Texture Of Sheet Research Articles

Severe plastic cold rolling effects in nickel–vanadium alloy: Microstructure, texture evolution and mechanical properties

The microstructural characteristics and morphological attributes of the target material, along with its intrinsic properties, can significantly influence the performance of the resultant film. Currently, commercially available nickel-vanadium targets employed in the industry have not been subjected to investigations aimed at controlling grain size and grain orientation. This study examines the effects of unidirectional rolling at room temperature, combined with substantial deformation, on the alterations in microstructure, texture evolution, and mechanical properties of the NiV7 alloy. The process of severe plastic cold rolling leads to a continuous elongation and refinement of the grains. The changes in microstructure and texture of the cold-rolled sheets were analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technology. At an 80% reduction, a significant number of sub-grains are observed, which transform into deformed grains as the reduction reaches 95%. With a thickness reduction of 96.6%, the average grain size is approximately 1.10 μm. Further increases in reduction do not lead to significant alterations in the grain structure; instead, the grain orientation progressively becomes more uniform with higher levels of deformation. The combination of substantial deformation and lower rolling rates results in an increased number of high-angle grain boundaries. The alloy displays various textures throughout the rolling process, including S-type, copper-type, brass-type, fiber, and cubic textures. Notably, the prevalence of S-type and fiber textures diminishes as the degree of deformation increases, while the cubic texture becomes increasingly prominent. Upon achieving a reduction of 95%, the cubic texture emerges as the dominant texture. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) was utilized to examine the extensive array of dislocations, dislocation cells, dislocation walls, and shear bands generated during the cold rolling process. At a deformation level of 96.6%, the ultimate tensile strength of the alloy demonstrates a significant enhancement, attributed to mechanisms of dislocation strengthening and grain strengthening, reaching a value of 1231 ± 20 MPa, accompanied by a post-fracture elongation of approximately 2%. The ultimate tensile strength exhibited an increase of 781 ± 20 MPa compared to the sample prior to the rolling process; however, there was a notable reduction in plasticity.

Effects of preexisting dislocations on phase transition and deformation of NiTi shape memory alloy: An in situ multi-scale study

Phase transition and deformation in cold-rolled and heat-treated Ni50.6Ti49.4 alloys are explored by in situ multi-scale measurements with simultaneous X-ray diffraction and optical digital image correlation. Macroscale stress−strain curves, mesoscale strain fields and microscale X-ray diffraction peaks are obtained. Electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy are also conducted on samples before and after tension as complements. For cold-rolled samples, since martensite nucleation is strongly associated with the widely distributed preexisting dislocations, homogeneous martensite phase transition takes place, in contrast with the localized mode in heat-treated samples. For localized phase transition, the intense growth of martensite results in clear Lüders bands. The beginning and the end of phase transition plateau on the stress−strain curve are associated with the initiation and complete propagation of Lüders bands. For the homogeneous phase transition, broad growth of martensite leads obscure Lüders bands and uniform strain fields, without any phase transition plateau. Given the initial {110}〈110〉 and {111}〈110〉 sheet textures in the heat-treated samples, different martensite variants with different preferred orientations are activated with respect to the loading directions.

Texture development of pure Ti by rolling at various temperatures and its effect on sheet formability

This work investigated the effect of rolling temperature (25–800 °C) on rolling-texture development and sheet formability of pure Ti. The rolling temperature significantly affected the development of the typical transverse-direction (TD)-split basal texture in pure Ti sheet by altering the tilting angle of (0001) basal poles. Notably, a normal-direction (ND) basal texture, where the tilting angle of (0001) basal poles was approximately 0°, developed at an intermediate rolling temperature of 400 °C. This result is remarkable because the ND basal texture is rare in pure Ti. Formation of this unusual ND basal texture was attributed to significant activation of basal <a> slip. In contrast, a typical TD-split basal texture was dominant at the other rolling temperatures. Formation of this typical texture was attributed to pyramidal <c+a> slip. After subsequent recrystallization annealing, sheet formability was examined. Despite their different textures, the sheets previously rolled at the different rolling temperatures showed similar formability. This similarity occurred because any given texture could not simultaneously provide in-plane stretching uniformity and thinning capability during sheet forming. The present study suggests an important guidance for modifying texture of pure Ti sheets to effectively increase their formability.

