Texturing Speed Research Articles

Topography of textured surfaces using an abrasive-water jet technology

Surface texturing is a technique that allows for the shaping of surface topography to meet various mechanical and tribological requirements. Abrasive-water jet (AWJ) technology is a promising approach to surface texturing, offering minimal heat impact, flexibility, and compatibility with complex surface geometries. High-pressure abrasive-water jet (AWJ) technology, as an innovative and versatile approach, significantly expands the possibilities of surface texturing for materials. Its advantages, such as precision, minimal thermal impact, sustainability, and a wide range of industrial applications, make it an attractive solution across various sectors. With continuous development and integration with modern digital technologies, AWJ is becoming an increasingly practical and cutting-edge tool in surface processing. The abrasive-water jet texturing process also affects surface geometry during the mating of components, which may be significant in reducing wear. The aim of the research was to determine the feasibility of obtaining specific structures on the surface of 304/1.4301 steel using abrasive-water jet technology. Results show that the highest load-bearing ratio of Smrk1 peaks, approximately 25%, was achieved at a texturing speed of 0.803 m/min. Conversely, the lowest load-bearing ratio of Smrk1 peaks, below 10%, was achieved at a texturing speed of 1.948 m/min. Grinding the surface after texturing increases its load-bearing capacity, leading to a twofold increase in the ability to maintain an oil layer. The obtained results may find application in various fields where controlling surface geometry is essential for improving material functionality and efficiency.

Battery Electric Tractor Powertrain Component Sizing With Respect To Energy Consumption, Driving Patterns and Performance Evaluation Using Traction Motor

In this paper sizing the powertrain of battery electric tractor (BET) including major farming implements are investigated for various real world driving patterns. Powertrain components are modelled using torque-load characteristics which are function of speed, acceleration, plowing implement and depth of plowing and texture of the soil. Effect of load variations on powertrain performance and energy consumption are also explained in detail. In this powertrain design major farming implements like chisel plough, mould board plough, field cultivator, sweep plough are considered. Tractor hauling a trailer carrying goods with 2000 kg weight is also considered for powertrain design. Typical operating velocities of 18, 15 and 25 kmph are taken for sand, tillage and asphalt surfaces respectively for tractor trailer applications and 7 kmph for plowing applications. The dynamic model of the powertrain is modelled in MATLAB/SIMULINK. PMSM is selected as a traction motor and its performance is evaluated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Same has been verified using real-time Hardware in loop (HIL) simulator with help of OPAL-RT (OP5700).

False-twist draw-texturing with water-jet twister/cooler and superheated steam heater: effect of steam temperature on textured yarn properties

The objective of this research work was to investigate the effect of steam temperature on the properties of false-twist draw-textured yarns produced at speeds of 1000 m/min, 1200 m/min, and 1500 m/min using false-twist draw-texturing system with waterjet twister/cooler and superheated steam heater. This method replaces the contact heater of a standard false-twist texturing machine with a ‘super-heated steam heater’ and the normal false-twisting device and cooler replaced with a ‘water-jet twister/cooler’, combined into one unit, so as to reduce the thread-line length and to increase the production speed significantly. The new heating, twisting and cooling unit is only one meter in length. The reduced thread path has significant advantages when the surging speed is considered. The shorter thread path reduces thread instability and so higher texturing speeds can be achieved. Since the water-jet twisting is virtually friction-free, and has no mechanical moving parts, the production speed can be increased, avoiding filament breaks. Polyester POY used in this study was textured at up to 1500 m/min, significantly higher texturing speeds than the standard commercial texturing speeds, while maintaining 40% bulk levels with good process stability. Achieving texturing speed up to 1500 m/min is a significant breakthrough in the false-twist draw-texturing. Therefore, outcome of this study will have a significant impact on false-twist draw-texturing research, particularly application of water-jet twisting as a non-friction medium of false-twisting to achieve higher production speeds.

