analysis, field measurements and simulation

A precise command of railway operations according to the measured instantaneous wind speed on an anemometer tower along a railway line is the development trend, whose challenges lie in the unknown transfer relation(s) between wind speed fluctuations on a moving train and an anemometer tower, i.e. the turbulence correlation between them. To address this issue, in the current work, the cross-correlation functions of wind speed fluctuations at the moving train and anemometer tower are derived, and an empirical formula of the coherence functions is obtained. The turbulence correlation is inversely related to the separation distance from the anemometer tower to the line, and there is little correlation when this distance is longer than double the longitudinal turbulence length scale. Field measurements of wind characteristics were carried out on an anemometer tower and a moving vehicle, and the turbulence correlation and its expression were validated. Three methods are proposed and compared to evaluate the instantaneous wind speed at the anemometer tower and moving train with this correlation. The methods based on the cross-spectral density and coherence function can accurately simulate the correlation, and the latter performance is slightly better (its simulation of the frequency domain correlation is 52.9% better than the former); the method based on solely independent and identically distributed random phases cannot fully simulate the correlation. From this, the effects of the correlation on train operations are studied and analysed in detail. Our analysis shows that neglecting this correlation leads to conservative estimates: wind speed differences between the anemometer tower and the moving train are at least 18.1% greater, and the safety and economic assessments of train operations in crosswinds are underestimated by at least 32.0%. Considering the correlation can reduce the (excess) safety risk/margin and is an inevitable development of adapting to the detailed assessment of the crosswind stability of vehicles. The quantitative description and simulation of the correlation presented in this work point to the critical importance of wind speed monitoring systems for the detailed crosswind assessment, and provide a theoretical basis for further research work on the crosswind stability of vehicles under true/realistic turbulent flow wind.

A New Method for Measuring Multilayer Thickness Using a Chromatic Confocal Sensor

Multilayer transparent plates play a crucial role in industrial fields, such as optical lenses, electrodes, and solar panels, because of their superior optical and electrical properties. The thickness and uniformity of such plates are decisive for the quality of the final product. However, traditional contact measurement methods are inadequate in accuracy and pose the risk of damaging the plates, making nondestructive measurement of multilayer transparent plate thickness rather challenging. A new measurement technology is urgently needed. This study proposes a new method for the thickness measurement of multilayer transparent plates based on chromatic confocal sensor technology. First, we investigated the dispersive behavior of light in various media layers and derived theoretical measurement models for single-layer and multilayer transparent plate thicknesses. Subsequently, we designed and constructed a measurement system using a C-series chromatic confocal sensor and optical instruments and prepared a five-layer transparent sample consisting of quartz and air layers to confirm the feasibility of the method. The results of the experiment show that the proposed method can accurately measure the thickness of the five-layer sample with a maximum absolute error within 13 µm and a maximum relative error of 4.27%, thus proving its validity, precision, and stability. The results further indicate the high practicality and reliability of this technology in production environments, theoretically enabling the simultaneous measurement of up to 18 layers of the plate and offering broad application prospects in the industry.

Decoding cortical chronotopy—Comparing the influence of different cortical organizational schemes

The brain's diverse intrinsic timescales enable us to perceive stimuli with varying temporal persistency. This study aimed to uncover the cortical organizational schemes underlying these variations, revealing the neural architecture for processing a wide range of sensory experiences. We collected resting-state fMRI, task-fMRI, and diffusion-weighted imaging data from 47 individuals. Based on this data, we extracted six organizational schemes: (1) the structural Rich Club (RC) architecture, shown to synchronize the connectome; (2) the structural Diverse Club architecture, as an alternative to the RC based on the network's module structure; (3) the functional uni-to-multimodal gradient, reflected in a wide range of structural and functional features; and (4) the spatial posterior/lateral-to-anterior/medial gradient, established for hierarchical levels of cognitive control. Also, we explored the effects of (5) structural graph theoretical measures of centrality and (6) cytoarchitectural differences. Using Bayesian model comparison, we contrasted the impact of these organizational schemes on (1) intrinsic resting-state timescales and (2) inter-subject correlation (ISC) from a task involving hierarchically nested digit sequences. As expected, resting-state timescales were slower in structural network hubs, hierarchically higher areas defined by the functional and spatial gradients, and thicker cortical regions. ISC analysis demonstrated hints for the engagement of higher cortical areas with more temporally persistent stimuli. Finally, the model comparison identified the uni-to-multimodal gradient as the best organizational scheme for explaining the chronotopy in both task and rest. Future research should explore the microarchitectural features that shape this gradient, elucidating how our brain adapts and evolves across different modes of processing.