Improvement of formability of Mg-2.2Gd-0.4Zr alloy by forming multi-type textures through the transverse gradient extrusion process

Mg-2.2Gd-0.4Zr sheets were prepared using transverse gradient extrusion (TGE) technology to improve their formability. The effects of different TGE processes (inclination angles of the die are 15°, 30°, 37°, 45° and 49°) on the microstructure, texture, mechanical properties, and formability of extruded sheets were researched. Furthermore, the flow behaviors of Mg-2.2Gd-0.4Zr sheets during extrusion were analyzed by the finite element simulation method. For comparison, Mg-2.2Gd-0.4Zr sheets were processed by conventional extrusion (CE) process. Results showed that the texture of TGE sheets was effectively altered. With the increase of the TGE dies tilt angle, the deviation of the basal pole in the center region of the extruded sheet towards the extrusion direction (ED) increased, while in the 1/4 edge region the basal pole deviated towards the transverse direction (TD) along the ED. The multi-type textures formed in TGE sheets are mainly attributed to the extra flow velocity along the TD and the flow gradient along the ED during extrusion. High elongation of 45.6% and low yield stress of 98.9 MPa are obtained for TGE-45 sheets. In addition, the Erichsen value (IE) of the TGE-45 sheet is 5.46 mm, which is about 47% higher than the 3.72 mm of the CE Mg-2.2Gd-0.4Zr sheet. The improved formability is due to the effective coordination of multi-directional strains during the Erichsen test for the TGE sheets.

Strength-ductility synergy and anisotropy evolution of Cu-Be sheets with different Be contents

This study examines the evolution of mechanical properties and texture of hot rolled Cu-Be alloy sheets with varying Be content. The Cu-3.0Be alloy exhibits superior performance attributed to its fine grain structure, weaker texture, and lower dislocation density.

Investigation on damage evolution mechanism of various FRP strengthened concrete subjected to chemical-freeze-thaw coupling erosion.

The corrosion resistance of FRP-reinforced ordinary concrete members under the combined action of harsh environments (i.e., alkaline or acidic solutions, salt solutions) and freeze-thaw cycles is still unclear. To study the mechanical and apparent deterioration of carbon/basalt/glass/aramid fiber cloth reinforced concrete under chemical and freeze-thaw coupling. Plain concrete blocks and FRP-bonded concrete blocks were fabricated. The tensile properties of the FRP sheet and epoxy resin sheet before and after chemical freezing, the compressive strength of the FRP reinforced test block, and the bending capacity of the prismatic test block pasted with FRP on the prefabricated crack side were tested. The deterioration mechanism of the test block was analyzed through the change of surface photos. Based on the experimental data, the Lam-Teng constitutive model of concrete reinforced by alkali-freeze coupling FRP is modified. The results indicate that, in terms of apparent properties, with the increase in the duration of chemical freeze-thaw erosion, the surface of epoxy resin sheets exhibits an increase in pores, along with the emergence of small cracks and wrinkles. The texture of FRP sheets becomes blurred, and cracks and wrinkles appear on the surface. In terms of failure modes, as the number of chemical coupling erosion cycles increases, the location of failure in epoxy resin sheets becomes uncertain, and the failure plane tilts towards the direction of the applied load. The failure mode of FRP sheets remains unchanged. However, the bonding strength between FRP sheets and concrete decreases, resulting in a weakened reinforcement effect. In terms of mechanical properties, FRP sheets undergo the most severe degradation in the coupled environment of acid freeze-thaw cycles. Among them, GFRP experiences the largest degradation in tensile strength, reaching up to 30.17%. In terms of tensile performance, the sheets rank from highest to lowest as follows: CFRP, BFRP, AFRP, and GFRP.As the duration of chemical freeze-coupled erosion increases, the loss rate of compressive strength for specimens bonded with CFRP is the smallest (9.62% in salt freeze-thaw environment), while the loss rate of bearing capacity is higher for specimens reinforced with GFRP (33.8% in acid freeze-thaw environment). In contrast, the loss rate of bearing capacity is lower for specimens reinforced with CFRP (13.6% in salt freeze-thaw environment), but still higher for specimens reinforced with GFRP (25.8% in acid freeze-thaw environment).