Statistical Investigation of the Effect of Major Parameters of False Twist Texturing on the Dyeing Characteristic and Color Properties of Microfilament Polyester Yarn

Microfilament polyester yarns are one of the most important and widely used yarns in the textile industry and the fabrics produced from these yarns have a large consumption. One of the most important issues regarding fabrics made from Microfilament yarns is the issue of dyeing and dyeing properties of these fabrics. Among the concerns of DTY polyester yarn manufacturers are the conditions for producing and texturizing these fibers. Choosing the right range for each of the effective parameters in the false twist texturing machines will play a major role in the physical properties, dyeing Characteristic and color properties of the yarn produced. In this paper, we attempt to study the effect of the most important texturing parameters by false twist method: first heater temperature, draw ratio, D/Y rate and texturing speed on some of the most important color properties of microfilament polyester yarn that dyeing with dispersant dyestuff. These properties include color reflectance (% R), color strength (K/S), amount of dye absorbed ( ) and absorbance number (A). Experiments are designed using ANOVA and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method. The effect of changes in the main texturing parameters on the color coordinates of the microfilament polyester yarn is studied. The POY yarn used in this study is polyester yarn with a count of 135 dtex and 144 filaments. According to the studies, the interaction between the first heater temperature and the D / Y rate as well as the interaction between the draw ratio and the D / Y rate will have the greatest effect on the color strength and color properties of the microfilament polyester yarn.

Optimization of air jet texturing parameters for acrylic filament yarns

A statistical work was performed to investigate effect of air jet texturing process parameters on acrylic filament yarn properties. It was shown that process parameters such as air pressure, overfeed and texturing speed significantly affect resultant yarn properties. Some structural changes were also observed by varying process parameters. Contrary to reported information in the literature, tenacity of air textured acrylic yarn increased by the increment of air pressure and it was found to be relevant with instability of the yarn. Overfeed and texturing speed had also significant effect as increase of both parameters resulted in lower yarn tenacity. Structural changes have also been observed especially with the change of air pressure and it was found that increase of air pressure up to some extent disturbed crystalline orientation of the yarn. According to statistical analysis and characterization methods, optimum parameters were determined as 300 m/min texturing speed, 5 bar air pressure and 5% overfeed for acrylic yarn used in this study.

False-twist texturing with water-jet twister/cooler: effect of water pressure on textured yarn properties

The objective of this research work was to investigate the effect of water pressure on the properties of false-twist textured yarn produced using an innovative false-twist texturing system with waterjet twister/cooler and superheated steam heater. Commercial texturing speed of 800 m/min was selected for this paper so as to establish that this innovative method can be used for false twist texturing successfully. This method replaces the contact heater of a standard false-twist machine with a ‘super-heated steam heater’ and ‘the normal false-twisting device and cooler’ replaced with a ‘water-jet twister/cooler’ combined into one unit, so as to reduce the thread-line length and to increase the production speed significantly. The new heating, twisting and cooling unit is only one metre in length. The reduced thread path has significant advantages when the surging speed is considered. The shorter thread path reduces thread instability and so higher texturing speeds can be achieved. Since the water-jet twisting is virtually friction-free, and has no mechanical moving parts, the production speed can be increased avoiding filament breaks. Results show that this innovative method of false twist texturing can achieve high bulk levels above 40% with good process stability at 800 m/min. Water pressure has a significant positive correlation with twist level and bulk percentage and significant negative correlations with textured yarn tenacity and elongation. When the water pressure is increased, the level of twist imparted to the yarn and the bulk level increase to a maximum. Overall, the results show that the new method of false-twist texturing is capable to produce false-twist textured yarn with success.

Induksi Kalus secara In Vitro dari Daun Cengkeh (Syizigium aromaticum L.) dalam Media dengan Berbagai Konsentrasi Auksin

Clove is an important commodity in Indonesia and it is used as a main material for cigarettes. Clove propagation can be conducted by generative method, but this method takes a long time to produce a considerable number of seedlings. To overcome such problem, it can be applied a tissue culture technique. An effort has been conducted to induce calli from sliced clove leaves and performed at Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University from June-November 2016. The aim of this experiment was to determine the most suitable type and concentration of auxins for callus induction of sliced clove leaves via in vitro culture. This experiment used a Completely Randomized Design with six treatments, namely 0.25 ppm 2.4-D; 0.50 ppm 2.4-D; 0.75 ppm 2.4-D; 0.25 ppm NAA; 0.50 ppm NAA; and 0.75 ppm NAA. Parameters observed consisted of the speed or time of appearance, the percentage, color, and texture of calli. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance and differences between mean treatments were determined by Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% level. The results of this experiment indicated that the type and concentration of auxin most suitable for callus induction of sliced clove leaves was culture medium supplemented with 0.75 ppm 2.4-D. In such medium composition, it was obtained the quickest callus formation, namely average 4.22 WAC with the percentage of callus formation was up to 100%. In general, the colors of calli were white, yellowish white, and brown; with the textures of formed calli were soft, compact, and intermediat. Keywords: callus formation, clove, growth hormone, tissue culture

