Normative Theology Research Articles

Mental Health of Modern Society Based on The Perspective of Hadith

In modern society, we discover that mental health in each society cannot be generalized. This condition then creates the urgency of discussing mental health, which leads to society's empowerment and how its efforts can optimize their mental health conditions in carrying out their daily lives. Mental health is marked by optimal emotional, intellectual, and physical development and is aligned with daily life. Based on the background above, the writer will try to conduct a study on mental health development based on the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad, which are confined to the following problem statements: 1) What is the substance of mental health? 2) How is the redaction and quality of the hadiths about mental health? 3) How is the hadith perspective on mental health? The writer used a multidisciplinary approach, such as hadith science, sociology, and normative theology. This study was classified as field research; the data was collected by adapting and analyzing the information that the writer got from the respondents and focusing on qualitative aspects, then reviewing and concluding the data. Mental health is a mental condition that is calm, comfortable, serene, and peaceful. Then, it depends on internal factors and influences external factors. In addition, mental health is also closely related to all dimensions of human life, such as spiritual, psychological, biological, and social. This paper leads to the conclusion that the heart has an important role in terms of mental health development, and it is even highly recommended for Muslims to carry out guidance on mental health. In addition, the hadith of the Prophet also appealed to Muslims to always improve their spirituality by strengthening their mental health.

Violence in the Household (KDRT) Perspective Maqashid Sharia (Case Study at Sungguminasa District Court)

This Study discuss about violence in Household (domestic violence) in perspective maqashid sharia. This study employed a field research design utilizing qualitative and descriptive research methods as well as normative theology and juridical approach. The data sources in this research are primary data, secondary data and tertiary data. The result of this research show that : 1) Numerous causes, including communication, someone's character or behavior, jealousy, money, being married young, having the wrong idea about religion, emotions, and competition, are causative elements of violence in households. Putting this in perspective Maqashid Sharia has a significant impact on upholding someone's property, religion, soul, mind, and children because these are factors that can lead to further domestic violence; 2) Settlement efforts to resolve domestic violence are carried out by following the criminal procedural law system as regulated in Law Number 8 of 1981, concerning Criminal Procedure Law (KUHAP) and in imposing sentences based on Law No. 24 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence (UU PKDRT), in this case the resolution efforts carried out by the Sungguminasa District Court are in line with the objectives of Islamic law, namely the protection of ensuring the 5 main principles in Islam, preserving religion, soul, mind, lineage and property.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE FIVE PILLAR LAW OF MUBADALAH IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC MARRIAGE PHILOSOPHY

The philosophy of Islamic marriage is often overlooked by the perpetrators of marriage so that the divorce rate is always high. For example, the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) released data on the divorce rate in Central Java for various reasons, in 2020 it reached 65,815 divorces, in 2021 there will be no less than 65,722. Although comparing to the figures in the previous year, this figure has decreased slightly, it is still said to be high. One way to reduce this number is to require a complete understanding of the philosophy of Islamic marriage. The five pillar mubadalah can be jointly carried out by each husband and wife, so that household harmony can be achieved together. This paper seeks to examine this, where the type of research used is literature review with documentation techniques, the approach used is normative theology with content analysis techniques and drawing conclusions with a deductive thinking framework. The results of this study are that the philosophy of Islamic marriage is parallel to the maqasid sharia of marriage. Maqashid sharia marriage has two dimensions: maqashid ashliyyah or main maqashid, and maqashid taba'iyyah or complementary maqashid. The five pillar mubadalah are tips that need to be considered to create maqashid marriage and a philosophy of Islamic marriage at once

Banality of Transgender Performance in the Public Sphere: The Views of Religious Leaders and the Goverment from the Maqāṣid Al-Syarī’ah Perspective (a Case Study in Bone City)

