Textured Finish Research Articles

A step-by-step technique to create an ideal color match, form, and surface texture to all-ceramic restorations.

Although the presence of a chairside CAD/CAM system in the dental office saves time and cost, it deprives the dentist from the dental technologist' skills and experience. The dentist now has to gain and acquire knowledge and skills about how to finish, characterize, stain, and glaze ceramic restorations. The main objectives of this article is to teach novel and reproducible techniques for surface color, texture, glaze and polish for either the chairside or laboratory fabricated indirect ceramic restoration. A protocol for intraoral characterization of monolithic ceramics; the "Triple R" protocol for tooth color mimicking was followed. It consist of three steps: (1) "Recognize" tooth color shapes, (2) "Record" the present color shapes in the patient dentition by drawing a color map for the color shapes extension and determine which luster paste stain to be used for replicating them, and (3) "Replicate" intraorally the recorded color shapes guided by the adjacent natural teeth using low fusing ceramic pastes (shades and stains) for color shape replication. Also, the final touch technique was followed to shape, texture and final surface finish of dental restorations. It is composed of 5 basic levels which we call dental "micro-esthetics that define shape, texture, and surface luster. Following the steps of both; the "Triple R" protocol and the "FINAL TOUCH" technique will help to reproduce the final shade of the restoration to create the illusion of a natural tooth to the observer. This article shows how combining two practical methodologies to record and replicate both color shapes and surface texture of natural teeth may extend mimicking, that is, step by step natural tooth shade beyond the limitations of the available commercial shade guides.

Influence of polymer contacting rollers on surface texture finish in the belt grinding process

During the abrasive machining of hard steels by the belt grinding, the finished surface texture is greatly influenced by the pressure between the abrasive belt and the belt ground workpiece; this pressure is the force applied by the contacting roller on the part. Therefore, the contacting roller has an important role and a direct impact on process efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to study and compare the influence of seven different polymer contact rollers on the belt ground surface texture (PS-R, POM C-R, PA 6-R, PPC-R, PPH-R, HDPE-R, and LDPE-R). The surface texture quality is characterized by eight roughness parameters (Ra, Rz, Rp, Rv, Rsk, Rku, Rsm, and Rdq) and five parameters of the bearing area curve (Rpk, Rk, Rvk, Mr1, and Mr2). The experimental test results indicate a better surface texture obtained by polyamide roller PA 6 (hardness = 60 Shore D) compared to that obtained with other rollers of the same hardness or of different hardness. Simultaneously, an optimal average pressure between the abrasive belt and the workpiece allows the removal of chips without fracturing the abrasive grains; this generates a good surface texture.

Anti-Graffiti Coatings on Stones for Historical Buildings in Turin (NW Italy)

The application of anti-graffiti products to stones belonging to architectural heritage is a common procedure that is currently complementary to traditional graffiti removal treatments, such as chemical and mechanical cleaning. In this study, two anti-graffiti coatings (a sacrificial product and a permanent one) were tested on four stones (with a different texture, mineralogy, and surface finish) commonly found in the historical city center of Turin (Italy). In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the anti-graffiti products, the removal of two graffiti paints with different compositions was tested. The results of the cleaning procedures performed on the surfaces coated with anti-graffiti products were evaluated, considering both the graffiti remains and the alterations induced on the surface. Chemical cleaning based on the use of a low-toxic ternary solvent mixture was applied on the unprotected stones for a comparison with the results obtained on the surfaces coated with anti-graffiti products. The samples were observed under stereomicroscopy and ultraviolet fluorescence photography and all of the treated surfaces were evaluated by roughness measurements, the contact sponge method, static contact angle measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. The composition of the anti-graffiti product, the graffiti paint to be cleaned, and the remover recommended by the manufacturer proved to be key factors for the cleaning effectiveness achieved on coated surfaces. Moreover, to a lesser extent, the mineralogy, texture, and surface finish of the stone also influenced the results of the cleaning procedures. The sacrificial anti-graffiti product enhanced the cleaning effectiveness on all stones if compared to uncoated surfaces; however, the permanence of coating remains on the surface after cleaning proved to be critical. Regarding the use of the permanent anti-graffiti products, intense disparate results were achieved, depending on the graffiti paint composition.

