This is a first molecular report investigate the phylogenic analysis of Theileria spp. in sheep and it's infested ticks in Mosul city-Iraq. A total of 185 blood samples were collected from sheep in different areas of Mosul city. A sixty five Ixodid ticks were also collected from different parts of infected animals. The overall prevalence of Theileria spp. was 52.4% (97 out of 185), for Theileria ovis it was 9.7%, Theileria lestoquardi it was 20% and mixed infection it was 22.7% in sheep in Mosul city, based on conventional-PCR and multiplex-PCR techniques. the infestation rat of Ixodid ticks on sheep was 11.8% (22 out of 185) and three species of Ixodid ticks (n=65) were identified and classified: Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum 37 (56.9%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus 16 (24.6%), Rh. turanicus 12 (18.4%) based on microscopic examination. BLASTn individual sequencing analysis of six sequences of 18S rRNA gene, composing sequences of T. ovis (n=3) (One extracted from sheep blood and two extracted from engorged female ticks), and sequences of T. lestoquardi (n=3) (One extracted from sheep blood and two extracted from engorged female ticks).

Buparvaquone is now the principle medicinal drug utilized against tropical theileriosis. The current study was conducted to determine the potential association between the resistance against buparvaquone and the occurrence of mutations in the Cytochrome b (Cyto b) gene of Theileria annulata (T. annulata) in cattle under Egyptian conditions. We sequenced the Cyto b gene of T. annulata of 6 blood samples collected from 1 responding and 5 non-responding cattle to buparvaquone treatment. The analysis revealed that two mutations occurred in codons 253 and 262 within the quinol oxidation (Qo2) drug-binding site of the five resistant isolates. Two mutations in the Qo1 site were found together in the buparvaquone sensitive isolate only. Our findings suggest that the failure of buparvaquone therapy could be attributed to the presence of single or double point mutations at the Qo2 site of T. annulata Cyto b gene. 2019 PVJ.

Serological and Molecular Estimation of Theileria Equi Infections in Horses of Baghdad, Al-Qadisiyah, and Wasit Provinces / Iraq

Theileriosis is an infectious disease in cattle caused by theileria annulata,carried by ticks of the genius Hyalomma. A mathematical representation ofcompartmental model for theileriosis transmission in cattle host and tick vector is formulated.The model incorporates a new class of isolated cattle in the cattle population.Isolated cattle are those that are infected with theileriosis but isolated to prevent furtherinfection. The stability of the model is analysed for the existence of the disease-freeand endemic equilibrium points. The basic reproduction number, R0, is determinedrespectively. It is shown that theileriosis infection dies out of cattle population andconverges to disease-free equilibrium point if R0 1, then the diseasepersists in the population and converges to endemic equilibrium point.

Babesia and Theileria are two protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, which result in babesiosis and theileriosis in different hosts, cause considerable problems in domestic animals and as a consequence economic losses. These two diseases are transmitted by ticks. This survey was carried out due to the lack of studies and information regarding tick vectors and Theileria and Babesia species in the Dehgolan area of Iran, which is a center of agriculture and animal holding industry. This study was conducted during a four-year period, between 2012 and 2016. Infection with Theileria and Babesia was observed throughout the year while in contrast to cattle and sheep, infection with Babesia in goats was not observed between December and February. Infection with Babesia and Theileria reached the highest peak in July and this was more considerable for Theileria in cattle and sheep with a prevalence of 37–47% and 46–79%, respectively. The infection rate in goats for both diseases was 20%. The results in this study showed that Imidocarb Diproprionate and Buparvaquone are effective treatments for Babesia and Theileria, respectively. In this survey, the ticks of Rhipicephalus spp. and Hyalomma anatolicum had the highest infection rate with Babesia and Theileria, respectively. Considering the significant relationship between the prevalence of Theileria and Babesia with tick infection in this study and other studies, more studies on climate changes and tick vector prevalence are necessary.

Bovine theileriosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria annulata and Theileria parva and is transmitted through tick Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus, respectively leading to economic losses and causes devastating losses to the livestock worldwide. This paper deals with clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of theileriosis in buffalo having 4years of age and clinical signs observed were; high fever (106.7oF), anorexia, enlarge lymph nodes, dyspnoea and ocular discharge with pale mucous membrane. The peripheral blood smear confirmed the presence of Koch blue bodies. The animal was treated with a single dose of Buparvaquone, 2.5 mg/kg i.m. along with supportive therapy.

