Theoretical Literature Research Articles

An Attempt for a New Growth Model Based on Inter-class Mobility Probability

After Kuznets' pioneering study in 1955, the relationship between growth and income distribution attracted the attention of researchers. Approaches used to explain the relationship between growth and income distribution can be summarized as wealth and redistribution, international trade, technological development, macroeconomic volatility and political economy. In this study, firstly, the theoretical background and literature regarding these approaches are mentioned. Later, based on Akerlof and Yellen's theories on the fair wage-productivity relationship, a new model was tried to be developed that links economic growth with inter class mobility probability. The model is based on the hypothesis that in a hypothetical society of two-class without government, there will be an increase in the productivity of individuals belonging to the lower class as the probability of moving up the class increases. As the probability of individuals belonging to the lower class moving up increases, the probability of individuals belonging to the upper class falling down the class also increases. For this reason, the increase in the transition between classes will lead to an increase in the efforts of individuals belonging to the upper class. An increase in the effort of both classes will result in higher output and therefore higher growth. For this reason, as the income distribution becomes more fair, the growth rate will also increase, but if the income is distributed completely equally, the performance of individuals will decrease because there is no possibility of moving to upper class. Therefore, income inequality up to a certain level motivates individuals, while income inequality above the optimal level demotivates individuals. In other words, the relationship between income inequality and growth is non-linear. Finally, the game theory version of the model is introduced in the study.

THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE SHARE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN JAPAN: A COMPREHENSIVE TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of financial development (FD) on the share of renewable energy (RE) usage in Japan. The existing theoretical literature and empirical analyses covering different country cases reveal that FD might have positive, negative, or insignificant effect on RE use. Since there is no empirical investigation of the issue for Japan, the study aims to contribute to the literature. To that end, we used several time-series techniques to detect the association between RE usage and FD in Japan over the 1970–2020 period. The results obtained from the ARDL, Hatemi-J, Maki, Tsong et al. and NARDL cointegration tests showed that there is a significant cointegrated relationship between the share of RE use, FD, GDP per capita and trade openness. As for the long-run coefficients obtained from the ARDL, FMOLS, CCR and NARDL estimators revealed that increases in FD and trade openness raise the share of RE usage while increases in GDP per capita reduce it. Briefly, for the Japan case, we may suggest that improving the financial market structure of the country will bear fruit in terms of the share of cleaner and sustainable energy usage.

CompLaw: A Coding Protocol and Database for the Comparative Study of Judicial Review

Abstract A growing theoretical literature identifies how the process of constitutional review shapes judicial decision-making, legislative behavior, and even the constitutionality of legislation and executive actions. However, the empirical interrogation of these theoretical arguments is limited by the absence of a common protocol for coding constitutional review decisions across courts and time. We introduce such a coding protocol and database (CompLaw) of rulings by 42 constitutional courts. To illustrate the value of CompLaw, we examine a heretofore untested empirical implication about how review timing relates to rulings of unconstitutionality (Ward and Gabel 2019). First, we conduct a nuanced analysis of rulings by the French Constitutional Council over a 13-year period. We then examine the relationship between review timing and strike rates with a set of national constitutional courts in one year. Our data analysis highlights the benefits and flexibility of the CompLaw coding protocol for scholars of judicial review.

Effect of Urbanization on the Performance SMES in Anambra State Nigeria

This work evaluated the effect of urbanization on the performance SMEs in Anambra State Nigeria. Specifically the study investigated the effect of infrastructural services on performance of SMEs, social amenities on the performance of SMEs and the effect of technological development and performance of SMEs in Anambra State, Nigeria. Relevant conceptual, theoretical and empirical literatures were reviewed. The study was anchored on Self-Generated or Endogenous Urbanization Theory. This study adopted survey design. Infrastructural services, social amenities and technological development were employed as the independent variables while performance of SMEs was employed as the dependent variable. The population is unknown, as such the sample size of the study was determined with the aid of Topman’s non-parametric sample size determination formula, applied when the population frame is unknown. A sample size of 368 respondents. The data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study found that infrastructural facilities has a significant effect on the performance of SMEs; Social amenities has a significant effect on the performance and technological development has a significant effect on the performance of SMEs in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study concludes that urbanization had a significant effect on the performance of SMEs in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study recommended that government should provide availability of Infrastructural facilities in rural areas will decrease the rural – urban migration of the people that will increase on the performance of SMEs. Government in collaboration with private sector could make and implement programme for rural upliftement such as social amenities programmes, housing loans, electricity, water supply etc. So that they will not have interest to migrate to urban areas. Small business owners should stay current on technological development and try to influence government decision-making and policy on urbanization.

