Thallium Oxide Research Articles

Evidence of Chlorotellurate(IV) – Hydroxochlorotellurate(IV) species equilibrium upon dissolution of tellurite glasses in aqueous hydrochloric acid: A Raman spectroscopic study

Raman spectroscopy has been used to elucidate the structure of tellurium (IV) oxide and its binary mixtures with thallium oxide both in the glassy state and in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions. The addition of Tl2O in pure TeO2 glass results in the progressive transformation of TeO4 trigonal bipyramid (tbp) to TeO3 trigonal pyramid (tp) units in agreement with the literature findings. Thallium oxide acting as a modifier for the tellurite network, reduces the functionality of the initial unit and lowers the continuous network rigidity. The spectral changes upon dissolution of the 0.2Tl2O-0.8TeO2 glass in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution have also been measured revealing that the main structural units of the glass structure did not survive in a solution state and the connectivity of the glass network has completely collapsed. The systematics and the concentration dependence of the spectra acquired from different solutions indicate the presence of several chlorotellurate(IV) and hydroxochlorotellurate(IV) ionic species. The spectroscopic data are interpreted in such a way in order to indicate a dynamic equilibrium between the TeCl62− anion and the TeCl4(OH)− species. A combined analysis of the polarized and depolarized scattered intensity is presented here which aimed at elucidating the presence of additional species including the TeCl4(OH)22− and TeCl3(OH) species, respectively. The proposed model is discussed in the framework of the current phenomenological status of the field.

Effective Thallium(I) Removal by Nanocellulose Bioadsorbent Prepared by Nitro-Oxidation of Sorghum Stalks.

Thallium(I) (Tl(I)) pollution has become a pressing environmental issue due to its harmful effect on human health and aquatic life. Effective technology to remove Tl(I) ions from drinking water can offer immediate societal benefits especially in the developing countries. In this study, a bio-adsorbent system based on nitro-oxidized nanocellulose (NOCNF) extracted from sorghum stalks was shown to be a highly effective Tl(I) removal medium. The nitro-oxidation process (NOP) is an energy-efficient, zero-waste approach that can extract nanocellulose from any lignocellulosic feedstock, where the effluent can be neutralized directly into a fertilizer without the need for post-treatment. The demonstrated NOCNF adsorbent exhibited high Tl(I) removal efficiency (>90% at concentration < 500 ppm) and high maximum removal capacity (Qm = 1898 mg/g using the Langmuir model). The Tl(I) adsorption mechanism by NOCNF was investigated by thorough characterization of NOCNF-Tl floc samples using spectroscopic (FTIR), diffraction (WAXD), microscopic (SEM, TEM, and AFM) and zeta-potential techniques. The results indicate that adsorption occurs mainly due to electrostatic attraction between cationic Tl(I) ions and anionic carboxylate groups on NOCNF, where the adsorbed Tl(I) sites become nuclei for the growth of thallium oxide nanocrystals at high Tl(I) concentrations. The mineralization process enhances the Tl(I) removal efficiency, and the mechanism is consistent with the isotherm data analysis using the Freundlich model.

Effects of TiO2, V2O5, MnO2 and Tl2O3 on structural, physical, optical and ionizing radiation shielding properties of strontium boro-tellurite glass: An experimental study