Dimensional analysis of diffusive association rate equations

Diffusive adsorption/association is a fundamental step in almost all chemical reactions in diluted solutions, such as organic synthesis, polymerization, self-assembly, biomolecular interactions, electrode dynamics, catalysis, chromatography, air and water environmental dynamics, and social and market dynamics. However, predicting the rate of such a reaction is challenging using the equations established over 100 years ago. Several orders of magnitude differences between the theoretical predictions and experimental measurements for various systems, from self-assembled monolayers to protein-protein aggregations, make such calculations meaningless in many situations. I believe the major problem is that the time-dependent evolution curve of Fick’s gradient is an ideal assumption in most cases, and its slope is significantly overestimated. This paper digs into Fick’s gradient problem for 3D cases and provides a solution using the single-molecule diffusion probability density function discretely.

Determination and analysis of compensation capacitor for a robust distance-variable wireless power transfer system

Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have been widely adopted for full autonomy in various fields due to their convenience. However, changes in the air gap between the Tx and Rx coils significantly affect efficiency. To overcome this challenge, this paper introduces the determination of a compensation capacitor for a distance-variable WPT system that is robust in varying air gap conditions. The proposed method was verified using theoretical analysis, simulation, and experimental measurement. The electrical circuit was modeled using a T-equivalent model in a series–series (SS) topology to calculate power transfer efficiency (PTE). Specifically, compensation capacitors were analyzed at distances of 10, 30, and 50 mm, considering different self-inductance values. These results are compared against varying load resistances to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Additionally, the PTE drop ratio was defined to facilitate comparison. The results show that the PTE drop ratio for the compensation capacitor at the farthest distance was consistently smaller than that for the capacitor at the nearest distance under varying air gaps and load resistances. In this research, the difference in the PTE drop ratio between 10 and 50 mm was measured, demonstrating that determining the capacitor at the farthest distance reduces the PTE drop ratio across a range of operational conditions.

Toward sustainable solar energy: Analyzing key parameters in photovoltaic systems

This study reviews recent advancements in solar energy technologies, focusing on enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic systems. Key research areas include optimizing material properties, improving charge separation, and addressing sustainability challenges. This study identifies critical challenges in quantum dot solar cell technology, such as modeling spectral absorption, managing thermal losses, and evaluating long-term stability. Overall, these innovations represent significant strides toward more efficient and environmentally friendly solar energy solutions. This Review article offers a thorough investigation of the direct current parameters in photovoltaic panels, aiming to boost their efficiency and cost-effectiveness in production. This study underscores the importance of precise modeling and identification of solar cell parameters to more effectively harness solar energy, thereby underscoring its potential for enhancing energy capacity and environmental conservation. Our research includes experimental data on polycrystalline silicon solar cells and simulation results of both individual and polycrystalline cells conducted using the NI Multisim simulator. The focal points of this study encompass the efficient use of solar energy, the pivotal role of silicon as a semiconductor material, and novel methods for augmenting photovoltaic cell efficiency, such as employing nanowires and multilayer semiconductors. This Review Article also examines the effect of temperature on solar cell efficiency and addresses both the theoretical and practical measures of key photovoltaic parameters, including short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and conversion efficiency.

A novel solution for dynamic behaviors of multi-span bridge plates

The present paper draws a comprehensive analysis of the free vibration characteristics and discusses modal localization phenomena of multi-span bridge plate structures through an analytical method, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements. A novel analytical solution using the generalized superposition segment method (GSSM) is first proposed to investigate the transverse vibration of a multi-span bridge, which offers complete flexibility in describing arbitrarily classical boundary conditions. Furthermore, a new experimental setup achieves precisely simply supported boundary conditions, and scaled physical models of two- and three-span bridge plates are employed to validate the analytical solution. The effect of span length mismatch is studied by analyzing the resonant frequencies and mode shapes of a multi-span bridge plate with varying span lengths. The good consistency of results by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental measurements indicate that the proposed analytical solution can solve the vibration problem of the multi-span bridge plate efficiently and reflect the real-world boundary condition. Finally, the two modal localization behaviors are observed in theoretical analysis and experimental measurement. Through analytical solutions, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements, this study enhances the understanding of the dynamic behavior of multi-span bridges. It provides a new theoretical benchmark for predicting vibrations of multi-span bridge systems and useful insights into the transient behavior of multi-span bridge plates, suggesting several fruitful avenues for future research, including exploring passive and active control systems and vibration suppression techniques.

