Reference Text Research Articles

Prioritizing Speech Test Cases

As automated speech recognition (ASR) systems gain widespread acceptance, there is a pressing need to rigorously test and enhance their performance. Nonetheless, the process of collecting and executing speech test cases is typically both costly and time-consuming. This presents a compelling case for the strategic prioritization of speech test cases, which consist of a piece of audio and the corresponding reference text . The central question we address is: In what sequence should speech test cases be collected and executed to identify the maximum number of errors at the earliest stage? In this study, we introduce Prophet ( PR i O ritising s P eec H t E s T cases), a tool designed to predict the likelihood that speech test cases will identify errors. Consequently, Prophet can assess and prioritize these test cases without having to run the ASR system, facilitating large-scale analysis. Our evaluation encompasses \(6\) distinct prioritization techniques across \(3\) ASR systems and \(12\) datasets. When constrained by the same test budget, our approach identified \(15.44\%\) more misrecognized words than the leading the state-of-the-art method. We select top-ranked speech test cases from the prioritized list to fine-tune ASR systems and analyze how our approach can improve the ASR system performance. Statistical evaluations show that our method delivers a considerably higher performance boost for ASR systems compared to established baseline techniques. Moreover, our correlation analysis confirms that fine-tuning an ASR system with a dataset where the model initially underperforms tends to yield greater performance improvements.

The concept of immutability in Proclus

In this article we examine the concept of “immutability” in the Neoplatonic philosopher Proclus. Our reference text is the first book of Theologia Platonica and, in particular, the chapters, ιθ΄ (88.12-94.9) and κζ΄ (118.10-119.30). This is an eclectic approach on the part of the Neoplatonic thinker, in which he draws material mainly from the Timaeus and the Respublica. In the context of a clearly hierarchical metaphysical system with deities ontologically and evaluatively situated, the “immutable” is primarily associated with divine simplicity, self-sufficiency and incorruptibility. For this connection, Proclus grounds his reasoning in a series of explanations, which concern metaphysical orders from the hierarchically higher to the hierarchically lower. Furthermore, “immutable” is linked to the concepts of “uniform”, “indissoluble” and “unchangeable”, which also move in the metaphysical domain. The main conclusion that emerges is that it is a concept which is exclusively located on the divine level and is passed on from order to order as a property by analogy. That is, it is related to the process of divine emanation.

Integrated dialectic in Plato’s Parmenides:

Plato’s Parmenides was considered as the main ontological work of the ancient philosophy and used for this reason as the summit of the philosophical curriculum of the New Platonic Academy established by the Neoplatonists after Iamblichus. Proclus’ Commentary, based on Syrianus, serves as a key reference text for understanding of the sophisticated concepts of the dialogue. After the not fully survived commentaries of Proclus and Damascius, a great enterprise was undertaken by Georgios Pachymeres in Late Byzantium for a complete commentary and later in Renaissance by Marsilio Ficino, the founder of the revived Platonic Academy in Florence. In this article the focus is given in those passages of Parmenides where Ficino has given comments differentiated from the respective comments of Proclus. Lastly, some remarks are presented concerning the structure of dialectical schema of Parmenides, which can be considered as a great standard for an in-depth analysis of the various levels of being in ontological theories.

A New Late Babylonian Manuscript of the Medical-magical Series ‘Fumigation’ ( qutāru )

Abstract Fumigation as a healing procedure was a widely used technique in Mesopotamian medicine with textual references to the existence of the medical-magical series ‘Fumigation’ known from the Late Babylonian period. BM 38438 represents a new manuscript of this text. In the first part of this paper, I provide a summary of all manuscripts of this medical-magical series ‘Fumigation’, while in the second part an edition of the new fragment will be presented. I would like to thank the trustees of the British Museum, for permission to publish the tablet. I am very much indebted to M. J. Geller (University College London), J. Fincke (Leiden University) and the participants of an online reading group for cuneiform medicine (NinMed) organized by M. J. Geller for their suggestions and corrections. Needless to say I bear responsibility for any remaining errors. The abbreviations follow the Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, with the following addition: CCP = Cuneiform commentaries project (https://ccp.yale.edu/). The present paper was developed within the framework of the MTA–ELTE Momentum Assyrian and Babylonian Divine World Research Group.