Unexpected texture transition induced by grain growth during static annealing of a dilute Mg-1Al alloy

Conventional rolled Mg-Al alloy sheets typically exhibit strong basal textures that remain and may even strengthen after recrystallization annealing due to the preferential growth of basal-oriented grains, resulting in poor formability at room temperature. Therefore, the knowledge of recrystallization and grain growth is critical for modifying textures of Mg-Al alloy sheets. The static recrystallization and texture evolution in a cold-rolled dilute Mg-1Al (wt.%) alloy during various annealed temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 450 °C, have been investigated using the quasi in-situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method. The as-rolled Mg-1Al alloy shows a dominant basal texture, which weakens and broadens in the rolling direction (RD) during the subsequent annealing, accompanied by the formation of 〈101¯0〉 texture component. Particularly, the 〈101¯0〉 texture component is more pronounced after annealing at high temperatures. The quasi in-situ EBSD results show that recrystallized grains are mainly induced by shear bands, which exhibit a wide spectrum of orientations with c-axis tilt angles ranging 20°-45° from the normal direction (ND). Orientations of shear band-induced recrystallized grains are retained during the entire recrystallization process, resulting in a reduction in the texture intensity. Moreover, recrystallized grains belonging to the 〈101¯0〉 texture component grow preferentially compared to those with other orientations, which is attributed to low energy grain boundaries, especially grain boundaries with ∼30° misorientation angles. Furthermore, the high temperature annealing facilitates the rapid growth of grain boundaries having a 30° misorientation angle, leading to the occurrence of distinct 〈101¯0〉 texture after annealing at 450 °C for 1 h. The results provide insights for texture modification of rare earth-free low-alloyed Mg alloys by controlling annealing parameters.

The effect of thickness of the hot-rolled sheet on the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel

Non-oriented (NO) electrical steel sheets with a thin thickness are drawing interest as potential materials for electric vehicle drive motor cores due to their ability to reduce high-frequency core loss. To produce electrical steel sheets with a thickness of 0.25 mm or less, it is beneficial to minimize the thickness of the hot-rolled sheets. However, it is well known that it is difficult to achieve hot-rolled coils with a thickness of 1.4 mm or less with a conventional hot rolling process. Therefore, the thin slab casting and rolling (TSCR) process is now used to produce thin hot-rolled coils that cannot be produced by conventional methods.In this study, we investigated the effects of hot-rolled sheet thickness produced by the TSCR process and cold-rolling reduction ratio on the crystallographic texture, microstructure, and magnetic characteristics of 3% Si NO steel. The results showed that the textures of the hot-rolled sheet and the annealed hot-rolled sheet are virtually unaffected by the hot-rolling reduction ratio. However, the cold-rolling reduction ratio substantially affects many aspects of NO electrical steels. The recrystallized grain size after the final annealing process decreases as the cold reduction ratio increases, while the magnetic flux density decreases with increasing cold reduction ratio, especially for reductions exceeding 82.8 %.In conclusion, the thickness of hot-rolled steel sheets manufactured by the TSCR process has little effect on the microstructure and texture of hot-rolled sheet. Therefore, reducing the cold rolling reduction ratio, which can be achieved by using thin hot-rolled sheets manufactured by the TSCR process, is a promising method for enhancing the magnetic characteristics of thin-gauge NO electrical steel sheets.

Effect of Annealing on the Microstructure, Texture, and Properties of Cold-Rolled Ti50Ni47Fe3 Shape Memory Alloy Sheets

