Theoretical Energy Product Research Articles

Pre-deformation assisted fabrication of bulk Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposites with high energy density

For Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets, which exhibit great superiority in theoretical energy products, it is a great challenge to obtain controlled nano-scale microstructural features while eliminating the harmful metastable phases due to the general metastable fabrication methods. Here, we report a strategy to control the nano-scale features and simultaneously eliminate metastable phases for Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposites through low-temperature pre-deformation of amorphous alloys combined with subsequent thermal annealing. The resultant bulk Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanostructure exhibits desired ultrafine grain sizes, ∼20 nm for soft-magnetic α-Fe phase with a high fraction of Vα-Fe ≈ 30 wt% and ∼33 nm for hard-magnetic Nd2Fe14B phase. The desired microstructure results in a larger coercivity (Hci = 4.1 kOe) and higher saturation magnetization (Ms = 1.51 T) compared to those (Hci = 3.3 kOe and Ms = 1.35 T) of the counterpart without pre-deformation, contributing to a high energy density of 26.3 MGOe. This energy density is 200% larger than that of the counterpart without pre-deformation and far beyond that (around 20 MGOe) of previously reported bulk Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposites with Vα-Fe ≥ 20 wt%. The superior property stems from the purposely introduced low-temperature pre-deformation that changed the structure and local chemistry of the amorphous alloy, facilitating the decomposition of harmful metastable phases and the formation of Nd2Fe14B phase during annealing processes, which lowers the temperature, from 750 to 700 °C for producing the Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanostructure and thus yields ultrafine nanograins. These results demonstrate an effective means to prepare high-performance bulk Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets.

A Theoretical Calculation of Electrical Energy Production from the Incineration of Baghdad Municipal Solid Wastes

A theoretical investigation study was carried out to determine the requirements of establishing a steam power plant by incinerating municipal solid wastes generated from the city of Baghdad. Survey data the generated quantities of municipal solid wastes from both Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa sectors of the city were utilized to predict the theoretical possible energy production that can be obtained from the incineration of this waste under controlled parameters. Results reviled that the high heating value of Baghdad’s municipal solid wastes is of about (12.789 MJ/kg) and the possible electrical energy production in the steam power plants in Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa are (119.287 MW, 203.917 MW) respectively using a steam turbine of efficiency (25%). Resulted emissions of CO2 gases are estimated to be 4209.995 ton/day. So the emission of CO2 is the main problem of this method because of its effect on global warming but it is less effect on environment from Methane, Sulphur Oxides and Nitrogen Oxides. The quantity of plastic wastes in Municipal Solid Wastes is important in increasing their average high heating value.

Temperature effect in the energy degradation of photovoltaic power system

The modelling of output power for the photovoltaic system is essential for system design and local resource prediction. Accurate photovoltaic power modelling the foremost vital issue is systems efficiency analysis. The temperature plays the main role in the energy degradation of the photovoltaic systems, especially in the host sites. In this paper, experimental and theoreti-cal investigation into the photovoltaic module energy degradation due to temperature effects. This work objectives to investigate the photovoltaic power generated due to the ambient tem-perature effect. The presented results show that the ambient temperature has positive effects on the photovoltaic module energy production during the winter period and negative effects during the summer period. For the proposed photovoltaic system with a capacity of 2.97 kWp the expected theoretical annual energy production by about 554.01 kWh while the annual experiment production was l493.73 kWh. The novelty of the work is to estimate the energy losses due to the ambient temperature effect on the photovoltaic energy production.

Economic Impacts of Curtailing Wind Turbine Operations for the Protection of Bat Populations in Ontario