We investigate the effect of various modifiers (vanadium oxide, manganese oxide, thallium oxide, and titanium oxide) on the structural, optical, and radiation shielding properties of strontium boro-tellurite glass. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and physical properties were employed to investigate the glasses' structure. The diffuse-reflectance spectrum was used to determine band gap and optical parameters. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was measured experimentally, and the obtained results are then benchmarked with the simulated data from XCOM for the same compounds. The experimental results exhibit a reasonable correlation with the XCOM data with relative difference between 0.75% and 5.23%. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K–S) test further ascertained from a statistical point of view that the experimentally measured data matched very well the data obtained from the XCOM with the maximum vertical deviation (Dn) between 0.66% and 1.66% in all samples. The XRD proved the amorphous structure for all samples. The FTIR results showed three bands placed at 500–815 cm−1, 815–1150 cm−1, and 1150–1502 cm−1, corresponding to TeO4 and B–O–B, BO4, and BO3, respectively. The sample containing thallium oxide (Tl2O3) showed the highest density (5.1024 g/cm3), then manganese (SBT:Mn, 4.2333 g/cm3), titanium (SBT:Ti, 4.0591 g/cm3), and vanadium (SBT:V, 3.6875). The SBT:Mn and SBT:V samples recorded the highest (3.7180 eV) and the lowest (2.7480 eV) bandgap, respectively. In contrast, the mass attenuation coefficient results ranged from 0.2295 to 0.6479 for SBT:V and SBT:Tl samples, respectively. The values of thickness equivalent for SBT glass samples (Deq) are 16.362, 13.650, 13.052, and 4.188 for SBT:V, SBT:V, SBT:Ti, SBT:Mn, and SBT:Tl, respectively. Based on acquired results, the SBT:Tl sample has superior radiation shielding features that nominate to be a radiation shielding substance.

Development of a L‐cysteine Sensor Based on Thallium Oxide Coupled Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites with Electrochemical Approach

Here, nanocomposites of thallium oxide doped multi-walled carbon nanotube (Tl2 O MWCNT NCs) were prepared by utilizing a wet-chemical method (WCM) in an alkaline phase at low temperature. Different optical procedures (FTIR: Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy, XRD: Powder X-ray diffraction, FESEM: Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, XEDS: X-ray Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy, TEM: Tunneling Electron Microscopy, and XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) were used to fully characterize (optical, structural, crystalline, morphological, and elemental etc.) of the prepared Tl2 O MWCNT NCs. Modification of the thin-layer with NCs onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is prepared and applied for the selective and sensitive enzyme-free detection of L-cysteine by an electrochemical approach. Using a reliable current-voltage approach, analytical sensing indexes such as sensitivity, LDR, LOD, LOQ, durability, and interference were assessed by fabricated sensor probe (GCE/Tl2 O MWCNT NCs/CPM) in selective detection of L-cysteine at room temperature, whereas nafion was used as conducting polymer matrix (CPM) during the fabrication of GCE with NCs. L-cysteine calibration plot was found to be linear over an extensive range of concentration. The calibration curve was used to calculate the sensing parameters such as sensitivity (316.46 pAμM-1 cm-2 ), LOD down to (∼18.90±1.89 pM), and LOQ (63.0 pM) of the prepared sensor. The use of a simple WCM to validate the Tl2 O.MWCNT NCs is a good approach for developing a NCs-based sensor for enzyme-free biomolecule identification and detection in the biomedical and health care fields in a broad scale. This proposed sensor (GCE/Tl2 O MWCNT NCs/CPM) is used to detect selective L-cysteine in real biological samples such as human, mouse, and rabbit serum and found acceptable and satisfactory results.

Auger analysis of thallium oxide formed using a low-energy beam of oxygen ions

The effect of irradiation with low-energy oxygen ions on the composition and some properties of the layer formed on the thallium surface has been studied. It is shown that bombardment with oxygen ions leads to the formation of a two-dimensional oxide layer, which effectively passivates the surface. Keywords: layer, spectroscopy, surface, energy, composition, bombardment.

A Buckingham interatomic potential for thallium oxide ([formula omitted]): Application to the case of thallium tellurite glasses

An interatomic potential for simulating the structural properties of thallium (I) oxide (with oxidation state +1) based compounds has been developed by fitting to the experimental crystalline structures of α-Tl2Te2O5, Tl2Te3O7 and Tl2TeO3 simultaneously. The obtained potentials are subsequently verified and validated by optimizing additional Tl(I)−O based compounds, leading to a good agreement of the lattice constants with experimental data. Amorphous (TlO0.5)x − (TeO2)1-x systems where then produced by classical molecular dynamics and their structural properties compared to experimental measurements.