Abbasid gold coins preserved in the Bangladesh National Museum

This study aims to provide meticulous identification of eight valuable, unpublished gold coins from Abbasid dynasty preserved in the collection of the Bangladesh National Museum and analyze their inscriptions, ultimately exploring their historical significance within the context of early Arab-Bengal trade relations. Discovered in the Chandpur and Brahmanbaria districts near the Samatata archaeological site in 1996 and 2002, these coins are not detailed in the museum’s inventory beyond their discovery and acquisition history. This study reveals key details such as their issuing authority, year of issuance, mint name, metal composition, measurements, and inscriptions that promote Islamic monotheism and praise the Prophet Muhammad. Analyzing the inscriptions on these coins, the study briefly highlights the distinctive features of Abbasid gold coins. These coins represent as essential artefacts in the history of early Arabs and ancient Bengal, prominently featuring commercial symbols. Indirect references in the historical texts from Arab-Persian geographers suggest that Bengal was a flourishing commercial hub in ancient time and well-integrated into maritime trade networks with early Arab merchants. The archaeological evidence of their trading interactions is substantiated by these gold coins, illustrating the extent of this relation spanning from the eighth to the tenth centuries.

"Karabakh or Death, no Other Way!": Hip Hop and War in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan

In post-Soviet Azerbaijan, hip hop is the main musical genre that articulates the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict that escalated into two wars (1992-94; 2020). The creativity of hip hop artists is a prime example of intertextuality as they reference, quote, and remake texts of previous Azerbaijani hip hop songs, thus offering accounts of the way the conflict unfolded throughout history. Yet their creativity goes further than providing narratives: it becomes a powerful tool to promote nationalist imagery and inspire patriotism. In this paper, I rely on interviews and first-hand experience while doing fieldwork in Azerbaijan when the Second Karabakh War erupted, and analyze popular hip hop songs, focusing on discourses that arise as part of hip hop’s generic intertextuality. Specifically, I focus on the figure of the martyr that continuously reappears to accentuate the topic of sacrifice and to trigger affects at the core of mobilization and patriotism.

The Impact of One Thousand And One Nights on Western Romance Stories. The Story of Tristan and Isolt Is an Example

Objectives: This research is concerned with demonstrating the impact of the ancient Arabic narrative structure on Western love stories. To demonstrate the areas of convergence and divergence in the fundamental and eternal idea of love, as writers expressed it in their arts in varying ways, and they met in expressing it in some axes, which leads to exploring Western civilization’s dialogue with the stories of One Thousand and One Nights in Western love stories. Methods: The research considered that the optimal threshold for comparison is to determine the impact of Arabic literature on Western literature, and to explain the term “romance.” Then, taking the stories of One Thousand and One Nights as a reference text, we show, through comparison between it and one of the love stories known to Westerners - which is the story of Tristan and Aizult - the points of similarity and difference between them, adopting the approach of intertextuality to clarify the features of the cultural impact of the stories of One Thousand and One Nights. In Western stories. Results: The West’s contact with the East had an impact on the new concept of love in European literature. The book One Thousand and One Nights is considered one of the most influential books in Western romances, including the story of Tristan and Iseult. The research showed the possible Arabic origins of this story through textual comparison, as well as between the most prominent features. The cultural impact of One Thousand and One Nights. Conclusion: The book One Thousand and One Nights had an impact on changing some Western literary concepts, including the concept of romance, and this influence was clear in Western romances. Recommendations: The research recommends paying attention to comparative studies and rooting literary concepts and their roots to demonstrate the points of convergence between cultures and the role of Arabs in civilizational interaction.