Crimping analysis of textured polyester multifilament yarn

The properties of textured POY PES multifilament yarns are conditioned by texturing temperature, texturing speed, stretching degree and by the ratio of disc peripheral speed and yarn speed. In the paper attention is focused on crimping of yarns. New method for defining crimping limits is proposed. The method is based on the flow analysis of the force-elongation function. POY multifilament polyester yarns, having the fineness of 167f36x1 dtex were analyzed. The texturing of PES multifilament yarns was performed using different first heater temperatures (350 oC, 400 oC, 450 oC) and maintaining the constant temperature of the second heater (180 oC), then with different texturing speeds (500 m/min, 600 m/min, 700 m/min, 900 m/min, 1000 m/min, 1100 m/min), using different ratio of the disc circumferential speed to yarn speed (2.15, 2.20, 2.25) and at the extension degree of 1.665.

The influence of texturing process parameters on yield points and breaking forces of pes filament yarns

An analysis of the mechanical properties of textured PES yarns shows that the texturing speed has a significant effect on these properties. The results showed that with the increase in the texturing speed, a decreasing trend was observed in the breaking forces of the analyzed textured PES yarns at stretching degrees of 1.665 and 1.685. Some deviations of the results were found in the textured PES yarns with the applied stretching degree of 1.675. Also, the results showed that at a stretching degree of 1.685, the analyzed yarns generally have higher values of breaking forces. Applying a higher degree of stretching of PES filament yarns improves the orientation of molecular chains in the direction of the stretching force, which contributes to better mechanical characteristics of textured PES yarn. In addition, the results of the analysis of the influence of the first heater temperature show that, at higher temperatures, the textured PES yarns with higher values of breaking forces are produced. The results obtained were used to suggest the equations for predicting the yield points and breaking forces of textured PES filament yarns depending on the process parameters of production.

Estimation of the Scanning Speed of Random Texture by a Multirow Focal Plane Array

Scanning devises based on a set of mutually shifted focal plane arrays to increase the sampling rate in a direction orthogonal to the scanning direction require a high degree of stabilization of the scanning speed in order to obtain high-quality images. A new method for estimating the scanning speed is proposed based on the analysis of shifts of arbitrary random texture images generated by subarrays during scanning. The dependence of the accuracy of various methods of estimating the scanning speed based on the statistical characteristics of the texture is studied by simulation modeling. It is shown that even at a sufficiently high random noise level (SNR = 10) in images with texture satisfying the Nyquist criterion for each subarray, scanning speed estimation errors do not exceed 0.1% of the nominal value.

Effects of Laser Microtexturing on the Wetting Behavior of Ti6Al4V Alloy

Surface modification procedures by laser techniques allow the generation of specific topographies and microstructures that enable the adaptation of the external layers of materials for specific applications. In laser texturing processes, it is possible to maintain control over the microgeometry and dimensions of the surface pattern through varying the processing parameters. One of the main areas of interest in the field of surface modification treatments is the ability to generate topographies that are associated with specific surface finishes, in terms of roughness, that can improve the manufactured part’s functional capabilities. In this aspect, several types of phenomena have been detected, such as the friction and sliding wear behavior or wetting capacity, which maintain a high dependence on surface roughness. In this research, surface texturing treatments have been developed by laser techniques through using the scanning speed of the beam (Vs) as a control parameter in order to generate samples that have topographies with different natures. Through assessments of surface finish using specialized techniques, the dimensional and geometrical features of the texturized tracks have been characterized, analyzing their influence on the wetting behavior of the irradiated layer. In this way, more defined texturing grooves has been developed by increasing the Vs, which also improves the hydrophobic characteristics of the treated surface. However, due to the lack of uniformity in the solidification process of the irradiated area, some deviations from the expected trends and singular points can be observed. Using the contact angle method to evaluate the wetting behavior of the applied treatments found increases in the contact angle values for high texturing speeds, finding a maximum value of 65.59° for Vs = 200 mm/s.