This study discusses the maqāṣid al-syarī'ah perspective on the views of religious leaders and the government regarding the performance of transgender women in the public space of the Bone district which is already at the banal stage (considered normal, normalized). This type of research uses descriptive qualitative field research with two approaches, namely normative theology (syar'ī) and phenomenology. The main data source was obtained from interviews with religious leaders and the government of Bone district. Observation, interview, and document study techniques are the data collection techniques used. The research results obtained from the interview session found that there were two main factors causing the banality of transgender performance in the public spaces of Bone district. First, the human rights factor. Second, the existence of the Bissu culture (transgender) as part of the Bugis history of Bone which has long been accepted by society. Based on the analysis of maqāṣid al-syarī'ah, these two factors are contrary to sharia (Islamic law). The position of human rights is not higher than the position of Shari'a, this is based on the order of al-ḍarūriyāt al-khams where the order of hifz al-nafs (care of the soul) is in second place under hifz al-din (maintenance of religion). Furthermore, the reason that the acceptance of transgender women that has been taking place for a long time, like acceptance of Bissu, cannot be accepted based on maqāṣid al-syarī'ah. Because it is clear in the Shari'a that harm cannot be allowed to go unpunished even though it is considered to have happened for a long time by most people. As the law of fiqh rules الضَّرَرُلاَيَكُونُ قَدِ يمً. 
 Keywords: Banality, Transgender, Maqāṣid Al-Syarī'ah

Moderasi dalam Pandangan Al-Qur’an dan Bible

This thesis is entitled Dialogue of the Qur'an and the Bible About Religious Moderation, while the formulation of the problem is what is meant by the dialogue of the Qur'an and the Bible about religious moderation and what is the mechanism for the dialogue of the Qur'an and the Bible about religious moderation. This study aims: 1) to find out the Al-Qur'an dialogue about religious moderation, 2) to analyze the Biblical dialogue about religious moderation, and 3) to provide materials or references for students of the Study of Religions on the dialogues of the Qur'an and the Bible about moderation in religion. The approach used is normative theology, which is an attempt to understand religion using the framework of divinity which departs from a belief that the empirical form of a religion is considered the most correct compared to the others. While the theory is inductive, a thought that departs from specific rules (things or events) to determine general laws (rules). The findings from the results of this study are dialogues which are written works, presented in the form of conversations between two or more figures in a straightforward manner, also carried out through questions and answers about an issue as desired. The results of this study indicate that in Islam and Christianity with the way of dialogue teaches about how to understand each other and be tolerant in religious moderation. So that between the two religions, especially the Qur'an and the Bible, they understand each other that the dialogue in question serves to convey a message to other people that aims to touch the basic values of religion.

Psalm 88 within its Contexts (Historical, Literary, Canonical, Modern, and Psychological): Do they help with Interpretation?

Psalm 88, considered ‘the darkest psalm’, is often avoided by ‘the average reader of Scripture’ and considered ‘outside of normative theology’ by many scholars. The big problem is that the lamenter accuses God of breaking the covenant, and God does not answer the lamenter. The psalm ends without resolution. Moreover, the complainant claims to be innocent, thereby raising the issue of a person suffering unjustly (before an all-powerful, loving God). Biblical texts like this force us to look wider and deeper, to gain an understanding of the text’s message and its role within the canon. In this paper, the wider view is considered by studying the psalm within five contexts – historical, literary, canonical, within the modern world, and in the light of a psychological theory. The first has little to offer (of certainty) but the literary view highlights key themes. The canonical view shows how it critiques Ps 1, gives a climax to Book III (with Ps 89) and prepares for Book IV, and connects with Job and Jesus. The modern context brings new insights: the reality of the Holocaust has prompted deep searching and an adjustment of theological thinking by several scholars. And the psychological perspective (from the fact that the psalmist does not experience the identity disintegration common in such situations) highlights the crux of the psalm – his covenant relationship with YHWH as the most important, and only, element that holds in such extreme times. In essence, the psalm (in context) shows us that innocent people suffer, but God is not unjust. However, sufferers should protest and their pain should be acknowledged as truth. Moreover, meaning should not be squeezed out of suffering, for humanity’s inability to comprehend fully is a reality. Nevertheless, the psalm gives space and permission for sufferers to safely protest with a fellow-sufferer.