Wind energy is a growing industry in Canada to meet the demand for a renewable supply of energy. However, wind turbine operation represents a high mortality risk for bat populations, and regulators often require that steps are taken to mitigate this risk. The result is concern among operators about lost revenue potential. This study was, therefore, designed to estimate the theoretical financial impact of curtailing turbine operations to mitigate for bat mortality for all wind farms that were constructed and operating in Ontario, Canada, as of 1 January 2020 (n = 87 wind farms). Empirical data from the Canadian Wind Farm SCADA and meteorological systems are not publicly available; thus, we were compelled to use data from the Canadian Wind Turbine database, the Environment and Climate Change Canada Wind Atlas, and the Independent Electricity System Operator to calculate the total theoretical energy production for all wind turbines in the province using manufacturer power curves and a measure–correlate–predict linear regression method. We estimated the financial impacts for all wind farms on the assumption that operations were curtailed when the Wind Atlas modelled local wind speed was <5.5 m/s between 6 pm of one day and 6 am the following day, between 15 July and 30 September, using the lower and upper limits of power-purchase agreement rates for Ontario wind farms: 115 and 150 CAD/MWh. We used generalized linear modelling to test whether the variability in production loss was predicted based on factors related to turbine design and site wind speeds. We estimated that total annual wind energy production would be reduced from 12.09 to 12.04 TWh if all Ontario wind farms implemented operational curtailment, which is equivalent to a difference of 51.2 GWh, or 0.42%. Production loss was related to turbine cut-in speeds and average site wind speeds recorded between 15 July and 30 September. The estimated profit losses were 6.79 ± 0.9 million CAD compared to estimated earnings of 1.6 ± 0.21 billion CAD, which suggests that mitigating bat mortality may represent a small cost to the industry relative to the conservation benefits for bat populations.

Microstructure evolution of hot-deformed SmCo-based nanocomposites induced by thermo-mechanical processing

• The two-stage phase transition occurred successively, accompanied by grain growth. • Texture formed in 1:5H phase, not in 2:17R phase in SmCo-based nanocomposites. • Proposed a new strategy for forming c-axis textures in nanocomposites. Nanocomposite permanent magnets have ultra-high theoretical magnetic energy products, due to coupling of the soft/hard magnetic phases, inciting strict microstructural requirements. In this study, the microstructure evolution, including the phase transition, morphological changes, and texture formation, of hot-deformed SmCo-based nanocomposites under thermal–stress–strain coupling was characterized to determine a possible strategy for achieving high performance. The SmCo 5 /α-Fe nanocomposites precursor contained fine and dispersed Sm(Fe, Co) 5 and Fe-Co grains and exhibited a two-stage phase transformation accompanied by grain growth. In the early stage of deformation at relatively low temperature, the adjacent Sm(Co, Fe) 5 and Fe-Co phase formed the Sm 2 (Co, Fe) 17 -H phase, which was stable only with small grain sizes. In the high-temperature deformation stage, the Sm 2 (Co, Fe) 17 -H phase transformed into the Sm 2 (Co, Fe) 17 -R phase with large grain sizes. In addition, the strong c -axis texture formed in the Sm(Co, Fe) 5 phase but not in the Sm 2 (Co, Fe) 17 -R phase. Subsequently, the phase transition process and texture formation mechanism were systematically analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The initiation of a slip system and/or preferential grain growth explained the formation of texture under the action of uniform stress and strain and assisted by dispersed Sm-rich nanograins. The Sm 2 (Co, Fe) 17 -R grains with poor orientations and large grain sizes did not achieve magnetic hardening, which also damage the magnetic properties. According to the results of this work, we also presented a new strategy to prepare high-performance SmCo-based nanocomposites magnets.

Construction of high performance nanocomposites based on a shape anisotropic soft phase: A micromagnetic simulation study

Nanocomposite permanent magnets are considered as a strong candidate for the next generation of high-performance permanent magnet materials due to their ultra-high theoretical magnetic energy product. In this paper, a nanocomposite theoretical model based on the shape anisotropy of the soft phase (Fe65Co35) is constructed to guide the improvement of coercivity, the lack of which has become a critical problem in improving the performance of Nd-Fe-B nanocomposites further. The results of micromagnetic simulation show that adding a shape anisotropic soft phase to nanocomposites can effectively improve coercivity, delay nucleation during the magnetization reversal process, and help obtain a demagnetization curve with high squareness. When the length size of the soft phase ds ≤ 21 nm and the aspect ratio of the soft phase I = 5 for the Nd2Fe14B/Fe65Co35 nanocomposites, almost square demagnetization curves can be obtained, particularly when ds = 21 nm, the size of the soft phase is 21 × 21 × 105 nm3, the content of the soft phase is 42.1 vol. %, and the Nd2Fe14B/Fe65Co35 nanocomposite achieves a maximum magnetic energy product of 94.4 MGOe. In addition, the results also show that, compared with the cubic nanocomposite model (I = 1), the larger size of the soft phase can be accommodated into the nanocomposites by the addition of shape anisotropy, on the premise of ensuring the soft–hard coupling effect. Our design provides a new strategy and approach for preparing high-performance nanocomposite permanent magnets.