A Review on Colorectal Cancer and the Role of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine as Complementary Therapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC), encompassing cancers of the colon and rectum area, is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, posing a significant health challenge. In 2020, CRC contributed to 9.4% of all cancer fatalities. With the significant rise in cases among the elderly, it is projected that the figure will double by 2035 globally, particularly in less developed countries. For many years, surgery and chemotherapy have been the mainstay treatments for cancer, but patients with metastatic disease have generally faced poor outcomes. Currently, there is a renewal of interest to explore the potential of natural products to treat cancers. Nature provides many effective treatments for severe diseases, with around 75-80% of the global population relying on conventional medical practices due to limited access to healthcare and concerns about synthetic medicine safety. Natural products are crucial for treating infectious diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders, and references in religious texts have spurred scientific validation of traditional claims. These products are excellent sources for CRC treatments, with nearly 50% of current cancer therapies derived from natural ingredients. This review focuses on the discussion of colorectal cancer and the potential of Chinese traditional herbs used in treating colorectal cancers. Furthermore, various signalling pathways of CRC and the possible mechanism of TCM intervening in these pathways are also discussed.

Litigation Against F. T. Stellovsky in the Correspondence of F. M. Dostoevsky and V. I. Gubin 1871–1874

F. M. Dostoevsky’s epistolary legacy includes more than 2000 letters from the writer and his correspondents. One of Dostoevsky’s correspondents in 1871‒1874 was V. I. Gubin, a lawyer, Dostoevsky’s attorney in the case against the publisher F. T. Stellovsky. He also advised the writer at the initial stage of the Kumanin inheritance case. One letter from Dostoevsky to Gubin and 15 letters from Gubin to Dostoevsky are known. V. I. Gubin’s letters allow us to complete the image of Stellovsky, a notorious speculator in the publishing business and reveal how the writer’s trial against his publisher proceeded. At the end of 1870 Stellovsky released Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” as the fourth volume of the writer’s Complete Works. For this publication, according to the agreement dated July 1, 1865, Stellovsky was obliged to pay the writer 870 rubles, but he cheated Dostoevsky. Having lost all hope of solving the case peacefully, Dostoevsky launched court proceedings against Stellovsky. First, his stepson P. A. Isaev became the writer’s attorney, and then the role was assumed by Ap. Maikov, who hired lawyer V. I. Gubin at Dostoevsky’s request. The proceedings against Stellovsky, which began in 1871, dragged on for almost 5 years. Judging by Gubin’s letters, who Dostoevsky said “ruined everything,” both the slowness of the bailiffs, to whom the attorney was forced to pay bribes, and the inability to determine the identity of the publisher’s guardians for a long time hindered the process. Gubin also suspected collusion between official authorities and the relatives or guardians of Stellovsky, who since 1872 could no longer take part in the trial himself, as he was being treated in a psychiatric hospital. One of Stellovsky’s guardians, N. M. Sokovnin, settled with Dostoevsky only in 1876. The appendix to the article contains letters from Dostoevsky and Gubin, each letter is accompanied by a textual reference and a commentary.

Six lectures on linearized neural networks

Abstract This tutorial examines what can be learnt about the behavior of multi-layer neural networks from the analysis of linear models. While there are important gaps between neural networks and their linear counterparts, many useful lessons can be learnt by studying the latter. A few preliminary remarks, before diving into the math: • We will not assume specific background in machine learning, let alone neural networks. On the other hand, we will assume some graduate-level mathematics, in particular probability theory (however, we will refer to the literature for complete proofs.) • Some of the notations that are used throughout the text will be summarized in appendix A. • We will keep bibliographic references in the main text to a minimum. A short guide to the literature is given in appendix B.

Optimizing Anesthetic Management for Laparoscopic Surgery: A Comprehensive Review.