The Shoah and Jewish Faith: Voices from the Midst of Tragedy

There has understandably been a good deal of emphasis on how Jewish faith has been affected in the wake of the genocidal catastrophe of the Shoah. Much less attention has been devoted, however, to how observant Jews were impacted, with regard to their faith, in the midst of the tragedy. Elie Wiesel, for his part, was said to have put God on trial at Auschwitz. It will also be instructive to consider two Jewish leaders, both ultra-orthodox rabbis, who were victims of the Nazi genocide. Their perspectives (unlike post-Holocaust theology) provide a window on Jewish thought while events were unfolding. The reflections of Rabbi Kalonymus Kalman Shapira, who was residing in Warsaw at the outbreak of the war, were published in Israel in 1960 under the title Esh Kodesh. The work elucidates what may be viewed as a normative theology of suffering. Another ultra-orthodox rabbi, Yissachar Teichtal, was living in Budapest during the Nazi era. His theology is even more dramatic, rejecting all exilic philosophies, and developing a religious Zionist philosophy. If there is a to be found a merging of the two approaches, it is in the idea of “reconstruction,” on the one hand of the individual, and on the other, of the Jewish nation – the uniquely Jewish concept of tikkun.

Demonization of Christians: Missiological Perspectives and Implications

This article is a missiological reflection on the phenomenon of Christian demonization from a Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) perspective. The article argues from the four voices approach in theology (see Cameron et al. 2010; Cameron and Duce 2013), and contends that Christians can be demonized, have been demonized throughout the Christian church history, and are still demonized today across all Christian denomination lines. This is the position that appears in a few SDA publications, and is not in contradiction with the Scriptures. I suggest that demonization and demon possession are etymologically and phenomenologically the same. Thus, this paper builds on the assumption that Christian demonization is not just a claim from deliverance ministry practitioners with an operant theology but a missiological phenomenon with inreach and outreach dimensions. The phenomenon is encountered in formal and normative theologies as well, as it is an exposed theology from an operant theology. As such, this article points out that many mainline Christian denominations (Roman Catholics, Protestants like non-charismatic evangelicals, Seventh-day Adventists, etc.) have recently emphasized practical ministries in their denominations to face the needs of their members struggling with demonization. These denominations have moved from an attitude closed to the possibility of ministry to demonized members to a more open attitude with a willingness to consider the issue and explore potential solutions. The article first addresses briefly the seeming controversy on the translation of the Greek terms daimonizomenos (participle), and daimonizomai (verb). These terms, together with echo/echei daimonion, are translated in some Bible texts “possessed with the devil” (Mark 5:15, 16, 18, KJV), “demon- possessed” (Matt 8:28–32; Mark 5:15, 16, 18, Luke 8:27, NKJV or NIV etc.). Second, this article asserts that Christians are best categorized by the centered set theory and not otherwise (see Hiebert 1978, 1994, 2008). Consequently, this missiological reflection emphasizes that Christian demonization has missiological implications for Christian mission in general and SDA mission in particular. Finally, the article argues that theological research is enriched when the four voices of theology–the formal or academic theology, the espoused theology, the normative theology, and the operant theology are brought “into conscious conversation so that all voices can be enriched” (Cameron and Duce 2013:xxxi). This means that each theological voice must interpenetrate the others and influence them (xxx).

DA'WAH STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THE UNDERSTANDING OF FARAIDH SCIENCE IN SOCIETY

This study aims to analyze the implementation and constraints that affect the application of Islamic inheritance law among Muslims. This research is a qualitative research, using the methods of descriptive approach, sociology, normative theology and historical. Research shows that the implementation of Islamic inheritance law is more dominantly done in the family due to various factors. The special portion provided for the heirs is owned by the parents and is in absolute control. The application of the law for the division of property is always done by distributing it to the heirs by family without looking at the provisions of God's law. Problems in the application of Islamic inheritance law include the thickness of customary law and the low understanding of Islamic inheritance law (Ilmu Faraidh). Here the da'wah to teach the Science of Faraidh and various sciences of jurisprudence that began to understand the science of Faraidh became a must done by the community. And there is a need for systematic strengthening of da'wah so that knowledge is understood in a kaffah manner so that the application of maqashid syariah becomes more comprehensive.