A systematic study was conducted on the impact of annealing treatments on the microstructure and properties of cold-rolled Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloys using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and an electronic universal testing machine. It was found that, during low-temperature annealing (400 °C and 500 °C), the annealing time had no significant effect on the microstructure or properties of the Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy. Only elongation (δ) increased with the increase in the annealing time, and the grain orientation of the Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy was &lt;111&gt;//RD (rolling direction). When annealing at medium–high temperature (600 °C), as the annealing time increased, recrystallization and grain growth processes occurred, resulting in a continuous decrease in strength and an increase in δ. Meanwhile, it was found that the grain orientation of the cold-rolled Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy changed from &lt;111&gt;//RD during the recovery and recrystallization processes to &lt;101&gt;//RD after the grain growth process. The orientation distribution function cross-section φ2 = 45° results indicate that the texture was mainly distributed along the γ orientation line (φ1 = 0~90°, Φ = 54.7°, φ2 = 45°). When annealed at 400 °C and 500 °C, the texture of the Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloys was (111)[uvw]. When the annealing treatment was 600 °C for 120 min, a (110)[uvw] texture occurred. Additionally, ductile fracture occurred in all specimens, and the crack origin was located on one side of the fracture surface, with obvious “Y”-shaped propagation. This article studied annealing treatments of cold-rolled Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloys, providing corresponding theoretical guidance for subsequent production applications.

Effects of dough sheets resting on textural properties of long‐life noodles via moisture migration and gluten network development

SummaryNoodles are a popular staple food for many Asian populations. This study aimed to explore the effects of different resting temperatures (15, 25, 35, 45 °C) and humidity (65%, 75%, 85%, 95%) on the quality of long‐life noodles (LL noodles) by considering the moisture migration and microstructure of gluten network in dough sheets. According to results, at resting conditions (25 °C and 95% relative humidity), the dough sheet exhibited a shorter transverse relaxation time of tightly bound water (T21) and higher relative content (A21), which facilitated a tight combination between other components and water molecules. Additionally, a dense and uniform distribution of gluten network was achieved at 25 °C and 95%, due to a reduction in average length and width of gluten network lines, as well as to increased branching rate. Therefore, LL noodles were endowed with a lower cooking loss rate and higher water absorption rate, and the texture properties including chewiness, hardness, smoothness and elasticity were at optimal level. The present work demonstrated the possibility of using a resting at 25 °C and 95% humidity to enhance the uniformity of gluten network and texture of dough sheets and significantly improved the texture properties of LL noodles.

Effect of rare-earth Ce on the texture of non-oriented silicon steels

Abstract Macroscopic and microscopic textures of non-oriented silicon steel hot rolled sheets with different rare-earth Ce contents were investigated using X-Ray Diffraction, Electron Back Scatter Diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy, and the magnetic properties of the cold-rolled annealed sheets were examined using a silicon steel sheet testing system. The results show that the addition of rare-earth Ce reduces the proportion of unfavorable γ texture intensity and texture {111} and enhances the proportion of favorable η texture intensity and texture {100} and {110} in the steel. Magnetic property tests show that rare-earth Ce favors the reduction in test steel loss and the increase in magnetic susceptibility. The main reason is that rare-earth Ce combines with O and S in steel to form large-size inclusions, which preferentially precipitate in the liquid steel and inhibit the precipitation of fine AlN and MnS inclusions, while denaturing the inclusions to spherical composite inclusions such as Ce2O2S-MnS, CeS-AlN, and CeAlO3, thus exerting a good effect of purifying the liquid steel and denaturing the inclusions.

Effects of Zn Addition and Twin Roll Casting Process on the Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of the Mg-Al-Mn-Ca Sheet

In this work, the microstructure and texture of Mg-1.0Al-xZn-0.2Mn-0.5Ca (wt.%, x = 0, 1) alloys, which were produced via conventional casting or twin roll casting (TRC), were investigated, and their relation to the mechanical properties of the sheets at the final gage was analyzed. In the Zn-containing AZMX1100 alloy sheets, the amount and size of the secondary phases were significantly reduced, in comparison to the Zn-free AMX100 alloy sheet. The TRC sheet shows a smaller grain structure and fine secondary phases in comparison to the sheets produced via the conventional casting process. The texture of the AMX100 sheet is characterized by the basal poles tilted in the sheet rolling direction (RD). In the AZMX1100 sheets, the texture with the tilted basal poles towards the RD and transverse direction (TD) was developed after recrystallization annealing, while the tilting angle of the basal pole in the TD is larger than in the RD. There is no significant difference in the texture between the sheets produced by the casting and TRC process. The highest yield strength was obtained in the AZMX1100 sheet produced by the TRC process, and all examined sheets showed the mechanical anisotropy in accordance with their textures.