Laparoscopy, as the most frequently chosen surgical technique in the world, carries specific complications and distinctions in anesthetic management. Complications of laparoscopy, particularly perceptible as disorders of the physiology of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems, are caused by the specific technical conditions required for this type of operation. To facilitate surgical access and to clarify the surgical field, it is necessary to create a splenic emphysema, consisting of filling the peritoneal cavity with carbon dioxide (CO₂). This results in an increase in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and increased diffusion of CO₂ into the blood, causing a state of hypercarbia. The impact of these disturbances is of great importance in the pathological functioning of the above-mentioned organ systems. The anesthetist, in addition to the need to induce a state of general anesthesia, must be aware of and understand the pathological impact of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and hypercarbia to adjust patient monitoring accordingly and implement appropriate treatment targeting the specific complications occurring during laparoscopy. Complications and contraindications important from the anesthetist's point of view are also described. The 51 articles and reference texts were used for this purpose, which, combined with the authors' knowledge and experience, is intended to be a valuable resource for use by anesthesiology staff. This article aims to explain the effects of laparoscopy on human physiology and to compare and contrast methods of airway management, mechanical ventilation, the type of muscle relaxation used, and postoperative management in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.

Sir William Capell and A Royal Chain: The Afterlives (and Death) of King Edward V

AbstractIt is generally assumed that the memory of Edward V, king of England, was an important part of the politics and culture of the century following his disappearance and probable murder in 1483. This article considers the material culture associated with Edward and contributes to an understanding of his fate and how it was viewed in the reigns of Richard III, Henry VII, and beyond. In stark contrast to the experience of other elite figures in the period, Edward's memory was not promoted and supported through any of the potential lieux de mémoire which might have been preserved, created, or adapted for the purpose. The decades to the middle of the sixteenth century saw little if anything by way of an emerging tradition of visual presentations of the king. There was no indication of the emergence of physical locations in which his memory might be cultivated, and textual references remain sparse. A previously overlooked reference to Edward's chain, in the possession of the Capell family early in the sixteenth century, illustrates the remarkably limited interest in Edward as a personality and in his fate in the years after his disappearance. And while there is a clear possibility that the chain came to the Capell family in some neutral way, as the king's property was distributed in the aftermath of Edward's disappearance, there is also the possibility that it came as a result of his murder – and through the Capells’ connection with the alleged murderer, Sir James Tyrell.

Black Informational Past: History, Data, and Archives of Chicago's ‘New Negro’ Wonder books

ABSTRACTIn 1927, an organized group of Black college and graduate students from the Washington Intercollegiate Club of Chicago compiled a rich informational reference text reflecting the mosaic of Black life in Chicago, IL, USA. This effort resulted in the publication of two editions of the Intercollegian Wonder Book in 1927 and 1929. These books are reflective of the New Negro movement and cultural renaissance of the Black urban population in the early 20th Century. Our project examines the influence of the Wonder Books through methods that express the layered informational context of a Black community. The poster reflects the iterative development of a phased descriptive, archival, data and visual analysis of an historic Black Community. such as citation tracking, genealogical research of individual members, and analysis of data usage by the club's active students.

Tracing Political Implications of the Color Red in China From 1919 to 1976

This study explores the political implications of the color red in China from 1919 to 1976, analyzing its usage and significance within published literature through the lens of historical events and ideological shifts. Utilizing the Google Book Ngram Viewer and Voyant tools, this research traces patterns in the frequency and context of the term "红色" (red) in Chinese texts. The analysis identifies significant peaks in usage corresponding to key historical moments, including the Nanchang Uprising, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and the Cultural Revolution. The study finds that the color red is uniquely intertwined with political discourse in China, contrasting with other politically charged colors such as black, white, and yellow. Despite the color’s symbolic prominence, its direct references in pivotal political texts like Mao Zedong’s Quotations are relatively sparse, suggesting a complex interplay between visual symbolism and textual representation. The findings highlight the color red’s profound role in reflecting and shaping political ideologies during this transformative period in Chinese history.

Der gut strukturierte Tod

Abstract Based on the example of King Conrad I’s death, this paper wants to contribute to the question of how medieval historiography chose and arranged its contents. It postulates that chroniclers narrated their histories just like medieval authors of fictional literature by using plot schemes. Before King Conrad I died, Ottonian sources tell us, he had called for his brother and designated the Saxonian Duke Henry I king. Former research saw vast similarities between the sources as either evidence for their reliability, as textual references, or regarded them as written result of an oral tradition at the Ottonian court. A comparison with several ( East-/West- ) Franconian and English narratives about other rulers’ deaths ( e. g. Pepin the Younger, William the Conqueror or Saladin ) shows us that not only Ottonian, but chroniclers in general used the same textual elements, which they arranged in a similar order. One reason for this might be references to the Bible and hagiography. However, since there are no obvious linguistic borrowings tangible between the narratives, the death of Conrad I in the Ottonian sources can be interpreted as a variation of narratives, based on a more widespread scheme used probably all over Latin Europe. This scheme was distributed in different ways: by the use of textual models, but also by the adaption of oral narratives.

