Theba Pisana Research Articles

Utilisation of Snails for Wound Healing: A Review

Snails exhibit remarkable adaptability, allowing them to flourish in diverse environmental conditions and resulting in thriving populations in specific regions. This abundance has led communities to harness snails for various purposes, including their use as animal feed, daily dietary source, and in traditional wound-healing practices with historical roots. The primary objective of this systematic review is to identify the snail species commonly employed in wound healing and evaluate the bioactivity of compounds derived from different snail species. This review was conducted using literature review method, drawing from international databases such as Scopus, and encompassed publications from 2013 to 2023. A total of 22 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Snail body parts that have been explored for wound-healing purposes include both the body and the shell, along with snail secretions, particularly their mucus. Various methods have been employed to extract mucus, involving manual stimulation of the snail's body, spraying with a saline solution (NaCl), application of electric shock, and the use of ozone gas through nebulisation. Prominent snail species found to be beneficial for wound healing include Achatina fulica, Helix aspersa, Eobania desertorum, Helix lucurus, Cornu bistrialis, Theba pisana, and Megalobulimus lopesi. These snail species demonstrate potential applications in the treatment of burns, excision wounds, incision wounds, and diabetic ulcers. Key compounds within snail secretions encompass mucopolysaccharides, polyphenols, peptides, and glycosaminoglycans. These compounds exert significant effects on haemostasis, inflammation control, cellular proliferation, and re-epithelialisation, significantly contributing to the wound healing process.

Unveiling the ecotoxicological effects of azoxystrobin-based fungicides at realistic concentrations on the land snail, Theba pisana

The ecotoxicological consequences of azoxystrobin on land snails have not yet been addressed. Therefore, the present study aims to provide novel data on the threat of a commercial grade azoxystrobin (AMISTAR) at two environmentally relevant concentrations (0.3 µg/ml) and tenfold (3 µg/ml) on the model species, Theba pisana by physiological, biochemical, and histopathological markers for 28 days. Our results showed a reduction in animal food consumption and growth due to exposure to both azoxystrobin concentrations. It also induced oxidative stress and led to a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels after 7 days of exposure, while the opposite effect occurred after 28 days. Except for the 7-day exposure, all treated snails had significantly reduced glutathione (GSH) content and increased catalase (CAT) activity at all-time intervals. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, and protein content (PC) were elevated in treated snails at all-time intervals. Moreover, alterations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity between a decrease and an increase were noticed. Additionally, azoxystrobin exerted changes in T. pisana hepatopancreas architecture. Our study suggests that azoxystrobin may have negative ecological consequences for T. pisana and highlights its potential risks to the natural environment.

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in edible terrestrial snails, Theba pisana and Otala spp., in a dumpsite area in Morocco and assessment of human health risks for consumers.

This study assessed the bioaccumulation patterns of five trace metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, and Zn) in two edible snail species, Theba pisana and Otala spp., collected from a dumpsite in Safi City, Morocco. The results indicated that bioaccumulation might be species-specific, as metal concentration profiles varied between the two snail species. Additionally, higher metal levels in the dumpsite snails confirmed their potential as bioindicators of trace metal pollution in terrestrial environments. However, the distribution of trace elements within the edible parts of the snails showed marked unevenness, with the viscera accumulating more metals than the foot. The study also evaluated the potential human health risks associated with consuming these snails. Trace metal levels in the edible parts exceeded most international safety thresholds. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of trace metals through snail consumption were below the provisional tolerable daily intakes (PTDIs) for both children and adults, suggesting that daily consumption is generally safe. Nonetheless, the hazard index (HI) indicated that children might face health risks from long-term consumption of contaminated snails (HI > 1), while adults are less likely to experience such complications (HI < 1). The total target carcinogenic risk (TTCR) was below 1E-04 for both children and adults, indicating negligible to acceptable carcinogenic risks for all consumer groups.