This data contains percent inhibition of 17-DMAG, diminazene aceturate, and atovaquone on the growth of Babesia and Theileria parasites. It also contains the data from drug combination and in vivo observation of the inhibition on the growth of B. microti in mice.

This study was conducted in Nyala, South Darfur State, Sudan during August-September 2015 to study the seroprevalence of ovine and caprine theileriosis and to identify the tick infesting sheep and goats.For this purpose, total of 150 samples (ticks, blood smear and sera) were collected from sheep (n=61) and goats (n=89) of different age groups, breed and both sex.Three age groups were included: less than one-year-old, onetwo years-old and more than two-year-old.Two diagnostic techniques were used, blood smears, and indirect fl uorescent antibody test (IFAT).Out of 150 samples, 9 (6%) were positive for Theileria spp.piroplasms in blood smears, and 81 (54%) were positive for Theileria lestoquardi antibodies.Out of 61 sheep, 3 (4.9%)were positive for Theileria spp.piroplasms, and 25 (41%) were positive for T. lestoquardi antibodies.Out of 89 goats, 6 (6.7%) were positive for Theileria spp.piroplasms, and 56 (62.9%) were positive for T. lestoquardi antibodies.The highest prevalence of T. lestoquardi was recorded among sheep and goats more than two-year-old.Two genera and 4 species of ticks were infested sheep and goats.These included Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, R. s.

Babesiosis due to Babesia bigemina is a relevant tick-borne disease, affecting cattle worldwide. Many surface proteins of the pathogen including the Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1) - have been analysed for vaccine and diagnostic purposes. This study focused on B. bigemina AMA-1 and on its use for the assessment of diagnostic tests. After bioinformatic analyses, AMA-1 codifying region was amplified and cloned into an expression vector used to induce protein synthesis in Escherichia coli cells. AMA-1 was purified by affinity chromatography and used to set up the best condition for an ELISA protocol. Bovine field sera positive to B. bigemina were used to evaluate the presence of anti-AMA-1 antibodies. In order to verify the assay specificity, sera positive to Babesia bovis or to the piroplasm Theileria annulata were also included. Significant differences were obtained between sera negative to both B. bigemina and B. bovis and samples positive to B. bigemina, to B. bovis or to both pathogens. No significant reaction was observed with T. annulata positive sera. The results showed that AMA-1 protein is suitable to be used as antigen in diagnostic assays for babesiosis diagnosis in cattle, as it does not show any cross reaction with anti-T. annulata antibodies.

The epidemiological aspects of sheep piroplasmosis in Sudan are poorly studied, and further investigations using sensitive and precise techniques are required. In this study, the Reverse Line Blot (RLB) hybridization assay was used to detect and simultaneously differentiate between Theileria and Babesia species. DNA was extracted from blood collected on filter paper (n=219) from apparently healthy sheep from six different geographical localities in Sudan. Results indicated that Theileria ovis (88.6%), T. separata (20.1%), T. lestoquardi (16.4%) and T. annulata (16.4%) DNA could be detected in the blood samples. Single and mixed Theileria infections were detected in 74 (33.8%) and 124 (56.6%) respectively and T. ovis being the most prevalent species in the country. T. ovis and T. separata were reported for the first time in sheep in Sudan.

The of prevalence ofhaemoparasites of cattle located in Nagari Integrated Farms, Gauta-NikeVillage, Keffi Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria was conducted inOctober 2012 where 50 Friesian cattle (male and females) are kept on intensivesystem of management were randomly selected. Blood samples were collected in ananticoagulant sample bottle and submitted to the Parasitology Laboratory ofFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna state ofNigeria for parasitological examination. Giemsa stained thin blood smears wereexamined for hemoparasites and Hematocrit Centrifuge Technique (HCT) was usedto determine the presence of motile parasites. An overall prevalence of 90%(82% female and 8% male) was recorded for all samples examined, 21 (42%) wereinfected with Anaplasma marginale, Theileria mutans shows 20 (40%) prevalenceand 4 (8%) were infected by Babesia bigemina. Mixed infection between Anaplasmamarginale and Babesia bigemina revealed 2 (4%) while Anaplasma marginale andTheileria mutans was 7 (14%). There was a significant difference (P > 0.05)in infections caused by Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Theileriamutans (Table 1) and also between sexes(Table 3), but there was no significant difference (P<0.05) between any of the mixedinfections observed (Table 2). The result of this study shows thesehemoparasites are endemic in the cattle under study which may result in seriousdisease conditions when such animals are subjected to stressful condition.