Beyond breathing exercises: rethinking mindfulness through a Buddhist lens to combat unethical decision-making in organizations

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the intersection of mindfulness practices and ethical decision-making within organisational leadership. Drawing from ancient Buddhist principles and contemporary neuroscience, this study aims to illuminate how mindfulness can enhance cognitive and emotional regulation, thereby fostering ethical behaviour and improved decision-making among leaders and employees. By examining the theoretical and practical implications of mindfulness in the context of organisational behaviour, this research seeks to contribute to the development of more compassionate, ethical and effective leadership practices, ultimately promoting a more mindful and sustainable business environment. Design/methodology/approach This concept paper explores the integration of mindfulness meditation practices with decision-making, particularly its influence on ethical choices, through a comparative study of modern techniques and the ancient teachings of the Tripitaka. Using a methodology that spans literature review in organisational behaviour and leadership, alongside in-depth analysis of the Tripitaka and contributions from scholars like Bhikkhu Bodhi, the paper examines the potential of mindfulness in enhancing ethical decision-making. It incorporates a range of sources, including peer-reviewed journals and seminal books across various disciplines, to underscore the transformative potential of mindfulness in addressing contemporary challenges and guiding leadership practices. Findings This discussion explores how mindfulness, rooted in ancient Buddhist philosophy and aligned with modern neuroscience, can significantly enhance managerial decision-making by fostering a balance between cognitive and emotional factors. It delves into the transformative potential of mindfulness in refining thought processes, promoting ethical decision-making and mitigating cognitive biases. By bridging traditional wisdom with contemporary scientific insights, the analysis underscores mindfulness as an active, dynamic process crucial for personal growth and effective leadership in complex environments. Research limitations/implications One limitation of this research is its reliance on theoretical frameworks and literature reviews, which may not capture the full range of practical challenges in implementing mindfulness practices within organisations. Additionally, the diversity in mindfulness methodologies and the subjective nature of mindfulness experiences may affect the generalisability of the findings. Future research should include empirical studies to validate the proposed benefits of mindfulness in organisational settings and explore the most effective strategies for integrating mindfulness practices into leadership and decision-making processes. This would help in understanding how mindfulness can be tailored to suit different organisational cultures and individual preferences. Practical implications The practical implications of applying mindfulness in organisational settings include enhanced decision-making abilities, improved leadership effectiveness and increased employee well-being. Mindfulness training can equip leaders and employees with the skills to manage stress, navigate complex ethical decisions and maintain focus amidst distractions, leading to more thoughtful and responsible business practices. Organisations might see a reduction in conflict, enhanced creativity and better teamwork, contributing to a more harmonious and productive workplace. Implementing mindfulness programmes could also support talent retention and attraction by promoting a workplace culture that values mental health and ethical behaviour. Social implications The social implications of integrating mindfulness into organisational decision-making and leadership, as suggested by the document, include promoting ethical behaviour, enhancing emotional regulation and improving team dynamics. Mindfulness practices can lead to more informed and conscious decision-making, reducing cognitive biases and fostering a culture of ethical awareness within organisations. This shift towards mindful leadership could potentially transform organisational cultures, encouraging greater compassion, ethical responsibility and collective well-being, thereby contributing positively to broader societal values and norms. Originality/value The originality and value of this research lie in its novel integration of mindfulness concepts derived from ancient Buddhist teachings with contemporary neuroscience and organisational behaviour studies. By exploring the deep-rooted philosophical underpinnings of mindfulness and their applicability to modern ethical decision-making and leadership practices, this work offers a unique perspective that bridges historical wisdom with current scientific understanding. It provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the transformative potential of mindfulness in organisational settings, highlighting its capacity to foster ethical leadership, enhance decision-making processes and contribute to a more mindful, compassionate and sustainable business environment.