Novel synthesis of some heterocycles and their molluscicidal activity against the destructive land snail, Theba pisana

BackgroundTerrestrial snails, specifically Theba pisana, represent significant agricultural pests in the Mediterranean region, particularly in Egypt. They are gastropods that cause substantial damage to a variety of vegetation, rendering them important agricultural pests that result in economic losses. In response, we have developed unique and non-toxic molluscicides. The study assessed nine novel heterocycles compared with methomyl as a reference compound, to study their molluscicidal effects on T. pisana. These heterocycles include 2-pyrazolines, 2-oxocyclohex-3-ene, and 3-cyano-2-ethoxypyridine.ResultsThe obtained data revealed that the majority of the produced chemicals were remarkably effective against T. pisana snails, exhibiting different degrees of toxicity seven days post-treatment. Methomyl exhibited the highest toxicity, followed by prop-2-en-1-one and 1-thiocarbamoyl-2-pyrazoline derivatives, with LC50 values of 44.14, 59.54, and 72.00 ppm, respectively.ConclusionsThese findings will inform the potential of these synthetic compounds as one of the sources for molluscicide development and their integration into pest management strategies.Graphical

Toward a push–pull strategy against invasive snails using chemical and visual stimuli

Four invasive Mediterranean snails, i.e., Theba pisana (Müller, 1774), Cernuella virgata (da Costa, 1778), Cochlicella acuta (Müller, 1774) and Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) cost $170 million yearly to the grain industry in Australia. Their impact is mainly due to their estivation behavior: snails climb on cereal and legume stalks to rest during summer, which coincides with harvest, causing grain contamination issues in crops such as wheat, barley and canola. Diverse management methods have been developed to regulate snail populations, with limited success. Our study investigates the potential for a push–pull strategy to divert invasive snails from cultivated fields. A “push” part (i.e. using a repellent stimuli) was based on the use of a chemical deterrent repelling snails from the cultivated field, and a “pull” part (i.e. using an attractive stimuli) was based on offering attractive estivation supports for snails to aggregate outside the cultivated field. First, artificial estivation supports of different colors were tested under laboratory and field conditions and showed that red supports were the most attractive for these snails. Second, different substances were tested as potential snail deterrents (garlic, coffee, coffee grounds, copper). Garlic extracts were the most powerful snail deterrent and were shown to effectively protect an estivation support and food source from snails under laboratory conditions. These results, which were highly consistent for the four species, illustrate the potential of a push–pull strategy against invasive snails in Australia. It is the first attempt to develop a push–pull strategy relying on both visual and chemical stimuli to achieve results, as well as manipulating the estivation behavior of a pest.

Does commercial indoxacarb pose ecotoxicological consequences? Employing a multi-marker approach in the model species Theba pisana

Indoxacarb is one of the most extensively used oxadiazine insecticides worldwide, but it may exert detrimental effects on ecosystems, population dynamics, and health. Due to the lack of knowledge on the ecotoxicity of indoxacarb, it is still challenging to assess whether this insecticide poses an ecotoxicological impact on terrestrial environments. Therefore, our study aims to provide novel data on the toxic effects of 28-day dietary exposure to commercial grade indoxacarb at two environmentally relevant concentrations, 0.02 µg/mL and tenfold (0.2 µg/mL) on the model species, Theba pisana. Their effects were studied using a multiple biomarker approach by evaluating physiological, biochemical, and histopathological responses. After 28 days of treatment, indoxacarb at both concentrations significantly reduced the food intake and growth of the treated snails. Also, it caused decreases in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels after 7 and 14 days of exposure, whereas an opposite effect occurred after 21 and 28 days. All treated snails were found to exhibit a lower content of glutathione (GSH) after all times of exposure. Moreover, catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, as well as protein content (PC), were elevated in the treated snails after all time intervals. Post exposure to both realistic indoxacarb concentrations, changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity between a decrease and an increase were observed. Furthermore, indoxacarb caused histo-architectural changes in the hepatopancreas of T. pisana. Our results demonstrate that, at environmentally relevant concentrations, indoxacarb poses negative consequences for T. pisana, indicating its ecotoxicological impacts.Graphical

Machine vision solutions for monitoring pest snails in Australian no-till cropping fields: An exploration of spectral characteristics and detectability