Clothes Forming in the Light of Perceptual Psychology

The aim of the research is to study the connection between the features of human perception and his needs in terms of selfexpression through clothing, the awareness of himself as an individual and as a part of society at the same time. There is also an attempt to develop a coherent classification of the basic types of perception and observation with the thirteenth main psychotypes of a person with an emphasis on forming characteristics of clothing. Methodology. The basic method of research is a method of theoretical design, or idealization. The idealization method is supplemented by the method of comparative analysis, which allows combining the classification system of psychotypes and the basic types of perception and observation. Scientific novelty. For the first time it was suggested combining the classification of the basic types of perception and observation with the thirteenth basic psychotypes of a person in the context of consideration of the main forming characteristics of clothing. Conclusions. It is found that people of different types of perception perceive clothes and relate to them in different ways. Personalities of synthetic type pay more attention to the general form of clothes, their content load. Lines of division, texture and decorative finish are not important for them. The quality of performance is also not a determining factor. Such psychotypes as a paranoic, a schizoid, a sensitive type person, a hypotim belong to this type of perception. Personalities of analytical type, on the contrary, appreciate the quality, technological processing, decoration. The form of clothing is not a priority. The analytical type includes an epileptoid, a psychasthenic, a conformal type of a person and an asthenic. Personalities of the analyticalsynthetic type are the most demanding, such people appreciate the unity of style, correlate the form and the lines of division, color and decoration. This type includes a hysteroid and a labile type of person. Emotional types most of all appreciate color, expressiveness of the form, the perception of decorative details and elements. Quality is not taken into account at all. This emotional type includes a hyperthim, an unstable type of a person and a cycloid. Creating an adequate visual image plays an important role in a man’s life. The task of the designer is not only to feel, but also to examine a person who the clothes are designed to, taking into account all his features and at the same time to avoid creating a projection of your own «identity», identity of a designer. Studying the basics of psychology, the use of psychological tests in the selection of clothing will definitely help the designer to move in the right direction.

Effect of polycarbonate film surface morphology and oxygen plasma treatment on mode I and II fracture toughness of interleaved composite laminates

Polycarbonate (PC) offers excellent impact resistance, high elongation at break and high glass transition temperature making it a candidate for toughening composite laminates. Therefore, PC films were selected to interleave bi-directional glass fiber (GF)/epoxy composites to study mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness. PC films with smooth and textured surface finishes and oxygen plasma treatment were used to examine their effect on composite toughening using double cantilever beam and end notched flexure tests for mode I and II interlaminar fracture toughness characterization, respectively. Oxygen plasma functionalization improved wetting and adhesive bonding of PC film with epoxy. Increase up to 71% in mode I and 42% in mode II interlaminar fracture toughness for interleaved composites was measured. The microscopic observations of fractured surfaces indicate that improved toughness in the case of PC interleaves is related to promoting cohesive-adhesive failure of the film, providing additional energy dissipating mechanisms during delamination propagation. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that PC films are able to preserve high operational temperature of composite.

Boiling and quenching heat transfer advancement by nanoscale surface modification

All power production, refrigeration, and advanced electronic systems depend on efficient heat transfer mechanisms for achieving high power density and best system efficiency. Breakthrough advancement in boiling and quenching phase-change heat transfer processes by nanoscale surface texturing can lead to higher energy transfer efficiencies, substantial energy savings, and global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reports breakthrough advancements on both fronts of boiling and quenching. The critical heat flux (CHF) in boiling and the Leidenfrost point temperature (LPT) in quenching are the bottlenecks to the heat transfer advancements. As compared to a conventional aluminum surface, the current research reports a substantial enhancement of the CHF by 112% and an increase of the LPT by 40 K using an aluminum surface with anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) nanoporous texture finish. These heat transfer enhancements imply that the power density would increase by more than 100% and the quenching efficiency would be raised by 33%. A theory that links the nucleation potential of the surface to heat transfer rates has been developed and it successfully explains the current finding by revealing that the heat transfer modification and enhancement are mainly attributed to the superhydrophilic surface property and excessive nanoscale nucleation sites created by the nanoporous surface.