Fe-Si and its nanocrystallization as soft magnetic phase in SmCo-based nanocomposites

Nanocomposite magnets have attracted much attention because of their ultra-high theoretical magnetic energy product and saving rare earth resources. In this study, the Fe93.5Si6.5 with higher hardness than the most common soft magnetic phase (α-Fe) was used to synthesize SmCo5/Fe-Si nanocomposite magnets, and its nanosized process was studied. The results showed that Fe-Si can be well dispersed into SmCo5 matrix through 12 hours of ball milling, and appeared in fine and evenly distributed grains in the SmCo5/Fe-Si nanocomposites, indicating it is suitable for soft magnetic phase. The nanosized process of Fe-Si phase can be summarized as from the irregular shape of agglomeration, to long chain, and finally too uniformly dispersed Fe-Si particles with increased milling time. As a result, the SmCo5/Fe-Si nanocomposite magnet with the optimal maximum magnetic energy product was 14.3 MGOe, accompanied by remanence of 9.5 kG and coercivity of 8.2 kOe. Our results show that by using Fe-Si with high hardness as the soft magnetic phase, the prepared nanocomposite magnet not only has good properties, but also can be expected that the two phases with closer mechanical properties can be deformed harmoniously.

Intrinsic Magnetic Properties of a Highly Anisotropic Rare‐Earth‐Free Fe2P‐Based Magnet

AbstractPermanent magnets are applied in many large‐scale and emerging applications and are crucial components in numerous established and newly evolving technologies. Rare‐earth magnets exhibit excellent hard magnetic properties; however, their applications are limited by the price and supply risk of the strategic rare‐earth elements. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for inexpensive magnets without strategic elements. Here, the authors report the intrinsic highly‐anisotropic magnetic properties of Co and Si co‐doped single crystals (Fe1−yCoy)2P1−xSix (y ≈ 0.09). Co increases Curie temperature TC; Si doping decreases magnetocrystalline anisotropy K1 and also increases TC significantly because of the enhanced interlayer interaction. The maximum room temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy K1 = 1.09 MJ m−3 is achieved for x = 0.22, with saturation magnetization µ0Ms = 0.96 T and TC = 506 K. The theoretical maximum energy product is one of the largest for any magnet without a rare earth or Pt. Besides its promising intrinsic magnetic properties and absence of any strategic elements, other advantages are phase stability at high temperatures and excellent corrosion resistance, which make this material most promising for permanent magnetic development that will have a positive influence in industry and daily life.

HF Radars for Wave Energy Resource Assessment Offshore NW Spain

Wave energy resource assessment is crucial for the development of the marine renewable industry. High-frequency radars (HF radars) have been demonstrated to be a useful wave measuring tool. Therefore, in this work, we evaluated the accuracy of two CODAR Seasonde HF radars for describing the wave energy resource of two offshore areas in the west Galician coast, Spain (Vilán and Silleiro capes). The resulting wave characterization was used to estimate the electricity production of two wave energy converters. Results were validated against wave data from two buoys and two numerical models (SIMAR, (Marine Simulation) and WaveWatch III). The statistical validation revealed that the radar of Silleiro cape significantly overestimates the wave power, mainly due to a large overestimation of the wave energy period. The effect of the radars’ data loss during low wave energy periods on the mean wave energy is partially compensated with the overestimation of wave height and energy period. The theoretical electrical energy production of the wave energy converters was also affected by these differences. Energy period estimation was found to be highly conditioned to the unimodal interpretation of the wave spectrum, and it is expected that new releases of the radar software will be able to characterize different sea states independently.

Two-layer compounds in rare earth-{Fe, Co, Ni, Rh, Pd, Pt}-Te systems: crystal structure and magnetic properties