Nova metoda za određivanje kovrdžavosti teksturiranih PES filamentnih pređa

In the paper, a new method by which it is possible to define the crimping of the textured filament PES yarns is presented. The method is based on the flow analysis of the force - elongation function. POY multifilament polyester yarns, having the fine­ness of 167f36x1 dtex were analyzed. The texturing of PES multifilament yarns was performed using different first heater temperatures and maintaining the constant temperature of the second heater, then with different texturing speeds at the extension degree of 1.665 and at the ratio of the disc circumferential speed to yarn speed of 2.20. Moreover, the results were compared with the data obtained using standardized crimping testing method.

Effect of Laser Texturing Parameters on Wettability of Nickel Surface

Wettability is an important characteristic of solid surfaces. Enhancing the surface wettability is very important for improving the properties of materials. Superhydrophobic materials show good prospects for development in areas such as self-cleaning, anti-fog snow, anti-icing, and corrosion resistance. It has become a hot spot to develop a superhydrophobic surface with low surface free energy and good anti-adhesion properties. In this paper, nanosecond pulsed lasers were used to texture the nickel surface, and the different texturing speeds were changed. Combined with the ultrasonic treatment of low surface energy materials, nickel surfaces with different contact angles were obtained. The experimental results show that low surface energy substances can increase the contact angle of nickel surface but the extent of increase is limited. Laser microstructure induces micro & nanostructures. Ultrasonic action can adsorb certain low surface energy substances on the surface, greatly improving the hydrophobic properties of the surface, the contact angle with water up to 152? and the roll angle is less than 2?, and with the increase of the laser texturing speed, the contact angle of the nickel surface shows a decreasing trend.

Influence of heater temperature and texturing speed on the physical-mechanical properties of polyamide textured yarns in false-twist texturing process

Influence of heater temperature and texturing speed on the physical-mechanical properties of polyamide textured yarns in false-twist texturing process

Dependence of Structural Characteristics of Polyamide Textured Yarns on the Parameters of the False Twist Yarn Texturing Process

In the false twist texturing process, due to the action of mechanical forces and heat, a disorientation of structural elements happens at all levels of the supramolecular structure. These changes are related to changes in the texturing parameters and mechanical properties of yarn. In this paper, investigated is the effect of technical-technological texturing parameters in the false twist texturing process on the structure of PA6.6 yarns. POY multifilament PA6.6 with a fineness of 22f07x1 dtex was used as experimental material. The yarn was textured on a friction texturing machine - ICBT model FT 15 E3. The exiting yarn speed (Vi) changed as 600, 700, 800 and 900 m/min; the heater temperature (T) was 200, 210 and 220 °C, and the ratio of the disk surface speed to the linear yarn speed (D/Y) was 1.9 and 2.1. The values of strain were kept constant at 1.305 (tension in texturing zone) and 0,954 in the winding zone. Analysed were the density, degree of crystallinity, degree of orientation, single filament diameter, the content of -NH2 and -COOH end groups, and the total content of end groups. From the results obtained it can be seen that the effect of the heater temperature is more significant than that of Vi and D/Y on the structural characteristics analysed. Analysing the experimental results it was found that linear positive correlations were established between the texturing speed and end (-NH2) groups, the texturing speed and end (-COOH) groups and the texturing speed and the total content of end groups. The correlation factor between the process parameters and yarn structural characteristics analysed is determined.

The effect of false-twist texturing parameters on the structure and crimp properties of polyester yarn

In this paper, the effect of false-twist texturing parameters (texturing speed, heater temperature, draw ratio and disc-to-yarn speed ratio (D/Y ratio)) on the structure and crimp properties of polyester yarn has been studied using a high temperature heater and high texturing speeds. Textured yarn was analyzed and characterized in terms of the degree of crystallinity, degree of orientation and crimp properties (crimp contraction, crimp module and crimp stability). The most important parameters, significantly affecting yarn temperature and its uniformity and thus textured yarn structure and crimp properties, are texturing speed and heater temperature. Depending on these texturing parameters, the degree of crystallinity and orientation varied in the range of 24.48 to 36.66% and 0.371 to 0.595, respectively. The crimp characteristics increase with the increase in heater temperature, and decrease with the increase in texturing speed. The effect of draw ratio and D/Y ratio on the textured yarn structure and properties is less pronounced. Obtained results show that partially oriented polyester yarn used in this study can be textured at significantly higher texturing speed (up to 1100 m/min) than the standard texturing speed (up to 700 m/min) used for the yarn count examined.