The mechanics of the friction-assisted lateral extrusion process

The friction-assisted lateral extrusion process (FALEP) is gaining attention as a candidate for fabricating high-performance ultrafine grain alloys for potential industrial applications. It consists of extruding metal in bulk or powder form into a solid sheet in a single operation to obtain ultrafine-grained (UFG) structures. The sheet has high yield strength due to its UFG microstructure and a shear-type crystallographic texture that is fundamentally different from the textures of sheets obtained by rolling. Apart from its single-step feature, FALEP requires lower forces than in rolling, so less energy is required to achieve large reductions. The present work introduces analytical elastic/plastic continuum calculations for the mechanics of the FALEP process. The results of the calculations demonstrate the great advantages of FALEP with respect to rolling and equal/non-equal channel angular pressings.Graphical

Effect of transverse gradient extrusion process on texture and mechanical properties of Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy sheets

Transverse gradient extrusion (TGE) processes with different die inclined angles of 15°, 30°, 45°and 60° were used to produce Mg–3Al–1Zn sheets, thereby tailoring texture and mechanical properties of Mg alloy sheets. Microstructure, deformation texture and final mechanical properties of the obtained sheets were detected and discussed. Furthermore, the rheological behavior of Mg alloys during extrusion was analyzed by finite element method. As the TGE die inclined angle changed, the flow velocity along the transverse direction (TD) and effective strain difference along extrusion direction (ED) were changed during extrusion, and therefore the microstructure and texture of extruded sheets are altered. With increase of TGE die inclined angles, fine grain size and uniform microstructure were obtained. The base poles of most grains for the extruded sheets gradually deviate from normal direction (ND) to ED at center region and inclined from ED to TD at 1/4 edge region. A large elongation of 33.9 % and a low yield stress of 125 MPa can be obtained in the TGE-45 sheet.

The effects of strain path change on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of accumulative roll-bonded (ARBed) AA1050 strips

In this study, the effect of unidirectional accumulative roll bonding (UARB) and rotational ARB (RARB) on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of AA1050 sheets was investigated. The X-ray diffraction technique was used to study the microstructural and textural evolutions in the processed samples. It was found that the successive sample rotation suppressed the evolution of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) to high-angle ones in the RARBed sheets. However, the grain size was dramatically reduced from 35.7 μm to 169 nm in the starting Al and the processed sample by eight RARB cycles, respectively. Akin to the UARB path, the RARB route led to a drastic drop in Cube {001} <100> texture intensity. Compared to the UARBed strips, additional Goss {011} <100>, A {011} <111>, P {011} <122> and BR {236} <385> components were observed in the RARB-processed sheets. Interestingly, the rotation of Goss-oriented grains towards the Brass {011} <211> component was frustrated by consecutive sample rotation around its normal direction (ND) between RARB passes. In addition to the microhardness test, the uniaxial tensile test was performed at room temperature to evaluate the mechanical properties of the processed aluminum. The results showed that a sharp increase in hardness reached a plateau at higher cycles. In terms of tensile properties, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased to its peak of 332 MPa after eight cycles of the RARB method. Although, their lower interlayer bond strength gave them low elongation compared to their UARBed counterparts.

On the correlation between roping, texture, and morphology of aluminium alloy sheets

Roping is a troublesome surface defect of aluminium alloy sheets that hinders their application in the automobile industry. When the aluminium alloy sheets are subjected to tension, the texture components of various distributions will lead to non-uniform morphology and thus initiate roping. In the current paper, the correlation of roping defect with texture and surface morphology is probed by experiments and crystal plasticity simulation in four aluminium alloy sheets. Depending on the extension length of roping lines along the rolling direction, short and long roping are identified from the tested aluminium alloy sheets. With crystal plasticity simulation, texture variances for different roping degrees are comparatively analysed. The short roping is induced by short clusters of individual hard components, while the long roping is initiated by the long bands where different hard components are mixed. The experimental and simulation results also indicate that roping does not result from specific textures in the aluminium alloy sheets, and the alternative spatial aggregation of soft and hard texture components plays a predominant role in roping development. A roping intensity index RI is also proposed to quantitatively grade roping intensity and show excellent accuracy and robustness in practice.

Microstructure and Texture Evolution of the Magnesium Alloy ZMX210 during Rolling and Annealing.