TA serosurvey has been conducted in Northern and Central Italy to investigate the presence in humans of antibodies against zoonotic Babesia and Theileria species. The study focused on a total of 432 volunteers, of which 290 were persistently exposed to tick bites because of their jobs (forester employees, livestock keepers, veterinary practitioners, farmers and hunters) and 142 resident in the same area less frequently exposed. An indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for humans was used to detect antibodies to Babesia microti, IFAT tests for veterinary use were modified to detect reactivity to Babesia bovis, Babesia canis and Theileria equi. A laboratory-derived ELISA was employed to detect antibodies to Babesia divergens. Both reactive and 10 negative sera were analysed against plasmodial antigens to evaluate possible aspecificity. A high reactivity to piroplasm antigens was found, showing significant difference between the sera of the two groups of volunteers (24% vs 7.%; p<0.001). No cross-reactivity was observed, while each professional group showed reactivity that would fit with the professional risk exposure. In particular, a high reactivity to B. microti and B. divergens antigens was observed in foresters and hunters (32% and 12%, respectively). This is the first report on the human seroreactivity to piroplasms in Italy; it also provides additional epidemiological information on these tick-borne zoonoses in Europe. Our findings suggest the possible occurrence of piroplasm infections in Italy and alert physicians to consider these otherwise neglected parasitic diseases when dealing with any febrile illness, especially in subjects exposed to tick bites.

The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of Theileria equi in horses imported into Mexico. During different stages of quarantine, 348 blood samples were taken from clinically healthy horses imported into Mexico from 2011 to 2013. Nested PCR (nPCR) of the Merozoite Antigen-1 (EMA-1) gene was performed for pathogen detection. In total, 93 horses tested positive for T. equi resulting in a 26.72% frequency with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of 22.07-31.37%. This is the first molecular diagnostics study to identify T. equi-positive horses imported into Mexico these results highlight the importance of nPCR analysis for T. equi in clinically healthy imported horses.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases are widely distributed in southern Africa and limit livestock production of commercial farmers and the subsistence economy of the resource-poor farmers. Reverse line blot hybridization was used to survey the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in cattle of commercial and small scale resource-poor farmers within the north-eastern region of the Free State Province, South Africa. Blood was collected from 74 clinically healthy cattle in five farms at Ficksburg and Reitz. DNA was extracted and subjected to two different polymerase chain reactions (PCRs): an 18S rRNA-based PCR for amplification of Theileria and Babesia species and a 16S rRNA-based PCR for amplification of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species. Reverse line blot (RLB) assay was then performed with family and species-specific DNA probes. Forty nine percent of the samples were positive for Anaplasma marginale, 35.1% for Theleria taurotragi, 18.9% forEhrlichia sp. (Omatjenne), 2.7% for Babesia bigemina and 1.4% for both Anaplasma bovis and Babesia bovis. The phylogenetic analysis of three representative strains tested in this study also indicated that Anaplasma sp. clone SAFS01 and Anaplasma sp. clone SAFS02 clustered with their corresponding species, while the Ehrlichia sp. clone SAFS03 clustered separately from another strain of the same species published in the GenBank database. Key words: Reverse line blot hybridization, Anaplasma, Babesia, Ehrlichia, Theileria, 16S rDNA, phylogeny

Three hundred (300) blood samples from apparently healthy cattle were collected in areas around Lake Mburo National Park in Western Uganda. These were used in the comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of reverse line blot (RLB) and β-tubulin targeted nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of tick-borne piroplasms in cattle. The sensitivity of RLB technique for the detection of Theileria andBabesia species was 71.25% (95% CI: 60.05 to 80.82%) and the specificity was 57.50% (95% CI: 40.89 to 72.960%) while the sensitivity of the beta-tubulin targeted nested PCR was 62.5% (95% CI: 50.96 to 73.08%) and the specificity was 72.5% (95% CI: 56.11 to 85.40%). The positive predictive value using RLB was 77.03% (95% CI: 65.79 to 86.01%) and the negative predictive value was 50% (95% CI: 34.90 to 65.10%) while the positive predictive value using β-tubulin targeted nested PCR was 81.97 % (95% CI: 70.02 to 90.64%) and the negative predictive value was 49.15% (95% CI: 35.89 to 62.50%). The Kappa statistic for level of agreement in detection of tick-borne piroplasms between RLB assay and β-tubulin targeted nested PCR was 0.7984 which indicated substantial agreement between the two tests. The RLB assay allowed the detection of individual species that simultaneously infected the cattle. However, it was not possible to identify the species with the β-tubulin targeted nested PCR. Key words: Babesia, Theileria, β-tubulin, reverse line blot, sensitivity, specificity.