The effect of transcreation on coherence and the marketing purpose in Arabic A comparison with a reference text

The effect of transcreation on coherence and the marketing purpose in Arabic A comparison with a reference text

Capaneus philosophus? Una nota su Zenone, Filodemo, Stazio (e Lucrezio)

Abstract This short article, which starts with a reconsideration of the philosophical characterization of Statius’ Capaneus, aims at investigating the reception of the mythical figure of Capaneus in Hellenistic philosophy. Both among the Stoics (Zeno and, maybe, Chrysippus, according to Diogenes Laertius and Athenaeus) and the Epicureans (Philodemus in P.Herc. 452 olim 463, fr. 13), Capaneus occurs in the philosophical discourse on the definition of the sage, albeit with different nuances and reference texts. Statius, Neapolitan poeta doctus with Stoic and Epicurean patroni, may have drawn insights from this intellectual environment to provide his Capaneus with philosophical overtones. In the last paragraph it is cautiously suggested, on the basis of P.Herc. 452 olim 463, fr. 13, that Lucretius’ Epicurus in the well-known prologue of the De rerum natura – a model for Statius’ Capaneus – may have been influenced by the Epicurean reception of Capaneus.

ABOUT USING INTERACTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING UZBEK LITERATURE

This article discusses the use of interactive methods in teaching Uzbek literature in higher educational institutions. Modern education requires the use of many methods, such as brainstorming, discussion, problem situation, reference text, project, role-playing game, as well as encouraging students to perform practical exercises. Interactive methods are a form of dialogic learning based on mutual cooperation between student and teacher; such methods contribute to the formation of certain skills and abilities in students, create an atmosphere of cooperation in the classroom, interact and allow the teacher to be a leader. When studying fiction, it is very important to directly read and understand the work of art itself, the text

Adolescent Emotional Expression on Social Media: A Data Donation Study Across Three European Countries.

This data donation study explores how adolescents express emotions on social media, and how this expression varies by platform (Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok) and posting modality (permanent and ephemeral content). Adolescents from Belgium (n = 115), France (n = 146), and Slovenia (n = 119) "donated" screenshots from their social media accounts, including their bios, most recent posts, and most recent stories. These screenshots were coded for both textual references to positive and negative emotion words and emojis, and visual expressions of positive and negative emotion. This data was then linked to the adolescents' survey responses about their life satisfaction. The results showed a prevalence of positive emotional displays, both in text and visuals. Gender differences were evident, with girls more likely than boys to reference and express positive emotions. Additionally, a marginal difference was observed among countries: Slovenian participants showed fewer positive emotional references compared to Belgian and French participants. No significant links were found between online emotional expressions and life satisfaction. While this study offers initial insights into adolescents' real online emotional behavior, future research should explore motivations and sociocultural influences, addressing gaps in understanding how individual and contextual factors impact social media use among adolescents.

Exprimer la dynamique spatiale par l’utilisation de l’adjectif grave et ses équivalents polonais dans les textes de loi

Starting from the observation that the construction of vague reference in legal texts is intended by the legislator, we examine the intensifier adjective grave linked to linguistic vagueness. The aim is to define the meanings of grave and the role of the noun it qualifies, and to identify Polish equivalents in comparable and parallel legal texts. After mentioning studies on vagueness and vague reference, we analyse definitions that indicate two meanings: ‘importance’ and ‘consequence. The ‘cause-consequence’ relationship becomes central to the study of the categories of intensifiable nouns and grave meanings. The Polish equivalents prove that it is polysemous and that the place of the N in the logical relation must be taken into account.