Sanksi bagi Pelaku Pembunuhan yang Menderita Gangguan Bipolar Perspektif Hukum Islam

This study aimed to review and analyze appropriate sanction for murderer suffering from bipolar disorder based on the perspective of Islamic law. This research was qualitative descriptive research with library research methods and approaches such as: (1) normative theology (syar'i); (2) historical; and (3) religious psychology. The results showed that murder is an illegal act in Islam so that the culprit is punished severely. Murder committed by people with bipolar disorder according to the perspective of Islamic law is sanctioned qiṣāṣ if the act of murder is carried out when the perpetrator is in normal circumstances, but if the act of murder occurs when bipolar disorder relapses on the perpetrator, then the sanction is a full right on the part of the victim's family to still ask for a fine (diat).

ILLEGAL MARRIAGE ANTICIPATION IN BENGKALIS DISTRICT (Case Study of KUA And North Rupat District Community Leaders)

The large number of cases of illegal marriages in Bengkalis Regency have had a big impact on the community, especially in Rupat Utara District. Illegal marriages are also known as illegal marriages or unregistered marriages, namely a marriage that is carried out under Islamic law without being legally registered at the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA). In almost all villages in Rupat Utarat, illegal marriages were found with a total of 32 cases. The formulation in this research is what are the factors that cause the occurrence of illegal marriages in Rupat Utara District and how to anticipate the occurrence of illegal marriages by the KUA and community leaders in North Rupat. The method used in this research is qualitative research, using normative juridical approaches (positive law) and normative theology (Islamic law), observation, interviews and documentation are used to collect data. The object of this research is the perpetrators of illegal marriages, KUA and community leaders in Rupat Utara. The location of this research is in Rupat Utara District, with interviews with 7 cases of illegal marriage. The results of this study indicate that there are information factors, age limit of marriage, economic and distance factors that cause illegal marriages. KUA and community leaders have made efforts to anticipate illegal marriages very well in Rupat Utara District. Keywords: Anticipation Effort, Illegal Marriage, KUA, Community Leader

REFORMISME HUKUM: PENGAMALAN AGAMA PERSPEKTIF SALAFI WAHABI

This research proves that Salafism-Wahhabism tends to bring out the problem of aqidah instead of the problem of khilāfīyah. Furthermore, the followers of Salafism-Wahhabism have been well known as a denomination with fundamentalism-literalism world view, and they often conduct rigid and non-contextual interpretation of the Qur’an and Hadith. Therefore, it can be concluded that coercion in religion is directly proportional to the rigidness of religious teachings. And that fiqh must be the basic means of Islamic daʻwah (missionary activities), and it should not be the cantilever of partial daʻwah, which could bring Islamic negative image among non-believers and distancing sinful Muslims from his God. Also, traditional law must be adapted with religious idealism and imbued with the general principles of sharia. Therefore, the sharia perfection could only be realized by the conciliation with constantly-changing social condition and human interests. The researcher used sociology-anthropology approach, which was a religious approach that correlated with some other social sciences approaches such as socio-cultural, normative theology, faith, and religious practices. The researcher used library research as the source of data, and the secondary data sources included the works of Wahhabism scholars that referenced by the followers of Salafism-Wahhabism. The researcher also included the works of scholars that criticized the teachings of Ibn Taymīyah and Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb. As the comprehensive research, the researcher used documentation study and conducting deep interview with certain parties and individuals.