A cleaner production of rice husk-blended polypropylene eco-composite by gas-assisted injection moulding

Abstract Gas-assisted injection moulding processes are widely applied in the plastics industry to improve moulding quality by using fewer polymers. This process is achieved by hollowing out the internal section of the mould to reduce the usage for conventional polymers and is particularly good for thick, moulded products. The eco-composites polymers, such as rice husk-filled polymers are environmental friendly materials to replace polymers. A cleaner production can be achieved by using rice husk-blended polypropylene RH/PP eco-composite in the gas-assisted injection moulding process. No successful case is reported in literature, as the increased shear viscosity of the non-petrochemical and natural-based polymers make it difficult for the eco-composite to flow inside the moulds. In this study, gas-assisted injection moulding technology was successfully applied to the rice husk-filled polypropylene eco-composites polymers in different compositions. Different stages of injection pressure and delays of gas pressure were applied in order to improve the flow characteristics. In addition, the internal wall surface of the mould must be polished to ‘Mold-Tech’ SPI A2, an industry standard textured finishes. The new approach uses fewer petrochemical polymers with improved moulding quality, especially for thick, moulded parts. The new method is also an environmentally-friendly approach as it uses less injection pressure and clamping force. This has created a good foundation for further research in cleaner production of different kinds of eco-composites material by gas-assisted injection moulding.

Biomimetic touch perception of edge finish of ophthalmic lens

The functional texture of polished edge of an ophthalmic lens is controlled by the characteristics of the finishing process by which the surface edge is produced. In order to assess the selection of edge surface finish for production purposes, tribo-acoustic sensor that mimics human sensory perception is used. The assumptions underlying the methods are that certain sounds, such as the old and surprisingly sensitive fingernail test, have a close association with somatosensory precepts. In this paper, an existing sensor was modified and adapted, via biomimetic knowledge transfer of sensory perception in humans (touch perception). If an artificial finger with smooth surface slides over an edge of polished lenses, the friction induced micro-wear traces, waviness (termed macro-roughness) and the form (hills and valleys) population varies. In touch perception tests, we showed that the texture stimulus (friction noise) delivered to artificial finger depends on the edge finish quality. The results also revealed that the effects of the edge finish on touch are frequency dependent—only sounds with the same frequency as the vibrotactile frequency enhanced tactile detection. These results demonstrate that texture finish influences touch perception in highly systematic way and suggest that similar coding of wear traces produce by polishing may underlie the processing information of quality assessment and selection of the edge ophthalmic glass.

The New Dimension in a Calendar: The Use of Different Senses and Augmented Reality Apps

Augmented reality has arrived, bringing infinite possibilities. This communication tool is applicable to any market or product and is key to understanding the new dimension that print communication is taking on. Augmented reality is capable of recreating a whole virtual universe from a print, to the point that in the not- sodistant, future, printing and augmented reality will not have reason to exist without each other. We are at a turning point, where how we communicate is changing, growing, evolving and opening up new channels of expression. Through the augmented reality applications, print communication takes on a new dimension, grows and is enriched to generate a virtual universe aimed at covering new needs in infinite areas and markets. Two parallel worlds, digital communication and print communication that now converge and are mutually enriched. This year our calendar does an about turn to offer something totally new. Month by month we have conceived a unique calendar so that each print is an exclusive and surprising experience. The prints contain different icons that tell us about new printing experiences. These icons show us whether the print is treated with augmented reality or with different textured finishes, which take printing to another dimension, interacting with our senses. Touch: Explore and discover the print, where you see this icon. Experience the possibilities we can offer through touch. SIGHT: An exclusive example of a textured finish that glows in the dark. SMELL: Find the textured surface and gently rub your finger on it. The print gives off a pleasant smell of grass.

Occlusodontics: How to find contact points more easily

Orthodontists usually locate contact points by using articulating paper whose thickness varies from 10 l to 300 l and is a kind of blotting paper with a soft, textured finish impregnated with a mixture of wax, oil, colorants and adhesive agents specially formulated with a sensitive coating to provide a sharp, clean mark on all surfaces. Thin plastic, metallic, or silk sheets can also carry these marking elements. Articulating paper is sold in pre-cut rectangular strips, rolls, sheets, and horseshoe shaped paper that dentists can place over entire arches without recourse to pliers. Some types of articulating papers contain progressive coloration that objectifies the intensity of contact forces by imprinting a nuanced depiction of the pressure received by varying the number of micro beads of ink that burst on a tooth’s surface.