The partial isothermal sections of {Gd, Ho}-Ni-Te and Gd-Co-Te systems (~40–100 ​at. % of rare earth) have been investigated at 1070 ​K by X-ray and electron microprobe analysis. The Y5Ni2Te2-type {Tb, Dy, Ho}5Fe2Te2 and {Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho}5{Co, Ni}2Te2 (space group Cmcm, No. 63, oC36), Er7Ni2Te2-type Er7Co2Te2, {Y, Dy, Ho}7Ni2Te2, Ho7{Rh, Pd}2Te2 and {Y, Gd}7Pt2Te2 (space group Imm2, No. 44, oI22), Fe2P-type Ho6NiTe2 (space group P-62m, No. 189, hP9) and Sc6PdTe2-type Ho6{Rh, Pd}Te2 and {Y, Gd}6PtTe2 (space group Pnma, No. 62, oP36) compounds have been established using powder X-ray diffraction studies. Magnetization measurements show that the Y5Ni2Te2-type {Tb, Dy, Ho}5Fe2Te2, {Gd, Tb, Dy}5Co2Te2 and {Tb, Ho}5Ni2Te2 compounds exhibit a high-temperature ferromagnetic ordering with low-temperature spin-reorientation transition for Tb-, Dy- and Ho-containing compounds. Below Curie temperature, Tb5Fe2Te2, Tb5Co2Te2 and Ho5Ni2Te2 are soft ferromagnets, while they show hard magnetic properties below spin-reorientation transition. At 2 ​K, Tb5Co2Te2 and Tb5Fe2Te2 exhibit a coercive field of 35 ​kOe and ~30 ​kOe and the residual magnetization of 17.2 μB and 22.9 μB per formula unit, leading to theoretical maximum energy product of ~620 ​kJ/m3 and ~700 ​kJ/m3, respectively. Ho5Ni2Te2 reaches a maximum magnetic entropy change of −10.0 ​J/kg⋅K and −9.4 ​J/kg⋅K for a magnetic field change of 0–50 ​kOe ​at 45 ​K and 20 ​K, respectively.

Economic investigation of a Vanadium Redox BESS for the exploitation of wind power rejections in an isolated Greek Island

Greece has plenty of electrically isolated Islands. Most of them, like Crete, Lesvos, or Chios have a great Aeolian Potential which remains un-exploitable due to Power Grid limitations. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of integrating a Vanadium Redox Battery Energy Storage System in order to minimize the unharnessed wind power owing to the local grid limitations. For this purpose, real time series data of theoretical energy production and wind power rejections of two Wind Parks operated in a Medium Size Greek Island which reached the 17% of their theoretical production capability in 2014 will be used. Additionally, the Island load demand hourly variation coming from the archives of the private company that owns the wind parks are used. Based on these data and the electrical model of the Vanadium Redox Batteries (VRB) several simulations for various VRB power/energy capacity combinations were conducted and their capabilities in wind energy recovery were estimated. Afterwards, the simulated systems were examined from the aspect of economic viability with the use of economic indices such as the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the Net Present Value (NPV). Finally, the influence on the feasibility of such an investment caused by factors like the selling price of energy provided to the grid based on the VRB initial capital cost found in recent Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) were examined in detail. Among many significant results drawn by this simulation, it was found that the maximum percentage of the rejected energy that can be exploited (stored) by the batteries is 60% while the 47% can be reinjected back to the Grid, a fact that leads to a relatively expensive selling price of the Energy that comes from the batteries in order to keep the investment feasible.

Wave energy resource characterization and assessment for coastal waters of the United States

The wave energy resource is characterized and assessed for coastal waters of the United States to evaluate regional opportunities and constraints for wave energy converter (WEC) projects. Partitioned wave parameters generated from a 30-year WaveWatch III model hindcast are used to estimate the total wave energy potential as an annual available energy (AAE), which is a theoretical annual energy production per unit energy capture length without considering energy conversion losses. The distribution of AAE by peak period, wave direction, month, and year is quantified using summary statistics, including peak period spread, AAE-weighted period, AAE-directionality coefficient, and inter-annual and seasonal temporal variability. Geographical distributions of the AAE and these five resource attributes delineate distinct wave energy resource regions within United States coastal waters, where different opportunities and constraints may influence regional energy planning, WEC project development, and WEC conceptual design.