Structural, optical and radiation shielding properties of Zirconium–Titanium–Thallium Ternary Oxide (0.5ZrO2-(0.5-x)TiO2-xTl2O3)

Zirconium–Titanium–Thallium Ternary Oxide Ceramic (0.5ZrO2-(0.5-x)TiO2-xTl2O3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25 mol %) was synthesized via solid-state reaction. Advanced analytical technique like Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the microstructure and the solubility of thallium oxide in the ZrO2/TiO2 mixture. The diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence techniques were employed to investigate the optical properties of the prepared alloys for various Tl2O3 mol% concentrations. In addition, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for the synthesized ceramic samples was measured experimentally and compared with XCOM data. Our experimental values were in good agreement with XCOM data. Various shielding parameters for gamma-rays, neutron, proton, and alpha particles were evaluated using XCOM, Phy-X, and SRIM programs. The Tl2O3 content linearly affects the gamma-rays shielding parameters, while the Tl2O3 content has an inverse relationship with neutron and charged particle shielding parameters. This study proved that our Zirconium–Titanium–Thallium Ternary Oxide Ceramic samples can be applied as ionizing radiation shielding material very well.

Consideration on the reaction mechanism of thallium oxide as a combustion catalyst of PM2.5

Consideration on the reaction mechanism of thallium oxide as a combustion catalyst of PM2.5

Performance effect of nanoparticle on Mahua biodiesel fuelled in constant speed diesel engine

ABSTRACT This experimental work investigates the performance study of Mahua biodiesel by adding thallium oxide (Tl2O) at various proportion in single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, diesel engine. The Thallium oxide nanoparticle was included with Mahua biodiesel (MUBD100) fuel at 50 and 100 PPM. The result from this experimental work found that the mahua biodiesel with thallium oxide nanoparticle has enhanced the combustion characteristics than neat mahua biodiesel. Performance characteristics namely specific fuel consumption enhanced with enhancement in Brake Thermal Efficiency for Mahua biodiesel with 50 and 100 ppm thallium oxide nanoparticle. The thallium oxide nanoparticle addition considerably lowered the exhaust gas temperature for Mahua biodiesel. Therefore, the mahua biodiesel with thallium oxide nano particle is a suitable method to enhance the usage of mahua biodiesel as an substitute fuel for diesel engine applications.

Mustard Gold in the Oleninskoe Gold Deposit, Kolmozero–Voronya Greenstone Belt, Kola Peninsula, Russia

The Oleninskoe intrusion-related gold–silver deposit is the first deposit in the Precambrian of the Fennoscandian Shield, where mustard gold has been identified. The mustard gold replaces küstelite with impurities of Sb and, probably, gold-bearing dyscrasite and aurostibite. The mosaic structure of the mustard gold grains is due to different orientations and sizes of pores in the matrix of noble metals. Zonation in the mustard gold grains is connected with mobilization and partial removal of silver from küstelite, corresponding enrichment of the residual matter in gold, and also with the change in the composition of the substance filling the pores. Micropores in the mustard gold are filled with iron, antimony or thallium oxides, silver chlorides, bromides, and sulfides. The formation of mustard gold with chlorides and bromides shows that halogens played an important role in the remobilization of noble metals at the stage of hypergene transformation of the Oleninskoe deposit.

Electrochemical deposition and dissolution of thallium oxide (III)

Electrochemical deposition and dissolution of thallium oxide (III)

The effects of solvent and ultrasonic irradiation in synthesis of thallium(I) nano supramolecular polymers and use them as template for synthesis of thallium(III) oxide nanostructures with desirable morphology

In order to study the effects of solvent and ultrasonic irradiation on formation of [Tl(HTar)]n (1) and/or [Tl2(Tar)]n (2), [H2Tar = (+)-tartaric acid] supramolecular polymers, we designed some experiments and synthesized four samples of 1 under the reaction of H2Tar and TlNO3 by sonochemical process and as the bulk samples. Nanostructures of compounds 1 and 2 as the bulk samples could be synthesized without ultrasonic irradiation, too. In the presence of ultrasonic waves, with acetonitrile solvent, more discrete nanoparticles were obtained. These four samples have been used as new precursors for preparation of thallium(III) oxide nanostructures via solid-state thermal decomposition process. There is a direct relationship between the morphology of initial precursors and resulting thallium(III) oxide nanostructures. These nanostructures were characterized by IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