In the realm of Australian agriculture, the invasive presence of two round snail species, Cernuella virgata and Theba pisana, and two conical snail species, Cochlicella acuta and Cochlicella barbara, has inflicted substantial economic losses. Effective integrated snail management hinges on precise monitoring of snail populations, yet current manual sampling techniques are prohibitively labour-intensive and susceptible to errors. This study underscores the imperative for a machine vision system capable of accurately and efficiently observing snail populations in the diverse landscapes of Australian broadacre no-till cropping fields. The inherent challenges of varied plant residues, gravels, and soil types in crop fields demands a sophisticated optical system to detect small, clustered, and camouflaged snails. Through a meticulous exploration of spectral features and detectability, employing different combinations of wavelengths and machine learning algorithms, this study yielded the promising findings that live round snails, dead round snails, live conical snails, dead conical snails, and complex field materials, were classified with F1 scores ranging from 0.7 to 0.9. This study not only highlights the potential of such a machine vision system, but also delineates ongoing challenges that warrant further investigation. The insights derived serve as a guide for the development of a robust machine vision system aimed at mitigating the impact of pest snails in agricultural fields.

Evaluation of the White Garden Snail (Theba pisana) Mucus Slime for its Efficacy as an Antimicrobial Agent

The escalation of environmental pathogenic microorganisms and disregard of public hygiene practices have resulted in the emergence of various skin infections within communities. Recent investigations have proposed that diverse snail mucus compositions may possess antimicrobial properties. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct further research to elucidate specific antibacterial characteristics inherent in the mucus of White Garden snail (Theba pisana). This study aimed to evaluate antibacterial activity of Theba pisana mucus extract against selected ATCC bacterial strains being Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and MRSA. The assessment involved comparing antimicrobial activity of the mucus extract to various broad-spectrum antibiotics. The susceptibility of bacterial isolates to snail mucus secretions was assessed using agar well diffusion method on Muller Hilton Agar plates. After incubation at 37°C for 24 hours, various concentrations of snail slime including 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% were applied. The findings reported that E. faecalis exhibited highest activity, with zone of inhibition measuring 24 mm, followed by K. pneumonia and S. aureus (16 mm), MRSA (14 mm), and E. coli (12 mm). However, at concentration of 25%, mucus extract exhibited effect only against E. faecalis. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of several tested antibiotics demonstrated similarity to that of the mucus extract. Therefore, it revealed that secretions of T. pisana mucus may possess the potential to act as a source of antibacterial agents. This may become as an alternative agent to costly synthetic antibacterial compounds. However, further studies are required to exploit the mucus secretion in addressing the issue of antibiotic resistance.

Local terrestrial snails as natural intermediate hosts of the zoonotic parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the new European endemic area of Valencia, Spain.

The rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, has recently been found in the city of Valencia, parasitizing rats, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus, its natural definitive hosts. This is the first finding of this zoonotic nematode in continental Europe. After informing local and national health authorities, the collection of local terrestrial snails took place with the aim of elucidating their potential role as intermediate hosts of A. cantonensis. A total of 145 terrestrial snails, belonging to the species Cernuella virgata, Cornu aspersum, Eobania vermiculata, Otala punctata, Pseudotachea splendida, Rumina decollata and Theba pisana, were randomly collected between May and December 2022 in public gardens, parks and orchards in six districts of Valencia, in five of which A. cantonensis had been reported previously in rats. Once collected and identified, the snails were frozen at -20°C. Subsequently, the DNA was isolated and screened by PCR using specific primers targeting the A. cantonensis COI gene. Seven individual snails, belonging to the species C. virgata, C. aspersum and T. pisana, were positive, for an overall prevalence of 4.8%. The PCR product from one of them was sequenced by Sanger sequencing. The three positive terrestrial snail species are among the edible species that are frequently included in various dishes in Spain. C. virgata is reported as a previously unrecorded intermediate host and should be added to the list of more than 200 species of terrestrial snails that have been reported worldwide as intermediate hosts of the rat lungworm. Considering that these terrestrial snails may release infective larvae of A. cantonensis on leafy green vegetables on which they feed and during their handling and preparation for consumption, prophylactic measures to prevent human neuroangiostrongyliasis in Valencia and other regions to which this zoonotic parasite may spread are recommended.