The processability during massive deformation of magnesium-wrought products is hampered by the low formability of magnesium alloys. The research results of recent years demonstrate that rare earth elements as alloying elements improve the properties of magnesium sheets, such as formability, strength and corrosion resistance. The substitution of rare earth elements by Ca in Mg-Zn-based alloys results in a similar texture evolution and mechanical behaviour as RE-containing alloys. This work is an approach to understanding the influence of Mn as an alloying element to increase the strength of a Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. For this aim, a Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloy is used to investigate how Mn affects the process parameters during rolling and the subsequent heat treatment. The microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of rolled sheets and heat treatment at different temperatures are compared. The outcome of casting and the thermo-mechanical treatment are used to discuss how to adapt the mechanical properties of magnesium alloy ZMX210. The alloy ZMX210 behaves very similarly to the ternary Mg-Zn-Ca alloys. The influence of the process parameter rolling temperature on the properties of the ZMX210 sheets was investigated. The rolling experiments show that the ZMX210 alloy has a relatively narrow process window.

Effect of cryogenic rolling on the microstructure and texture of CuCrZr alloy

The evolution of microstructure and texture of CuCrZr sheet is studied during cryogenic rolling. It indicates that the grains of CuCrZr alloy rolled both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperature are elongated along the rolling direction. After annealing, the grains become equiaxed with a little smaller of cryogenic rolling than that of room temperature rolling. On the other hand, as the rolling reduction increases, the dislocation density increases with a feature of twinning deformation during deep cold rolling, which results of the texture of CuCrZr alloy during cryogenic rolling occurred mainly with composition of Goss {011}< 100 > texture and Brass {011}< 211 > texture accompanied by a strong Taylor {44 11}< 11 11 8 >and Copper {112}< 111 >textures. Meanwhile, R {124}< 211 > and S {123}< 634 > textures also appear on the section of φ2 = 65°. With the increase of processing reduction, twinning deformation is occurred, and Goss {011}< 100 > orientation continues to flow to Brass {011}< 211 > orientation, with no change in the strength of Copper and Taylor textures. However, the strength of R {124}< 211 > and S {123}< 634 > textures gradually increase, but the increase is smaller than the main Brass {011}< 211 > orientation so that the yield strength, tensile strength and uniform elongation of CuCrZr alloy sheet prepared by cryogenic rolling are higher than those of room temperature cold rolling at the same deformation conditions.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of high-strength Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Mn alloy processed by asymmetric hot rolling

Asymmetric hot rolling was used to fabricate the high-strength Mg-9Gd-4Y–1Zn-0.8Mn (wt.%) alloys, which is strengthened by the lamellar long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases inside grains and the block-shaped LPSO phases surrounding grain boundaries. The reduction in total thickness shows a significant impact on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of the alloy sheets. By keeping the velocity ratio between the top and lower rollers at 1.3, the shear strain is introduced all across the sheet thickness. The as-rolled sample exhibits a bimodal-grained structure made up of fine recrystallized (DRXed) grains with relatively random orientation and coarse elongated non-recrystallized (unDRXed) grains with intense basal texture and profuse substructure. As rolling strain increases, the volume fraction of the DRXed region and the basal texture intensity of the unDRXed region gradually increase. The dominating prismatic <a> slip as well as the moderate basal <a> slip and pyramidal <c+a> slip are activated during rolling. The triggering of prismatic <a> slip, among the activated multiple slip systems, results in the development of [101¯0]//RD texture component at high strains. The alloy sheet that underwent severer rolling strain (56.3%R sample) shows higher ultimate tensile strength (411 MPa) and tensile yield strength (348 MPa) but lower elongation to failure (3.5%). The dominant strengthening mechanisms for the preferable mechanical properties should be grain boundary strengthening of fine DRXed grains, texture strengthening of coarse elongated unDRXed grains, short-fiber strengthening of block-shaped LPSO phases, and dispersion strengthening of profuse lamellar LPSO phases and dense tiny Mg5(Gd, Y) particles.

Plasticity Anisotropy and Texture of AA1060 Sheets Through a Combination of Accumulative Roll-Bonding and Cryorolling

Plasticity Anisotropy and Texture of AA1060 Sheets Through a Combination of Accumulative Roll-Bonding and Cryorolling