Ellsberg 1961: text, context, influence

AbstractIn 1961 Daniel Ellsberg published an article titled “Risk, Ambiguity, and the Savage Axioms” in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, which became a seminal contribution to the theory of decision-making under uncertainty. This paper analyzes Ellsberg’s 1961 classic, situates it within the context of decision-making theory in the 1950s and early 1960s and within the development of Ellsberg’s ideas, and provides an overview of the experimental and theoretical literature to which it gave rise.

An Overview of Foreign Direct Investment and Green Growth in OIC Countries

The firstly purpose is to critically evaluate the impact of trade, labor force and capital establishment and foreign investment (FDI) upon eco-friendly green growth in OIC nations. The available theoretical and empirical literature on the subject is examine and summarize in this work. Secondly, the literature is identified by drawing on the hypothetical theoretic and pragmatic perceptions found in broadcasted literature. Furthermore, this analysis paper clarified theoretical approaches that explain the workings of these approaches. Thirdly, this paper suggests three productive areas for more study. First, export earnings represent a significant source of foreign exchange, which is essential when local savings are insufficient to enable capital goods imports. Second, an increase in exports may also indicates an upsurge in the market’s size, bringing significant economies to fasten the pace of technological advancement on capital formation. At third, policies that are focused outward are thought to boost economic growth because they may boost an economy's total productivity and efficiency through productivity spillovers from importing more sophisticated technology or by drawing foreign direct investment.

Leveraging Blockchain for Maritime Port Supply Chain Management through Multicriteria Decision Making

This research investigates the optimal integration of Blockchain Technology (BT) in Supply Chain Management (SCM) within Chile’s maritime ports. Utilizing fuzzy Logarithmic Methodology of Additive Weights (LMAW) and Double Normalization-based Multiple Aggregation Methods (DNMA), the study systematically identifies, prioritizes, and ranks key factors influencing BT adoption in SCM. The study’s findings highlight crucial factors like enhanced transaction security, good supply chain practices, and risk management. Furthermore, it ranks the application of ports as prime candidates for BT integration. The research contributes theoretically by developing a hybrid model combining MCDA methods, and practically by guiding the strategic application of BT in the maritime logistics sector, aligning with the principles of Industry 5.0. This paper presents a novel approach that explores the utilization of BT in maritime supply chain management, incorporating MCDA in a vague environment. The research gap of this study lies in defining new contexts in both theoretical and practical literature reviews for extending the use of BT in SCM in the ports of Chile, according to Industry 5.0, to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of all aspects of operations in these places. The contribution of this research is applying hybrid MCDA methods in an uncertain environment to assist decision-makers (DMs) in better implementing BT in SCM in Chilean ports, according to Industry 5.0.

Robots and employment: A review

Rapid advances in robotics signal a scientific breakthrough that could have major implications for the world economy and the field of economics. This article reviews recent literature on this topic to examine the evidence from two perspectives. First, I critically review the theoretical literature on the effects of robot adoption on employment and analyse the capacity of different theories to describe these influences. Second, I evaluate the current empirical evidence regarding the impact of robot technology on the economy in terms of employment and reshoring. This exercise highlights the limitations in the literature and points to avenues for future research.

Aggressive Tax Planning and Performance by Kenya Revenue Authority

Taxation is a vital fiscal tool that can be utilized to augment the economic wellbeing of a nation. Taxation is not only vital for revenue generation purposes; it can also be used to control the behavior of taxpayers such as raising taxes on commodities that are deemed to be toxic to the society, if over consumed. In Kenya, from Financial Year 2010/11 to Financial Year 2020/21 has recorded a deficit budget. A deficit budget implies that the economy’s leverage is weak. The country`s debt ceiling has now become a major issue, since the increase in national debt has surpassed the stipulated threshold necessitating adjustment of debt ceiling. Aggressive tax planning is vital with regards to revenue performance by Kenya Revenue Authority. This paper reviews the conceptual, theoretical and empirical literature and raises a variety of issues that necessitates a proposed theoretical model for the purpose of understanding aggressive tax planning and performance by Kenya Revenue Authority. This study aims at assessing the effects of debt shifting, location of intellectual property rights, bilateral tax treaty and performance by Kenya Revenue Authority. This research will be anchored on Social Learning Theory and Tax Competition Theory. This research study reviewed on the previous studies undertaken on the area of interest. This study focused on the study findings and the methodology. The conclusions regarding the relationship that exist between the independent variables and dependent for this study were derived from the findings of the past studies. Recommendations in this study were made based on the previous study findings and conclusions. This study found that Multinational corporations tend to exploit all the available loopholes within the tax laws in order for them to decrease their tax liability to tax administration. Due to multinational corporations adopting aggressive tax planning, the dire repercussions include tax revenues being collected by the tax administration tend to reduce significantly. This leads to tax administration not meeting their tax revenues collection targets. This study recommends KRA to continuously review any existing loopholes in the tax laws. Sealing the respective loopholes in the tax laws tend to enhance tax revenues collection targets. Further, multinational corporations need to observe ethics in their business practices.