Numerical study on wave attenuation via 1D fully kinetic electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations

Abstract Electromagnetic wave-plasma interaction has drawn much attention recently due to numerous important technologies and applications, taking advantage of phenomena such as electromagnetic waves being reflected or absorbed in a plasma medium. The physics of wave-plasma interaction can be complicated, when non-uniform, non-equilibrium, or anisotropic plasmas are involved, in which numerical simulations can be used to fill the gaps between theoretical solutions and experimental measurements. Among many numerical methods, the particle-in-cell method, which can solve accurately both the electromagnetic fields and particle trajectories
self-consistently, would be the best choice to study wave-plasma interaction problems as long as the computational cost can be accepted. However, the applications of PIC on wave-plasma interaction remain rare, and the numerical effects of the PIC method on accurately evaluating the wave attenuation have not been studied in depth. In this paper, a number of numerical parameters and physical parameters are tested using a 1D electromagnetic PIC method plus Monte Carlo collision model. It is found that as long the as the basic PIC criterion is met, the PIC results can be trustable, and the numerical noise due to limited number of particles has a minor effect. The physical parameters of the EM wave frequency, amplitude, the plasma temperature, thickness, and collision type are studied, and their effects on the wave attenuation are presented. In addition, strategies on establishing simulation setup and evaluating the wave attenuation in terms of power or energy are discussed.

Absence of Altermagnetic Spin Splitting Character in Rutile Oxide RuO_{2}.

Rutile RuO_{2} has been posited as a potential d-wave altermagnetism candidate, with a predicted significant spin splitting up to 1.4eV. Despite accumulating theoretical predictions and transport measurements, direct spectroscopic observation of spin splitting has remained elusive. Here, we employ spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to investigate the band structures and spin polarization of thin-film and single-crystal RuO_{2}. Contrary to expectations of altermagnetism, our analysis indicates that RuO_{2}'s electronic structure aligns with those predicted under nonmagnetic conditions, exhibiting no evidence of the hypothesized spin splitting. Additionally, we observe significant in-plane spin polarization of the low-lying bulk bands, which is antisymmetric about the high-symmetry plane and contrary to the d-wave spin texture due to time-reversal symmetry breaking in altermagnetism. These findings definitively challenge the altermagnetic order previously proposed for rutile RuO_{2}, prompting a reevaluation of its magnetic properties.

Electron-impact ionization of water molecules at low impact energies.

The electron-impact ionization of water molecules at low impact energies is investigated using a theoretical approach named M3CWZ. In this model, which considers exchange effects and post-collision interaction, the continuum electrons (incident, scattered, and ejected) are all described by a Coulomb wave that corresponds to distance-dependent charges generated from the molecular target properties. Triple differential cross-sections for low impact energy ionization of either the 1b1 or 3a1 orbitals are calculated for several geometrical and kinematical configurations, all in the dipole regime. The M3CWZ model is thoroughly tested with an extensive comparison with available theoretical results and COLTRIMS measurements performed at projectile energies of Ei = 81eV [Ren et al., Phys. Rev. A 95, 022701 (2017)] and Ei = 65eV [Zhou et al., Phys. Rev. A 104, 012817 (2021)]. Similar to other theoretical models, an overall good agreement with both sets of measured data is observed for the angular distributions. Our calculated cross-sections' magnitudes are also satisfactory when compared to the other theoretical results, as well as to the cross-normalized relative scale data at 81eV impact energy. The 65eV set of data, measured on an absolute scale, offers a further challenging task for theoretical descriptions, and globally the M3CWZ performs fairly well and comparably to other theories. The proposed approach with variable charges somehow allows to capture the main multicenter distortion effects while avoiding high computational costs.

Exogenous glucose irrigation alleviates cold stress by regulating soluble sugars, ABA and photosynthesis in melon seedlings

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important economic crop and widely planted around the world. Cold stress severely limits its development and yield. Carbohydrates play multiple roles in plant cold tolerance. However, little is known in melon. Based on the metabolome analysis, a total of 635 metabolites were identified upon cold stress in melon seedlings. KEGG analysis shows that differential metabolites were mainly enriched in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway and pentose phosphate pathway, with glucose being one of the most prominent metabolites. To further investigate the role of glucose in cold tolerance of melon seedlings. We found that root irrigation was more effective than foliar spraying for exogenous glucose application, with optimal concentrations of 0.5% and 1% for cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive genotypes, respectively. Glucose irrigation mainly promoted soluble sugar accumulation to reduce cold damage in melon seedlings. For cold-sensitive genotype, only the sucrose content could be increased, while for cold-tolerant genotype, sucrose, fructose and glucose content could be simultaneously increased. Meanwhile, glucose irrigation recruited ABA not antioxidant enzyme system to cope with cold stress. Hence, glucose watering could improve the maximum photochemical efficiency of seedling photosystem II (Fv/Fm), alleviate physiological drought, reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde, and accelerated the photosynthetic efficiency of melon seedlings. Based on coefficient of variation and principal component analysis, it was confirmed again that glucose irrigation did alter the strategies for withstanding cold stress and enhance the cold tolerance of melon seedlings. Thus, the results would provide a theoretical basis and feasible measures to protect melon seedings from cold damage.