The find of six species new to Belgium highlights the role of the stone trade as a pathway for non-native land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora

Surveys in stone yards in Wallonia (southern Belgium) led to the find of six taxa of land snails being new to Belgium and one being new to Wallonia. The new taxa can be divided into two groups: living animals of the European species Charpentieria itala, Laciniaria plicata, Chilostoma cingulatum, and Theba pisana, and shells with remains of the dead animals in the case of the Asian taxa Cathaica fasciola, Acusta sp., and Bradybaena jourdyi. The latter are widespread in their respective Asian native range while Acusta sp. and B. jourdyi had never been reported from Europe. We discuss the role of stone yards as hubs for the dispersion of land snails. The individuals of the newly observed taxa may have arrived in several waves (with successive arrivals of stones) and may not reproduce in the stone yard. We explore the risks of settling. In this study, we provide evidence that the doorsnails C. itala and L. plicata have already settled elsewhere in Wallonia. Theba pisana, C. fasciola and Acusta sp. have the potential to behave as invasive

Thermal Impact and the Relevance of Body Size and Activity on the Oxygen Consumption of a Terrestrial Snail, Theba pisana (Helicidae) at High Ambient Temperatures.

Metabolism, mainly driven by oxygen consumption, plays a key role in life, as it is one of the main ways to respond to extreme temperatures through internal processes. Theba pisana, a widespread Mediterranean land snail, is exposed to a wide range of ambient temperature. In this species the oxygen consumption was tested as a response variable by multiple regression modelling on the "explanatory" variables shell-free mass, temperature, and relative humidity. Our results show that the oxygen consumption of T. pisana can be well described (73.1%) by these three parameters. In the temperature range from 23 °C to 35 °C the oxygen consumption decreased with increasing temperature. Relative humidity, in the range of 67% to 100%, had the opposite effect: if it increases, oxygen consumption will increase as well. Metabolism is proportional to an individual's mass to the power of the allometric scaling exponent α, which is between 0.62 and 0.77 in the mentioned temperature range. CT scans of shells and gravimetry revealed the shell-free mass to be calculated by multiplying the shell diameter to the third power by 0.2105. Data were compared to metabolic scaling exponents for other snails reported in the literature.

Toxicity and Histological Effects of Clove Buds’ Powder, Syzygium aromaticum Compared with Neomyl (Methomyl) for the Control of Monacha cartusiana and Theba pisana Snails

Bayoumi, Sh.M., N.A. Omar, A.H. Mohanna, Sh.A. Ismail, M. Abed, A.M. El-Sayed, M.A. Issa, F.I. El-Akhrasy and E.M. Abd El-Aal. 2024. Toxicity and Histological Effects of Clove Buds’ Powder, Syzygium aromaticum Compared with Neomyl (Methomyl) for the Control of Monacha cartusiana and Theba pisana Snails. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(3): 318-327. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001246 A series of laboratory and field experiments were designed to evaluate control measures that can be utilized effectively to reduce population density and consequently the damage caused by certain land snail species Monacha cartusiana Müller and Theba pisana Müller. In addition, factors contributing towards safer control measures were investigated. When neomyl 8% and clove powder buds 40% were applied to control M. cartusiana and T. pisana under laboratory and field conditions, the toxicity effect of these applications on the tested land snail's digestive glands was investigated. The results obtained revealed that the mortality rate increased with the increase in the concentrations and exposure period. Under laboratory conditions, the mortality rate of T. pisana snail reached 100% when 2, 4, and 8% neomyl concentrations were utilized, whereas the mortality rate of the same snail reached 36.3% when clove powder 40% was utilized, 28 days after treatment. Under field conditions, the initial effect of the examined compounds reached 62.89% and 18.83% mortality rate when neomyl and clove treatments were applied, respectively. Furthermore, the residual effect with neomyl treatment gave a high mortality rate of 83.43%, compared to 28.88% for the clove powder treatment. Generally, it could be concluded that neomyl had the most toxic effect against M. cartusiana under field conditions. 8% neomyl treatment resulted in histological degeneration with alterations in the digestive cells’ cytoplasm. Numerous excretory vacuoles were found in the excretory cells. Calcium cells became granulated, cytoplasm vacuoles were abundant, and bizarre nuclei ranged from pyknosis to severe karyorrhexis and complete karyolysis. The results obtained also indicated that the toxicity effects of the 40% concentration of clove buds’ powder, 48 hours after treatment, were approximately the same on both treated land snail species. Keywords: Toxicity, histology, clove, neomyl, M. cartusiana, T. pisana

Survey and population dynamics of land snails at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.