Theological normativity and church development

This article attempts to answer the following question: how significant is theological normativity for church development practice? At a time when many leaders are busy developing local churches according to secular organisational theories, models and experiences, the following question arises: to what extent does the normative character of the Bible impact Christian faith, church life and ministry and how might normative theology affect development projects that are carried out by churches? The overriding issue that both current practice and the article focus on, is how theological normativity and empirical data can be integrated in the area of church development. After explaining the concepts of theological normativity and empirical data and the logical relationship between them, the article discusses how different national (Norwegian) and international researchers within practical theology attempt to resolve problems relating to the integration of normative theology with empirical data. The article’s authors believe that these attempts end up with either assimilation or integration, neither of which is beneficial for church development practice. Therefore, the authors propose an alternative integration model that distinguishes between three levels / degrees of theological normativity, corresponding to three different fields and areas of church development. From this perspective, one can see how the integration of empirical data in the three levels of normativity brings both challenges and opportunities. The authors’ conclusion and recommendation concerning the function and significance of the theological normativity in church development is that theological normativity bestows the church with identity and at same time has a guiding and corrective function.

The Principal's Role as Supervisor

This study aims to describe the steps implemented by school principals as supervisors in improving the professionalism of educators of Islamic religious education subjects at SMA Negeri 1 Malili, East Luwu Regency. Examine the contribution of school principals as supervisors to increase the professionalism of educators in Islamic religious education subjects, identify the obstacles experienced, and see the principal's efforts in improving the professionalism of educators in Islamic religious education subjects. This research uses pedagogical, juridical, sociological, and normative theology approaches—data sources, primary data taken through interviews with competent parties. At the same time, secondary data is library data and school documentation that is related to research. The instrument used in collecting data is the researcher himself, who acts as a human instrument, whose function is to determine the focus of the research, select informants as data sources, collect data, assess data quality, analyze data, interpret data and draw conclusions from the findings, while the guidelines for interviews, observations, and documents as complementary instruments. The analysis used is descriptive-analytical by reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research and analysis concluded that: 1) the steps implemented by the principal of SMA Negeri 1 Malili as a supervisor in increasing the professionalism of educators of Islamic religious education subjects were by the corridor of supervision implementation. 2) The principal as a supervisor has contributed to increasing the professionalism of educators in Islamic religious education subjects at SMA Negeri 1 Malili, East Luwu Regency. 3) The obstacles faced by the principal of SMA Negeri 1 Malili in improving the quality of PAI learning at SMA Negeri 1 Malili stem from two factors, namely internal and external factors.

Internalisasi Nilai-Nilai Macca na Malempu' dalam Etika Bisnis Islam sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Kepuasan Pelanggan CV. Idlan Waranie Perkasa (Mabello Indonesia)

This study aims to describe the realization of the values of macca na malempu 'and Islamic business ethics in an effort to increase customer satisfaction and the process of internalizing the values of macca na malempu' in Islamic business ethics as an effort to increase customer satisfaction of Mabello Indonesia. This research uses field research methodology and library research with descriptive qualitative methods and analysis with a normative theology approach and literature study. The result of the research is that Mabello Indonesia in an effort to increase customer satisfaction has realized the values of macca na malempu ', such as in product innovation and product quality control, Mabello Indonesia has also implemented Islamic business ethics in an effort to increase customer satisfaction by implementing 5 basic axioms, among others; unity, equilibrium, responsibility, free will, and benevolence, and the values of macca na malempu 'are internalized in the 5 basic axioms of Islamic business ethics. The implications of research on business activities must uphold the value of regional local wisdom and for Muslim businessmen, the application of Islamic business ethics is absolutely necessary so that business activities are oriented to the world and the hereafter.