Artificial intelligence in dance education: Using immersive technologies for teaching dance skills

Artificial intelligence (AI) has led to a shift in modern dance education. Immersive technologies have become increasingly common worldwide, helping educators to improve the quality of dance pedagogy and increase the effectiveness of dance training. The article investigates the ways of using immersive technologies powered by artificial intelligence in dance education. The research explores the theoretical literature on dance education and the use of artificial intelligence in dance education and dance choreography. The scholars examine the impact of innovative technology solutions used in dance pedagogical practice on the development of dance skills in students. The study also discusses the functionality of interactive and multimedia dance teaching systems, including AI-powered virtual mentoring and cognitive simulations of human mind operations. The research analysed the use of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) in dance education. This research also focuses on mobile applications used for teaching modern dance. The proposed framework for dance education is based on digital technologies, which help to develop dance skills and improve teaching practices. The scholars conclude that the development and improvement of dance skills are possible only if a teacher combines virtual and real environments in everyday practices. The findings can be used by dance teachers, professional dancers, software developers, and researchers who examine the innovative practices and the application of artificial intelligence in dance education. The ecosystem model reframes thinking about approaches to dance education and can serve as the basis for further development of dance courses and dance style teaching modes.

Torn between two debt types? The role of managerial ability in a firmʼs choice between bank loans and public debt

Motivated by the theoretical literature on firms' choice between bank loans and public debt, this paper analyzes whether more able managers choose a higher fraction of public debt. We find that firms with more able managers choose a higher level of public debt. We also find that the use of public debt by more able managers is positively associated with wealth creation for shareholders and negatively associated with bankruptcy risk. Our cross-sectional analyses suggest that this baseline relationship is conditional on a better information environment. We address endogeneity issues in multiple ways and run an extensive array of robustness checks. Overall, our findings are consistent with the prediction that managerial ability mitigates the information monopoly of banks.

“All employees are equal … but some are more equal than others”. Role identity and nonfamily member discrimination in family SMEs

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate if, under which conditions, and with which consequences, nonfamily members have the perception of being discriminated against as a consequence of nepotism and adverse selection practices. This research also aims to investigate whether the carried-out role influences the perception of being discriminated against among nonfamily member employees.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative approach was carried out by adopting a structural equation model (SEM) analysis. The survey investigated a sample of Italian family SMEs (participating companies N = 186, total questionnaires collected N = 838).FindingsDrawing on the multiple identities theory, findings show that role salience (RS) effectively contributes to reducing the unwanted effects of perceived discrimination (PD) among nonfamily member employees. In doing so, this study deepens the knowledge of nonfamily member employment conditions and their consequences on strategic outcomes such as organizational commitment (OC), organizational justice (OJ) and intention to quit (ITQ).Research limitations/implicationsBy adopting a self-categorization approach, this study also advances current theoretical literature, as this methodological lens could help scholars further understand diversity in family business.Practical implicationsThis study suggests it would be advisable to implement human resource management practices based on job rotation to promote cohesion and reduce perceived distances.Social implicationsSMEs are the most widespread type of firm in the world; as a consequence, avoiding PD among nonfamily member employees has general ethical relevance.Originality/valueThis study expands current literature by showing that RS plays an important role in determining levels of PD. This study also advances current literature by focusing on the impact of multiple identities on fairness and commitment at individual and group levels of analysis of family businesses.