Land snails are a destructive agricultural pest in economic crops, but the populations for that pest are highly influenced by temperature and humidity, therefore climatic changes affected their behavior, distribution and population dynamics, for these reasons researchers should follow up on the changes in their behavior, distribution, and population dynamics. In this study, a survey study was conducted to define land snail species existing at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, from January 2019 to March 2022 in horticultural, vegetable, and field crops and study the population dynamics for the dominant land snail species. Results showed that there are six species of land snails, these species were, Monacha cartusiana, Succinea putris, Eobania vermiculata, Theba pisana, Helicella vestalis, and Cochlicella acuta. The population dynamics of two prevalent land snail species (M. cartusiana and S. putris), were conducted during two successive growing seasons, the Egyptian clover harbored the highest number of M. cartusiana followed by wheat, while the onion was the lowest one during the study period. In the same trends, the land snail S. putris recorded the highest numbers during the growing season of the Egyptian clover crop. Finally, it is concluded that the land snail M. cartusiana considered the first grade of infestation existed everywhere at Sharkia Governorate, and the population density of the land snail is increase gradually after winter till reach the maximum density in spring.

Potential Utility of Protein Content as A Biomarker of Xenobiotic Toxicity in the Land Snail, Theba pisana

Potential Utility of Protein Content as A Biomarker of Xenobiotic Toxicity in the Land Snail, Theba pisana

Assessing the molluscicidal and biochemical activities of New-Fort®, an inorganic fertilizer against Theba pisana snails

Terrestrial snails are a significant issue in agricultural production worldwide. The use of nitrogen - phosphorus - potassium (NPK) based fertilizers played an important role in meeting the food demand throughout the world, so its effectiveness against land snails needs to be investigated. This study was conducted to evaluate toxic lethal effect of New-Fort®, an inorganic NPK based fertilizer, in the field for 3, 7 and 10 days and in the laboratory for 24, 48 and 72 h against Theba pisana snails. Also, the impact of its sub-lethal doses (1/10, 1/5, 1/4 and 1/2 of 48 h-LD50) on biochemical parameters were determined under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the snails percent reduction in the field were 21.4, 61.0 and 80.0 % after 10 days' application of quarter, half and one field rate and the values of LD50 in the laboratory were 4.94, 4.56 and 4.24 mg/g b.w at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. New-Fort® sub-lethal doses caused a significant inhibition in catalase, γ-glutamyl transferase and acetylcholinesterase activities. It also elicited a significant elevation in glutathione S-transferase activity post exposure to 1/10 and 1/5 of LD50, whereas an opposite effect was occurred after exposure to 1/4 and 1/2 of LD50. Lipid peroxidation level was reduced in snails treated with 1/10 and 1/5 of LD50, whereas it increased in 1/4 and 1/2 of LD50- treated snails. Moreover, a significant inhibition in alkaline phosphatase activity at all tested doses, with the exception of 1/2 of LD50 was observed. An increase in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were occurred after all tested doses exposure. Our findings highlighted on how biochemical changes can be exploited to better understand the mechanisms underlying New-Fort® fertilizer toxicity against the land snail, T. pisana, as well as how to benefit from NPK fertilizers application in snail control.

The synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on the molluscicidal potential of monoterpenes and phenylpropenes against Theba pisana

The synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on the molluscicidal potential of monoterpenes and phenylpropenes against Theba pisana

Long-term relationships between the abundance of pest molluscs and weather in agricultural fields in South Australia

ABSTRACT Invasive snails, Cernuella virgata, Theba pisana and Cochlicella acuta, infest grain crops prior to harvest in early summer in southern Australia. They breed in autumn–early winter and peak in abundance in spring following the recruitment of young snails. Long-term studies (20 years) were established on three farms in South Australia (two practicing pasture–cereal rotations and one continuous cropping) to better understand the role of prevailing weather in driving the population dynamics of the three snail species and to develop predictive models that might assist farmers and off-farm grain handlers to anticipate future peaks in snail abundance and tailor their management practices accordingly. The three species are asynchronous in their population dynamics; they peak in numbers in different years. The abundance of C. virgata in late spring (preharvest) was most closely associated with, and could be broadly predicted by, the previous autumn to spring rainfall, but no significant associations were found between the rainfall and the abundance of C. acuta and T. pisana. Local air temperatures had little apparent association with the abundance of all three species. Broader scale weather, exemplified by the El Niño Southern Oscillation Index, was only occasionally, and weakly, related to the spring abundance of C. virgata.

Toxic and Potentially Toxic Mineral Elements of Edible Gastropods Land Snails (Mediterranean Escargot).

The meat of snails can be considered a high-quality food for the human diet and demand is already increasing across Europe. Due to the bioaccumulation of trace elements in their tissues, land snails can be a significant tool also for environmental pollution evaluation. In this study, 28 mineral elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Na, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, Zn) in both the edible part and the shell of edible land snails commercially available in Southern Italy belonging to Cernuella virgata, Helix aperta, Theba pisana species were investigated by ICP-MS and direct mercury analyser. The concentration of trace elements was variable among the samples. The variability demonstrates the close connection among the type of snail, the geographical origin, and the habitat in which the species grows. The edible part of the snails analysed in this study was found to be a good source of macro-nutrients. Toxic elements were detected in some samples, especially in shells; nevertheless, the values fell within the safety limits. Further investigations and monitoring of mineral contents in edible land snails are suggested both for human health and environmental pollution evaluation.

Bio-molluscicidal potential and biochemical mechanisms of clove oil and its main component eugenol against the land snail, Theba pisana

The land snail, Theba pisana is a serious pest that adversely affects various crops in sustainable agriculture. Essential oils and their constituents represent an environmentally sound alternative to synthetic pesticides. Our study aimed to investigate the lethal and sub-lethal toxicity of clove oil and its main component eugenol to understand the mechanisms underlying its toxic action against T. pisana. The GC–MS profile of the clove oil composition was characterized. In the laboratory experiment, LD50 of clove oil and eugenol via the contact testing were determined after 48 and 72 h. Moreover, sub-lethal effects of clove oil or eugenol on the survivors following the exposure of snails to the 25 and 50% of the LD50/48 and 72 h were evaluated through using snail tissues for biochemical measurments. The GC–MS analysis showed that eugenol (64.87%) was the major constituent present in the oil. The results also showed that LD50 values at 48 and 72 h were 2006.5 and 1493.5 μg/g b.w for oil and 239.6 and 195.3 μg/g b.w for eugenol, respectively. Compared to control, the sub-lethal effects of clove oil or eugenol at 48 and 72 h showed a significant increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities significantly elevated in oil- or eugenol-treated snails, except at low dose after 48 h. After two exposure times, snails exposed to oil or eugenol at both sub-lethal effects had considerably higher γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Moreover, markedly augmentation in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities at all exposure times, with the exception of snails treated with low dose of eugenol after 48 h was observed. Both clove oil and eugenol at the tested doses caused a significant inhibition in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity at two exposure times. Our findings highlight the potential of clove oil and eugenol, as an efficient natural molluscicide alternative to its synthetic counterparts for snail control.

Ultrastructural and Histopathological effect of common pesticide and molluscicide on eye, eye tentacles and cerebral ganglia of Theba pisana land snail (Mollusca,Gastropoda) inhabiting in Kafr-El Sheikh, Egypt

Ultrastructural and Histopathological effect of common pesticide and molluscicide on eye, eye tentacles and cerebral ganglia of Theba pisana land snail (Mollusca,Gastropoda) inhabiting in Kafr-El Sheikh, Egypt