Preparation of thallium nanomaterials from thallium(I) coordination polymers precursors synthesized by green sonochemical and mechanochemical processes

Microstructures of [Tl2(μ2-ATA)]n (1), [HATA=2-aminoterephthalic acid], supramolecular polymer was synthesized by sonochemical process (1S) and used as new precursor for preparation pure phase of thallium(III) oxide microstructures. [Tl(μ2-dcpa)]n (2), [Hdcpa=2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid], is another supramolecular polymer which was synthesized by green sonochemical (2S) and mechanochemical (2M) processes. These two samples of 2 were also used for preparation of thallium nanomaterials. Both processes on 2 were successful but mixture of Tl, Tl2O3 and TlCl nanostructures with various morphologies from 2S and mixture of Tl2O3 and TlCl nanoparticles from 2M were obtained. These micro and nanostructures were characterized by IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

The effects of altering reaction conditions in green sonochemical synthesis of a thallium(I) coordination polymer and in achieving to different morphologies of thallium(III) oxide nanostructures via solid-state process

In order to studies the effects of solvent and concentration of initial reagents on formation of [Tl(μ4-AB)]n (1), [HAB=4-aminobenzoic acid] coordination polymer, some experiments were designed and four samples of 1 were synthesized by sonochemical process. High concentration of initial reagents resulted in formation of compound 1 microrods. With low concentration of initial reagents, various morphologies of 1 were obtained. These four samples had been used as new precursors for preparation of thallium(III) oxide nanostructures via solid-state thermal decomposition process. One- and two-dimensional nanostructures of thallium(III) oxide can be prepared from 1. These micro and nanostructures were characterized by IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

High oxidation activity of thallium oxide for carbon combustion

The catalytic behavior of thallium (III) oxide (Tl2O3) with respect to the combustion of carbon black was investigated using thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and the 18O-isotope exchange technique. The thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis results revealed that the combustion temperature of carbon black (650°C) decreases dramatically, to 320°C, when it is mixed with Tl2O3 (2wt% carbon black+as-purchased Tl2O3), owing to its oxidation by Tl2O3, which has the ability to readily release its lattice oxygens.

Semiconductive Tl2O3 nanoparticles: Facile synthesis in liquid phase, characterization and its applications as photocatalytic substrate and electrochemical sensor

For the first time, we reported the facile synthesis of semiconducting thallium oxide nanoparticles using thallium (III) acetate as the starting reagent through the microwave and co-precipitation methods. Results showed that the microwave power, irradiation time and pH value plays an essential role in the control of final products size distribution. According to our knowledge, it is first time that ethylenediamine was used as pH controller agent in synthesis of Tl2O3 nanoparticles. Based on the current research, microwave method provided a simple and rapid method for the synthesis of Tl2O3 nanoparticles than to co-precipitation method, because of its homogeneous and fast-heating characteristics. As application for Tl2O3 nanoparticles, the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange with maximum decolorization of 74.2% under UV light irradiation based on Tl2O3 nanoparticles was obtained. Also, a pencil graphite electrode was decorated using Tl2O3 nanoparticles and MWCNT to provide an electrochemical devise for Cu+2 ions sensing. This modified electrode showed agreeable responses to trace amounts of Cu+2 in phosphate buffer solutions which the limit of detection was found to be 4.63nmolL−1 for Cu+2.