Information Technology Skills and Firm Performance of Kenya Tea Producers Companies

The study sought to examine the influence of information technology skills on performance of Tea Producers companies in Kenya. The study reviewed theoretical and empirical literature relevant to the role of Information Technology skills on performance of Tea Producers companies in Kenya. The conceptual framework was discussed to show the relationship between Information Technology skills and firm performance (dependent variable). Positivism philosophy guided this study. Positivism philosophy emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and scientific methods in understanding the world and acquiring knowledge. The study used cross-sectional survey design to establish the role of Information Technology strategic alignment on performance of Tea Producers companies in Kenya. In this study, the target population was identified as tea producer companies that are members of the East Africa Tea Trade Association (EATTA) in Kenya. This choice was made on the premise that these entities are likely to possess pertinent and accurate information relevant to the research. Specifically, the population encompassed all 29 tea producer members of EATTA. Respondents’ population comprised of six top managers from each organization translating to 174 top managers. The sample size was 121 top managers. They were targeted because top managers of organizations mostly handle strategic management issues. The research employed purposive sampling to select respondents and primarily relied on gathering primary data. A questionnaire with a diverse set of questions was utilized to collect responses from participants. Prior to the main study, a pilot study was conducted to ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The findings of the study indicate that information technology skills exert a positive and statistically significant influence on the performance of tea producer companies in Kenya. Findings revealed that cross-training, encouraging innovation and providing employment opportunities influences performance of Tea Producers companies in Kenya. This implies that a unit improvement in information technology skills would lead to improvement in performance of Tea Producers companies in Kenya. Based on the findings, this study recommends that the management of tea Producer companies should formulate and implement effect employee training programs to improve their IT skills.

Technology Communication and Firm Performance of Kenya Tea Producers Companies

The study sought to examine the role of Technology Communication on performance of Tea Producers companies in Kenya. The study reviewed theoretical and empirical literature relevant to the role of Technology Communication on performance of Tea Producers companies in Kenya. The conceptual framework was discussed to show the relationship between Technology Communication (independent variable) and firm performance (dependent variable). Positivism philosophy guided this study. The study used cross-sectional survey design to establish the role of Information Technology strategic alignment on performance of Tea Producers companies in Kenya. In this study, the target population was identified as tea producer companies that are members of the East Africa Tea Trade Association (EATTA) in Kenya. This choice was made on the premise that these entities are likely to possess pertinent and accurate information relevant to the research. Specifically, the population encompassed all 29 tea producer members of EATTA. Respondents’ population comprised of six top managers from each organization translating to 174 top managers. The sample size was 121 top managers. They were targeted because top managers of organizations mostly handle strategic management issues. Purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents. The study mainly relied on primary data. The study used a questionnaire with diverse set of questions for the respondent to answer. A pilot study was carried out in order to ascertain the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics in the form of means and standard deviations were computed on the Technology Communication and performance measurement scales to provide an initial outline of the distribution of the participants' responses. The study concluded that Technology Communication has a positive and statistically significant influence on performance of Tea Producers companies in Kenya. Based on the findings,this study recommends that the management of Tea Producer companies should ensure effectiveness in adopting information technology and using it in governance of their organization. In addition,the management of Tea Producer companies should ensure their employees are well equipped with information technology skills to improve their productivity.

A comprehensive examination of physical characteristic of ternary halide perovskites AgXBr3 (X= Ca, Sr, and Ba) towards optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications

The present paper investigates and explains a computational study of the physical characteristics of the silver compound AgXBr3( X= Ca, Ba, and Sr) perovskites. The calculations are determined by WIEN2K code within DFT by considering (GGA) and hybrid functional (HSE) approximations. Optimization of the lattice constants of the three compounds shows a suitable concord with the available theoretical literature. Moreover, the electronic properties indicate that these compounds behave as semiconductors, exhibiting an indirect band gap. Elastic and mechanical characteristics are studied for the first time, indicating the stability of materials under investigation. The optical properties show that these perovskites are promising candidates for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications due totheir superior absorption coefficient and modest reflectivity. Furthermore, the thermodynamic and thermoelectric attributes suggest that the perovskite materials investigated hold promise for implementation in thermoelectric technology, showcasing a favourable figure of merit at ambient temperature.