Negotiating the non-negotiable: the Elim Pentecostal movement and theological normativity

ABSTRACT In light of the Elim Pentecostal movement’s pneumatological heritage and commitment to a ‘non-negotiable’ doctrinal statement founded on biblical certainties, this study attends to three key questions. First, what, if any, is the theological value of conducting empirical enquiry from a seemingly fixed starting point underpinned by an infallible view of Scripture? Second, where, does theological normativity lie within the research process? And, third, who, in practice, has the power to decide what counts as theologically normative within any empirical enquiry? This study argues that since, for the Elim movement, theological normativity is located in the experienced reality of Scripture, empirical enquiry has the potential to both constructively challenge and evoke a deeper understanding of those doctrines that form its basis. Given Elim’s emphasis on the availability of Spirit encounter for all believers, it suggests that it is not for the researcher alone to decide what is theologically normative, but that this should be collectively discerned with members within Elim congregations. Whilst this study concerns itself with the more peculiar nuances of the Elim movement, and therefore dialogues most explicitly with the work of other charismatic/Pentecostal writers such as Mark Cartledge and Ray Anderson, it contributes to the wider discourse within practical theology regarding the place of theological normativity within the empirical research process.

Implementasi Kegiatan Ektstrakurikuler PAI (Ikhrohist) untuk Pembinaan Akhlak

This researh is about the implementation of extracurricular activities (ikrohist) for guide students’ attitude in SMK Penerbangan Techno Terapan Makassar. This research method is a qualitative research using of normative theology, pedagogic, physicologic, and sociologic. The research instruments used interview, observation, and documentation. Informant consisted of principal, refresentative of the school, and teachers. Data collection was done by observation, interview and documentation techniques. Data analysis by means of data reduction, data presentation, conclusion and data verification. The result of this research, there are: 1) Students’ attitudes in SMK Penerbangan Techno Terapan Makassar, after joining the extracurricular activities showed good attitudes. 2) Students’ Attitudes in SMK Penerbangan Techno Terapan Makassar based on the observation and interview that give awardness, discipline, extracurricular activities (Ikrohist) in SMK Penerbangan Techno Terapan Makassar consisted of three parts, they are dayly/weekly activities, monthly activities and annual activities.

Deconstructing Ideals of Worship with Children

In most congregations, children participate in worship in various ways. In this article we pose the question: how can we describe and understand the variety in practices of worship with children? The case we consider is the Protestant context in the Netherlands. Archival research shows that since the introduction of differentiated worship for children, tension has arisen between worship with the entire congregation and worship aimed specifically at children. This tension between intergenerational worship and target-group worship persists; while most liturgists and youth work professionals argue for intergenerational worship, some defend the merits of target-group worship. However, in this ethnographic research we indicate that the portrayal of intergenerational worship as the ideal, and target-group worship as its opposite, or vice versa, leaves much of the normativity in worship with children hidden. We, therefore, deconstruct ideals of worship with children to open up other ways of understanding the variety of worship with children. In doing so, we argue that pedagogical and theological normativity influence worship practices in complex ways. Future research may advance this investigation by focusing on adults’ and children’s roles in shaping worship practices and exploring the theological implications of these practices in more depth and detail.

Normative Political Theology as Intensified Critique

ABSTRACTSome theorists are suspicious of normative political theology because they believe it undermines critical rationality. In my view, these theorists neglect theological traditions that resist dogmatism through intensified critique. Because authoritarian dogma is not unique to religion, theology offers sophisticated techniques that may be useful for those who are not themselves religious. A normative theology that intensifies critique represents a valuable resource for political reflection, and not only for the faithful.

REFORMULASI TEOLOGI DARI EKSKLUSIF KE INKLUSIF

Theology, in practical, appears into two poles: first, exclusive based normative theology; second, inclusive based socio-anthropocentric. Both of these exclusive and inclusive ways of thinking can be a paradigm in every belief of school of thoughts (Madzhab) or social groups (mass organizations). These two ways of logical reasoning (exclusive and inclusive) afoot each other, and they frequently do not come together at one point; indeed, both of them are often contradictive and clash each other. Theology constructed for the present context is the one that is completely living among the members of religious community and that may give motivation to act in the reality of human life. Theology is practically hoped to be an ideology that realty functions for practical needs of human, especially for the backward community.
 Keywords: theology, exclusive, inclusive, divinity, humanity.