Synthetic or semi synthetic chemical drugs were used for treatment of Theileria species. These drugs include antimalarial, trypanocides and antibiotics, antiviral, etc. The aim of this study was to over-view chemical drugs tested for treatment of theileriosis. Keywords : Theileria, treatment, chemical drug

Blood samples were collected and examined for haemoparasites from 1530 cattle composed of four breeds: Adamawa gudali (434), Sokoto gudali (386), Red bororo (414) and Bunaji (298). Six hundred and forty (41.8%) of those examined were infected with haemoparasites. Three species of tick-borne parasites were encountered namely Babesia bigemina, Theileria parva and Anaplasma marginale and a non-tick borne parasite Trypanasoma vivax. Adamawa gudali was the most infected (44.5%), followed by Sokoto Gudali (43.0%). The least infected was Bunaji (37.9%). Chi square analysis showed significant association between infection and breed of cattle (P<0.05). Seven species of ixodid ticks were collected from the cattle namely, Amblyomma variegatum, Amblyomma lepidum, Hyalomma truncatum, Hyalomma rufipes, Boophilus decolaratus, Boophilus annulatus and Rhipicephalus evertsi. Monthly tick distribution shows that the month of April had the least tick burden. Whereas, the month of August recorded the highest tick burden. Key words: Haemoparasites, Chi square analysis.

Summary A retrospective evaluation was performed regarding cause of death in 91 Laristan mouflons (Ovis orientalis laristanica), 32 wild goats (Capra aegagrus) and 31 Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP) between 2001 and 2008. The Capra spp. (i.e. wild goat and Nubian ibex) were strongly affected by an outbreak of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in April 2004, whereas the mouflon remained mainly unaffected. Of the mouflon, 12 % (eleven animals) died with icterus as main pathological finding, and only in mouflon tick infection was reported. In one case a Theileria sp. infection was confirmed, suggesting it to be the etiologic agent also in the other icteric animals. Although parasites, including coccidia, were identified in all species. Coccidia had a major involvement in cases of macroscopic gastrointestinal lesions only in mouflons, but not goat species. In mouflons only animals with a birth weight over 1.5 kg reached an age over 2.5 years. As the mouflon and goat species were held in immediate proximity, the reported disease patterns at AWWP indicate distinct differences in disease susceptibility between wild Capra and Ovis spp. In this context, the common zoo practice to present closely related taxa in close spatial vicinity, as the C. aegagrus and C. ibex in this case, will favour the spread of certain infectious diseases.

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Five groups of adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, with an average of 98 Theileria parva-infected salivary gland acini per tick, were exposed to four different temperature conditions in the laboratory or to quasi-natural conditions in Kenya. The survival of the infected ticks and T. parva parasites in their salivary glands were determined over time. Ticks kept under quasi-natural conditions survived up to 86 weeks. This period was longer than that of ticks exposed to any of the four laboratory conditions, except the diurnal temperature rhythm of 13–23 °C and 85% relative humidity (RH) to which it was comparable. Theileria parva survived for 82 weeks in ticks exposed to quasi-natural conditions, a period which was much longer than that of the parasites in ticks maintained under any of the laboratory conditions. Survival of the infected ticks and their infections seemed to be adversely affected by higher temperatures in the laboratory or drought in the field. There was an apparent density-dependent influence in parasite survival, with a dramatic fall in infection occurring in the more highly infected ticks before stabilizing at lower levels. Resume: Cinq groupes de Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann adultes avec un taux moyen d’infestation de leurs glandes salivaires de 98% par Theileria parva, ont ete exposes a quatre conditions de temperature differentes au laboratoire et a des conditions presque naturelles. La survie des tiques et de leurs parasites a ete suivie dans le temps. Les tiques maintenues en conditions naturelles ont survecu pres de 86 semaines. Cette duree de survie est superieure a celles observees dans les autres conditions de laboratoire, a l’exception des tiques maintenues a un rythme de temperatures de 13–23°C et une humidite relative de 85%. Theileria parva a survecu pres de 82 semaines dans les tiques maintenues en conditions naturelles, une duree de survie superieure a celles des parasites maintenues en conditions de laboratoire. La survie des tiques et de leurs parasites semble etre alteree par les temperatures elevees du laboratoire et par la secheresse des conditions naturelles. Il semble que la survie du parasite est fortement influencee par la densite, avec une chute drastique de l’infection sur les tiques fortement infestees, suivie d’une stabilisation aux faibles valeurs.