Magnetic ordering of Sm26Co11Ga6-type R26Co9-6Ga8-11 compounds (R = Gd–Ho, Tm)

The magnetic ordering of polycrystalline Sm26Co11Ga6-type {Gd, Dy, Ho, Tm}26Co9Ga8 and Tb26Co6-8Ga11-9 (space group P4/mbm, N 127, tP86) has been established using magnetic measurements. Gd26Co9Ga8 exhibits soft ferromagnetic with the Curie temperature of 124 ​K Tb26Co6Ga11, Tb26Co8Ga9, Dy26Co9Ga8 and Ho26Co9Ga8 show mixed ferro-antiferromagnic ordering with the Curie temperatures of 76 ​K, 74 ​K, 28 ​K and 16 ​K, respectively. They display permanent magnet properties at low temperatures. The novel Tm26Co9Ga8 demonstrates dominant antiferromagnetic ordering at 6 ​K, while it is a soft ferromagnet at 2 ​K.Among these compounds, Tb26Co8Ga9 exhibits largest magnetocaloric effect with magnetic entropy change of −9.2 ​J/kg⋅K at 76–81 ​K and relative large cooling power of ~560 ​J/kg (field change of 50 ​kOe), while Tb26Co6Ga11 is the best permanent magnet with a coercivity of 9 ​kOe, residual magnetization of 3.26 μB per Tb and theoretical energy product of 200 ​kJ/m3 at 2 ​K.

Optimizing composition in MnBi permanent magnet alloys

MnBi is an attractive rare-earth-free permanent magnetic material due to its low materials cost, high magnetocrystalline anisotropy (1.6 × 106 J m−3), and good magnetization (81 emu g−1) at room temperature. Although the theoretical maximum energy product (BH)max of 20 MGOe is lower than that of NdFeB-based magnets, the low temperature phase (LTP) of MnBi has a positive temperature coefficient of coercivity, up to 200 °C, which makes it a potential candidate for high temperature applications such as permanent magnet motors. However, the oxygen sensitivity of the MnBi compound and the peritectic reaction between Mn and Bi make it difficult to synthesize into a material with high purity. This challenge is partly offset by adding excess Mn to the alloy, with composition close to Mn55Bi45 resulting in the highest saturation magnetization after common processing techniques such as arc melting, casting, melt spinning, and ball milling. Here we report a systematic process which reduces the amount of excessive Mn, while simultaneously providing a large saturation magnetization (MS) of 79 emu g−1 at 300 K in the annealed Mn52Bi48 ribbons. We also report excellent magnetic properties in the ball powders, resulting in 0.5–5 µm particles with MS of 75.5 emu g−1, coercivity Hci of 10.8 kOe, and (BH)max of 13 MGOe using 9 T applied field at 300 K. A secondary annealing treatment on various ball milled powders increased Hci by up to 21%, and also resulted in an increase in MS up to 78.8 emu g−1.

Methanisation of Agadir urban solid waste: Theoretical evaluation of the energy production potential

Abstract The treatment and recovery of urban solid waste by methanisation is an important source of renewable energy production. However, despite the growing interest in these technologies, this technique is still widespread in the field of solid waste treatment. In Morocco, landfill technology has been the technique of choice in this area. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the theoretical energy production potential of a facility that would treat urban solid waste in Agadir.

Optimizing Composition in MnBi Permanent Magnet Alloys

MnBi is an attractive rare-earth-free permanent magnetic material due to its low materials cost, high magnetocrystalline anisotropy (1.6 × 106 J m-3), and good magnetization (81 emu g-1) at room temperature. Although the theoretical maximum energy product (BH)max of 20 MGOe is lower than that of NdFeB-based magnets, the low temperature phase (LTP) of MnBi has a positive temperature coefficient of coercivity, up to 200 °C, which makes it a potential candidate for high temperature applications such as permanent magnet motors. However, the oxygen sensitivity of the MnBi compound and the peritectic reaction between Mn and Bi make it difficult to synthesize into a material with high purity. This challenge is partly offset by adding excess Mn to the alloy, with composition close to Mn55Bi45 resulting in the highest saturation magnetization after common processing techniques such as arc melting, casting, melt spinning, and ball milling. Here we report a systematic process which reduces the amount of excessive Mn, while simultaneously providing a large saturation magnetization (MS) of 79 emu g-1 at 300 K in the annealed Mn52Bi48 ribbons. We also report excellent magnetic properties in the ball powders, resulting in 0.5-5 µm particles with MS of 75.5 emu g-1, coercivity Hci of 10.8 kOe, and (BH)max of 13 MGOe using 9 T applied field at 300 K. A secondary annealing treatment on various ball milled powders increased Hci by up to 21%, and also resulted in an increase in MS up to 78.8 emu g-1.