RESEARCH ON CARBONATION SUPPRESSIVE EFFECT OF COATING MATERIALS FOR TEXTURED FINISHES AND AIR PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT BASED ON THE RESULT OF A SURVEY OF AN EXISTING STRUCTURE

Core samples were taken from a structure several decades old, with coating materials for textured finishes, to make an accelerated carbonation test. Referring to the test result, the carbonation suppressive effect of the aged coating materials for textured finishes was evaluated on the basis of the diffusion theory. In addition, the evaluation result was compared with the prediction of carbonation progress determined from the air permeability coefficient measured at the time of the test. This comparison was intended to validate the reliability of the assessment of the carbonation suppressive effect of the coating materials for textured finishes on the aged structure, using the air permeability coefficient. This study demonstrated that the carbonation depth estimated from the air permeability coefficient, with consideration given to the aging of the coating materials for textured finishes, agreed well with the carbonation depth measured in the accelerated carbonation test.

CARBONATION SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF COATING MATERIALS FOR TEXTURED FINISHES BASED ON THE RESEARCH OF AIR PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT AND CARBONATION DEPTH OF COATING MATERIALS FOR TEXTURED FINISHES OF THE EXISTING STRUCTURE

We determined the air permeability coefficient of coating materials for textured finishes by the double chamber method and carbonation depth on the existing structure where years since construction passes. And we verified the application to the presumption method of carbonation depth of coating materials for textured finishes based on air permeability coefficient. As a result of this, it was confirmed that we can presume the carbonation depth of a concrete which is given coating materials for textured finishes with the diffusion coefficient and the carbonation resistance from a measured result of air permeability coefficient, even if that coating materials for textured finishes degrades. In addition, the study demonstrated that the carbonation progress of concrete with a coating materials for textured finishes can be predicted precisely, using the presumption method of carbonation progress by the air permeability coefficient considering the aging of coating materials for textured finishes.

Infrared drying and curing systems

Infrared radiation can be used in curing and drying processes to provide precise control of color, gloss, texture, and surface finish. The consistency of infrared radiation to enable organic coatings to perform well in the environments in which the product will be used is the function of the controllability of the radiant output and temperature of the emitter, as well the proper design of the system. When it is possible to match the peak output emission of the emitter to the peak absorption of the coating, high efficiency is the result. The temperature of the infrared heater can be controlled within one degree of the determined operating set-point. This means that day in and day out, infrared radiation can be used to accurately and precisely heat, dry, and cure modern organic coatings.

A new approach to anti-fog design for polymeric insulators

Electric field strength and leakage current density in the shank region of a polluted polymeric insulator may cause local dry-banding, with a risk of long-term degradation from partial-arc discharges. In a novel approach to dry-band control, the characteristics of silicone rubber surfaces with a textured finish are investigated and, depending on the geometry chosen for the texture, two useful objectives can be achieved. First, the increase of surface area can both reduce the leakage current density in the vulnerable shank region, and also increase the longitudinal creepage distance. Secondly, the damage arising from surface discharges can be mitigated. The principles of the proposed anti-fog design are described in detail. While complete prototype insulators are now being specified for fabrication, this paper reports preliminary results from tests using rectangular samples, which show an improvement in performance. The tests are of two kinds: a) inclined-plane, to assess erosion and tracking on rectangular samples of insulation materials. Such samples have been prepared both with a conventional plane surface and with a textured surface for comparative tests; b) clean-fog tests that use an initially dry pollution layer of known salinity. Here, plane and textured samples have been used for comparative tests, where leakage current and discharge activity are monitored during the generation of the fog.

Effect of aluminium sheet surface conditions on feasibility and quality of resistance spot welding

A study investigating the effect of sheet surface condition on resistance spot welding (RSW) of aluminium has been carried out. This concentrates on two automotive aluminium alloys; AA5754 and AA6111, used for structural and closure applications respectively. The results show the marked effect that surface condition can have on the RSW process. For AA5754 sheet incomplete removal of a ‘disrupted surface layer’ prior to surface pretreatment is shown to have a detrimental effect on the RSW process. The solid wax lubricant used to assist metal forming leads to unpredictable changes in contact resistance, and consequently affects the process stability. For AA6111 closures the final surface topography can influence the RSW process. Standard ‘mill’ and electro-discharge textured (EDT) finish sheet surfaces were examined and preliminary results suggest that both are suitable for welding. The successful application of RSW of aluminium sheet requires careful consideration of the sheet surface condition. This requires close collaboration between material suppliers and automotive manufacturers.