Reactivity and stability of thallium oxide for fabricating TlSnZnO toward thin-film transistors with high mobility

Thermal reaction between thallium oxide (Tl2O3) and zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO2) or indium oxide (In2O3) annealed at 600 °C for 18 h in the air atmosphere was investigated. From XRD results of 600 °C annealed samples, Tl2O3 had the biggest reactivity compared with ZnO. The EDX results suggest the mechanism in which the thallium atoms scattered and attached uniformly only on ZnO particles. We also analyzed XPS data to compare O 1s bond and Tl 4f bond of as-mixed samples with that of annealed samples, and found that Zn and Sn can contribute in improving Tl and O bonding stability. However, the affinity of In for Tl is weaker than that of Zn or Sn. Finally, we prepared the samples mixed with ZnO, SnO2, and Tl2O3 powder and the samples mixed with Zn2SnO4 and Tl2O3 powder annealed at 600 °C for 18 h. Results show that Zn2SnO4 has the same or more reactivity than SnO2 and ZnO mixed particle despite of the more stable and sufficient dispersion of Zn and Sn atoms. More stable TlSnZnO can be fabricated from Zn2SnO4+Tl2O3 powder by suitable thermal processes. It is expected that TlSnZnO sputtering target can be fabricated by suitable calcination.

Various Methods for Synthesis of Bulk and Nano Thallium(III) Oxide

Thallium(III) oxide, a degenerate n-type semiconductor, is a highly insoluble thermally stable thallium source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications. Although thallium oxide is an important metal oxide, its synthesis has only been sporadically studied. This review gives an overview of all reported synthetic routes for the preparation of both bulk and nanostructured thallium(III) oxide. These methods include electrochemical methods, thermal method, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), microwave irradiation, sol–gel method and one recently chemical route using potassium superoxide. In electrochemical methods, both bulk and nanostructures of thallium(III) oxide can be prepared and the amount of the deposited material, thickness of the layer or wires length depends on the deposition time matrix structure. Thermal methods are simple and effective techniques which include thermal decomposition and calcination of various precursors. By CVD and microwave irradiation we be able to synthesis bulk and nanostructures of thallium(III) oxide, respectively. A one-step, room temperature, solution synthesis of thallium(III) oxide nanoparticles with a size of about 10 nm is reported by using potassium superoxide.

Anodic electrocrystallization of molybdenum(VI) doped thallium and lead oxides

Molybdenum(VI) doped oxides of p elements, such as thallium and lead, have been synthesized by anodic crystallization. Anodic precipitates based on thallium and lead oxides are shown to contain only a relatively small amount of molybdenum compounds (up to 2 at %) in contrast to mixed manganese and molybdenum oxides (Mn1 -x MoxO2 +x ⋅ nH2O) synthesized by electroprecipitation. The effect of molybdate ions on the electrocrystallization of thallium oxides is most pronounced in the region of threedimensional phase precipitate formation potentials. The introduction of molybdenum(VI) compounds into a solution during the electroprecipitation of lead dioxide induces the formation of precipitates with a much larger spe� cific surface area than individual PbO 2 . The anodic polarization on electrodes with an active layer of molyb� denum doped lead(IV) oxides in the electrolysis of acidic media considerably decreases compared with lead dioxide anodes.

High-pressure structural and elastic properties of Tl2O3

The structural properties of Thallium (III) oxide (Tl2O3) have been studied both experimentally and theoretically under compression at room temperature. X-ray powder diffraction measurements up to 37.7 GPa have been complemented with ab initio total-energy calculations. The equation of state of Tl2O3 has been determined and compared to related compounds. It has been found experimentally that Tl2O3 remains in its initial cubic bixbyite-type structure up to 22.0 GPa. At this pressure, the onset of amorphization is observed, being the sample fully amorphous at 25.2 GPa. The sample retains the amorphous state after pressure release. To understand the pressure-induced amorphization process, we have studied theoretically the possible high-pressure phases of Tl2O3. Although a phase transition is theoretically predicted at 5.8 GPa to the orthorhombic Rh2O3-II-type structure and at 24.2 GPa to the orthorhombic α-Gd2S3-type structure, neither of these phases were observed experimentally, probably due to the hindrance of the pressure-driven phase transitions at room temperature. The theoretical study of the elastic behavior of the cubic bixbyite-type structure at high-pressure shows that amorphization above 22 GPa at room temperature might be caused by the mechanical instability of the cubic bixbyite-type structure which is theoretically predicted above 23.5 GPa.