Measured and calculated properties of B-doped τ-phase MnAl – A rare earth free permanent magnet

Abstract The metastable tetragonal τ-phase MnAl has been doped interstitially with B through a drop synthesis method creating the (Mn0.55Al0.45)B0.02 compound. The as-casted samples were annealed, quenched and thereafter ball-milled and relaxed in order to decrease grain size and reduce the number of crystallographic defects. The Curie temperature of the quenched sample was estimated to 655 K. The magnetization, coercivity and anisotropy were analyzed with respect to flash-milling time, relaxation time and temperature. The results show that (Mn0.55Al0.45)B0.02 could be directly obtained from drop synthesis. The highest measured saturation magnetization of 393 kA/m (measured at ±1440 kA/m) was achieved with a relaxation process after 1.5 h milling, giving a theoretical maximum energy product of 48 kJ/m3. The highest value of the coercivity was 355 kA/m achieved by flash-milling for 10 h. However, the high coercivity was achieved at an expense of low saturation magnetization.

Micromagnetic Simulations for Coercivity Improvement Through Nano-Structuring of Rare-Earth-Free L10-FeNi Magnets

In this work we investigate the potential of tetragonal L1$_0$ ordered FeNi as candidate phase for rare earth free permanent magnets taking into account anisotropy values from recently synthesized, partially ordered FeNi thin films. In particular, we estimate the maximum energy product ($BH$)$_\mathrm{max}$ of L1$_0$-FeNi nanostructures using micromagnetic simulations. The maximum energy product is limited due to the small coercive field of partially ordered L1$_0$-FeNi. Nano-structured magnets consisting of 128 equi-axed, platelet-like and columnar-shaped grains show a theoretical maximum energy product of 228 kJ/m$^3$, 208 kJ/m$^3$, 252 kJ/m$^3$, respectively.

Energy Production by Small Hydro Power Plants in Collective Irrigation Systems of Calabria (Southern Italy)

In Water Users Associations (WUA) of Calabria (Southern Italy) considerable geodetic heads and water flows are available in collective irrigation networks. Therefore it is possible to produce electrical energy by hydro- turbines out of the irrigation season, preferably by small hydro power (SHP) plants. Applying at the regional scale a previously developed model to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of SHP plants in existing irrigation systems, this paper estimates the theoretical energy production and the economic performances of SHP plants installed in the WUAs operating in Calabria. In the 120 water systems surveyed, a total electrical power output of 15.5 MW could theoretically be produced, preferably by plants with nominal power output in the range 5 - 100 kW. The planned SHP plants would provide a total annual profit of about 11.5 M€, which would triple the annual WUA income. The annual sustainability of SHP maintenance, operation and management costs is also demonstrated.

Calibrating wave resource assessments through application of the triple collocation technique

Numerical wave models are often used to hindcast wave conditions and predict the theoretical energy production from wave energy conversion (WEC) devices. It is widely acknowledged that numerical model suffer from bias's and uncertainties which ultimately affect the final predictions of WEC power. In this case study, a Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) hindcast, based on the ECMWF wave and FNMOC wind boundary conditions, is used to predict sea states off the Canadian west coast and the triple collocation technique is applied to quantify the model result bias's, and systematic and random errors. To analyze the error and calibrate the results from the hindcast, two in-situ collocated wave measurement devices are deployed; A TriAxys wave measurement buoy and a Nortek AWAC. The triple collocation technique is used to compare the significant wave height and energy period parameters over a three-month period, from October to December 2014. The triple collocation technique assumes linear relationship between the measured value and true value, and outputs the bias, calibration slope and the measurement random error. This study implements two previously utilized calibration regimes, a single value and monthly calibration regime, as well as presenting two novel methods to improve the impact of the calibration; a bivariate calibration and a spectral calibration. The two standard calibration techniques resulted in negligible improvements in data correlation. The spectral method suffered from high computational cost and only 3.4% improvement in significant wave height correlation. The bivariate calibration regime, following the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) wave resource histogram parameters, resulted in 5% and 26% improvements in the significant wave height and energy period correlations respectively. Calibration of the SWAN hindcast reduced the gross wave energy transport values by 900 MWh, yet the final WEC production estimates only varied by 1.5 MWh but greatly improved their time-series correlation. It is shown that the triple collocation technique, under the bivariate distribution regime, provides a more realistic presentation of future WEC power production and eliminates known short-comings of numerical model outputs.