A New Method for Producing Composite Panels with Textured Finish using Open Molding Process: Part I - Technology Development

A new method has been developed to produce composite panels with textured finish using low-cost polyester molds that have a non-textured surface. This method uses a removable textured coating (RTC) to impart texture on the surface of the molded parts. This RTC is de-molded along with the composite panel and is removed from the part at a later stage to reveal the textured surface. It has been shown that, depending on the method of application and the type of equipment, various effects can be generated. However, as long as the manufacturing conditions are maintained constant the resultant textured finish is reliably reproducible. It has been observed that the optimum thickness for the RTC film is 0.15 ± 0.03 mm. Furthermore, the experiments showed that at relative humidities <50%, temperatures between 35 and 40°C, and air flow rate of 6-10 m/s, a reasonable drying time of 12-15 min can be achieved. It has been concluded that, because of its high viscosity, an air-assist airless spray system is the most suitable equipment for spraying the RTC.

Early Pottery Making in Northern Coastal Peru. Part IV: Mössbauer Study of Ceramics from Huaca Sialupe

We report on an interdisciplinary study of ceramic material excavated in 1999 and 2001 at a 1000-year old ceramic and metal production site, located at Huaca Sialupe in the La Leche valley on the north coast of Peru and dating to the Middle Sican period (AD 900–1100). Sherds of Sican red- and blackware, numerous moulds, several kilns and other evidence of pottery making were found. The pottery, in particular, is famous for its fine texture and perfect black surface finish. In addition, some clay lumps and sherds of unfired Sican pottery were excavated. Within the same workshop several large inverted ceramic urns used as furnaces were found together with Middle Sican metal working tools and debris. Various physical methods were applied to investigate this material. The ancient firing procedures could be elucidated by comparing the spectra observed for the ancient sherds with model spectra of laboratory and field fired clay samples. This shows that the fine ware made at Huaca Sialupe was intentionally fired under strongly reducing conditions at temperatures up to 900°C. Reoxidation at the end of the reducing firing took place only occasionally. Less care was taken in firing moulds used for pottery making.

Infrared drying and curing systems

Summary Infrared radiation can be used in curing and drying processes to provide precise control of color, gloss, texture, and surface finish. The consistency of infrared radiation to enable organic coatings to perform well in the environments in which the product will be used is the function of the controllability of the radiant output and temperature of the emitter, as well the proper design of the system. When it is possible to match the peak output emission of the emitter to the peak absorption of the coating, high efficiency is the result. The temperature of the infrared heater can be controlled within one degree of the determined operating set-point. This means that day in and day out, infrared radiation can be used to accurately and precisely heat, dry, and cure modern organic coatings.

Manufacture of vibration dampers

A vibration damper comprises a rigid inner member having a plain cylindrical outer surface, a rigid outer member having a plain cylindrical inner surface located in generally concentric relation with the cylindrical outer surface of the inner member, and an intermediate moulded ring of elastomeric material inserted between said cylindrical surfaces so as to be radially compressed therebetween. The elastomeric ring has outer and inner generally cylindrical surfaces contacting the inner and outer plain cylindrical surfaces of the outer and inner members respectively. At least one of the said inner and outer surfaces of the elastomeric ring is formed with a moulded textured finish with peaks and troughs such that the differential between the peaks and troughs in the textured surface is in the range of 250 to 1000 micro inches.

Acronal 290 D: a binder for textured finishes

In 1964, BASF developed ®Acronal 290 D, an aqueous acrylic/styrene dispersion for emulsion paints and textured finishes. At that time, very few people could predict what an impact this dispersion would have on the European market. In the 18 years that have since elapsed, Acronal 290 D has become synonymous with quality and technological progress and is now the popular choice for architectural finishes, indoor paints, textured finishes and anti‐corrosion paints. A report on the experience that we have gained in formulating and applying Acronal 290 D in textured finishes will be presented in this paper.