تنمية القيادات الاقتصادية الديناميكية ودورها في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية

The current study aims to focus on developing dynamic economic leaders and defining their role in achieving competitive advantage for contemporary organizations. The study focuses on explaining the concept and importance of developing dynamic economic leaders, and its role in achieving competitive advantage in light of the contemporary world characterized by rapid economic changes and challenges. This study seeks to develop a framework that explains the relationship between developing dynamic economic leaders and achieving competitive advantage in a highly competitive business environment in the contemporary world. The study adopts the descriptive and analytical approach in addressing the theme through a review of theoretical literature and previous studies that dealt with the concept of dynamic economic leadership and its various dimensions, and the concept of competitive advantage and its components in the contemporary business environment. The researchers concluded that there is a close relationship between developing dynamic economic leaders and achieving competitive advantage in these organizations. It became clear to the researchers the importance of the relationship between the two concepts through the role that the development of dynamic economic leadership can play in serving the organization’s goals in the field of achieving and sustaining its competitive advantage. The study concluded its theoretical framework by drawing a set of conclusions and presenting a set of recommendations that would strengthen the relationship between developing dynamic economic leaders and serving the competitive advantage of organizations in the contemporary competitive business world.

Development and validation of Adaptability to Return-to-Work Scale (ARTWS) for cancer patients.

The research on cancer patients returning to work in China is still in its infancy, and there is no research and discussion on the adaptability to return-to-work for cancer patients. It is critical to develop the Adaptability to Return-to-Work Scale (ARTWS) for cancer patients and evaluate its psychometric properties. The items of the initial scale were compiled based on the theoretical model and literature review results. Through two rounds of Delphi expert consultation (N = 15) and a pilot survey (N = 40), the initial scale was further checked and revised. Conduct a large sample survey (N = 376) and the construct validity and reliability of the ARTWS were assessed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The final ARTWS consisted of 24 items. "Focusing on rehabilitation," "Rebuilding Self-efficiency," and "Adjusting plans" as common factors in determining adaptability to return to work for cancer patients, and the cumulative variance contribution rate for these three factors was 66.6%. The S-CVI of the total scale was 0.979. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.937 and the 2-week test-retest reliability was 0.814. ARTWS has good correlation validity and can be used as a tool to measure the adaptability of cancer patients' return to work. The presentation of the manuscript in Research Square (https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2323264/v1).

Evaluating the yield curve effects of central bank asset purchases under a forward-looking supply factor

The theoretical literature on term structure models emphasizes the importance of the expected absorption of duration risk during the residual life of term bonds in order to understand the yield curve effect of central banks’ government bond purchases. Motivated by this, we develop a forward-looking, long-horizon measure of euro area government bond supply net of Eurosystem holdings, and use it to estimate the impact of the ECB’s asset purchase programs in the context of a no-arbitrage affine term structure model. We find that an asset purchase shock equivalent to 10% of euro area GDP lowers the 10-year average yield of the euro area big-four by 59 basis points (bp) and the associated term premium by 50 bp. Applying the model to the risk-free (OIS) yield curve, the same shock lowers the 10-year rate and term premium by 35 and 26 bp, respectively.

INSTITUTIONAL WELFARE AND RESILIENCE INITIATIVES FOR DEPLOYED MILITARY PERSONNEL AND FAMILIES: THEORY AND PRACTICE. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The recent unprecedented levels of deployment of troops in operations in the Horn of Africa region has dramatically changed the Military families’ growth due to the large number of troops being deployed. Families get affected by deployment-related family separation, combat injury, and death. With continued involvement in operations, there is a deep concern over parental deployment and its impact on the well-being of military families. Parental absence or loss invokes emotional uncertainty and ambiguity in the family. Through Institutional Resilience programmes, family members can successfully adapt to the situation with significant adversity or trauma through interactions with environmental factors such as community environment, the population, and risk factors. This paper therefore reviews extant conceptual and theoretical literature on common resilience programmes, proposes a theoretical framework for transition and wellbeing of military personnel and their families, proposes a definition for the construct ‘social welfare’ and makes recommendations on resilience and welfare initiatives for adoption by the Disciplined Forces and other organizations with employees in conflict prone areas in the Horn of Africa. KEY WORDS: Peacekeeping, Resilience, Welfare, Wellbeing, Counselling, Communication.