The influence of the texturing speed and the degree of stretching on breaking characteristics of the textured PES yarn

The influence of the texturing speed and the degree of stretching on breaking characteristics of the textured PES yarn

The influence of the variation of texturing process parameters on structural characteristics of polyamide textured yarns in the false twist

The variation of texturing process parameters within the limits of the industrial texturing machine brings about substantial structural changes of yarn characteristics. To obtain required characteristics of textured PA6.6 yarns for specific purposes, it is necessary to adjust the optimum process parameters. For that reason, in addition to modification of the quality of textured polyamide yarns, the aim of this work is to define the limit values of the texturing process. In this work, the influence of technical-technological parameters in the false twist texturing process on structural characteristics of polyamide yarns was studied. Partially oriented POY multifilament of 22f07*l dtex fineness was textured under production conditions on the friction texturing machine ICBT, model FT 15 E3. Using low temperature long heaters, the influence of variations of the heater temperature, texturing speed and D/Y ratio on the properties of the textured yarn (filament density, the crystallinity degree, the orientation degree of individual filaments, end -NH2 group content, -COOH group content and the total content of end groups) was investigated. Thereby, the values for the tension in the texturing zone (stretching) of 1.305 and in the winding zone of 0.954 were kept constant. The studied texturing parameters affect the change of above mentioned characteristics to a varying degree. For heater temperatures of 200, 210 and 220 °C, and D/Y ratio of 1.7, 1.9, 2.1 and 2.3, negative linear correlations were found between the speed of texturing - filament density, the speed of texturing - the degree of crystallinity and the speed of texturing - the degree of orientation of individual filaments. The correlation factor between the texturing process parameters and the analyzed properties of the yarn was determined. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that with the established correlation between the speed of texturing and the investigated properties of the yarn, the correlation factor generally increases with the increase of D/Y ratio to 1.9 and 2.1, for the heater temperature up to 210 °C. However, in most cases the correlation factor decreases at the temperatures above 220 °C and higher values of the D/Y ratio. Therefore, in this study, the optimum temperature of the heater is 210 °C and D/Y ratio from 1.9 to 2.1, taking into account the selection of other values of texturing speed parameters and stretching.

Some innovative surface texturing techniques for tribological purposes

This paper reviews methods for texturing surfaces for tribological applications and presents some innovative methods that could make surface texturing more cost-effective. Possible texturing methods were identified and classified according to their physical principles. This involved identifying existing texturing methods and also led to proposals for new possible methods. Three innovative texturing methods with low cost and high texturing speed are then presented: (i) a simpler and cheaper version of photochemical texturing, (ii) maskless electrochemical texturing, and (iii) masking surfaces by ink-jet printing followed by etching. From these, maskless electrochemical texturing was the cheapest and fastest, but the minimum size of the texture features was the largest. Ink-jet printing followed by etching is an alternative that may potentially provide a good combination of cost and resolution, but the texturing time depends on the surface area. Then, an attempt was made to delimit tribological applications where the use of such processes could be beneficial, based on analysis of experimental results of their tribological evaluation. These showed that the methods proposed could be particularly suited for components with contact areas larger than the width of the texture features under either hydrodynamic lubrication or starved lubrication.

Effect of feed filament fineness and process parameters on air-jet textured yarns properties

Effect of linear density per filament, overfeed, air pressure and texturing speed on experimental values of physical bulk, instability and loss in tenacity of air-jet textured yarn has been discussed. Potential contribution of each of the variables to explain the properties of air-jet textured yarn is evaluated on the basis of normalized regression coefficients and analysis of variance obtained with the help of multiple regression model formed to predict the air-textured yarn properties. Analysis has shown that most dominating factor to explain the variability in air-jet textured yarn properties is overfeed percentage. Second most influencing variable to explain the variability in air-jet textured yarn properties is linear density per filament in the case of physical bulk and yarn instability and air-pressure in case of loss in tenacity.