Textile Mill Sludge Research Articles

Vermicomposting of textile mill sludge employing Eisenia fetida: Role of cow dung and tea waste amendments

Vermicomposting of textile mill sludge employing Eisenia fetida: Role of cow dung and tea waste amendments

Recycle of textile mill sludge in different grades of concrete

Material industry is one of the most seasoned and biggest areas in India. Removal of material factory slime is a significant issue now daily. In this exploration study, an endeavor had been made to reuse material factory ooze in concrete as halfway trade for sand to build mass use of ooze. Properties of new and solidified cement were explored by adding material factory slop in M20, M25 and M30 evaluations of cement. Material factory ooze was included rate by weight differing from 0% to 36% as a swap for fine totals (sand). Workability of solid blend diminished as ooze rate expanded past 16%. Compressive strength diminished with increment in ooze content in solid blend. Greatest measure of ooze which could be added without trading off the compressive strength altogether three evaluations of cement was 16% without settling on mean objective.

Self-engineered iron oxide nanoparticle incorporated on mesoporous biochar derived from textile mill sludge for the removal of an emerging pharmaceutical pollutant

In the present work, low-cost and efficient iron oxide nanoparticle incorporated on mesoporous biochar was prepared from effluent treatment plant (ETP) sludge collected from the textile industry. This sludge contains a higher amount of Fe due to the use of ferric chloride as a coagulant in the treatment of wastewater generated during the process. The raw sludge and prepared biochar was extensively examined by various sophisticated techniques like XRF, XRD, BET, TGA, XPS, RAMAN, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, and VSM. TEM and XRD analysis confirms the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles on mesoporous biochar. The prepared biochar was found to possess BET surface area of 91 m2 g−1. Several parameters like pH, dose, initial concentration, temperature and time were optimized for the adsorptive removal of ofloxacin (OFL) from aqueous solution. Biochar (named as BTSFe) achieved ≈96% removal efficiency of OFL with a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 19.74 mg g−1 at optimum condition. π-π electron–donor-acceptor and H bonding were the major mechanisms responsible for the OFL adsorption. Kinetic and equilibrium thermodynamic study of showed that the adsorption of OFL was represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, and the process was exothermic and spontaneous. Additionally, Redlich-Peterson and Freundlich isotherms best fitted the experimental data indicating multilayer adsorption phenomenon. Biochar was magnetically separated and thermally regenerated after each cycle for five times with a nominal overall decrease of ≈8% in removal efficiency. Leaching of iron during the adsorption process was also checked and found to be within the permissible limit. This study provides an alternative application of the textile industry sludge as an efficient, low-cost biochar for the removal of emerging pharmaceutical compounds.

Environment-friendly management of textile mill wastewater sludge using epigeic earthworms: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and metallothionein production

In the present study, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus were used for vermistabilization of textile mill sludge in different combinations with cowdung for 60 days. A higher percentage of metal removal was observed in earthworm treated mixtures for cadmium (54.5%) followed by copper (36.0%), chromium (37.0%) and zinc (35.9%). Vermistabilized textile mill sludge + cowdung (1:1) showed a maximum percentage increase in total NPK, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes with a better earthworm survival rate. A higher amount of metallothionein protein was produced by E. eugeniae than P. excavatus. Further, 100% textile mill sludge showed a number of histological abnormalities like degeneration of cells, cellular debris, and uneven cellular compartmentation while textile mill sludge with cowdung showed normal earthworm histology. Results suggest that textile mill sludge + cowdung (1:1) combination is suitable for vermistabilization of textile mill sludge.

The Workability and Compressive Strength of Concrete using Textile Mill Sludge and Plasticizer

The Workability and Compressive Strength of Concrete using Textile Mill Sludge and Plasticizer

Treatment of textile milldye sludge by vermicomposting using Perionyx excavatus species

The accumulation of solid waste sludge from Textile dye sludge causes a great problem in its safe disposal. Perionyx excavatus were cultured under laboratory condition with 60-80%moisture in mud pot container following with the mixing ratio of TMS (Textile Mill Sludge) + SD(Sawdust) designated as X (1:1) respectively add inoculums (EM) Effective microorganisms and (CD) Cow dung were also used in the above ratio. Once in 15days upto 90days number of hatchling, worm growth rate and the weight of earthworms were determined and analysed statistically. On the basic of the efficiency of four treatments with control condition, (EM) separately, (CD) separately and (EM+SD) combined together were analysed to support the reproduction and growth of Perionyx excavatus has been done. The growth rate, weight gain, and hatchling production observed in the mixed ratio of TMS+SD (1:1) ratio with the above treatments were determined and better combination of mixed ratio with appropriated inoculums was determined. The mixed of TMS+SD+(EM+CD) gave high growth rate, weight gain and hatchling production of selected vermiculture Perionyx excavatus. Hence TMS in combination SD in (1:1ratio) can be used for vermiculture.

Properties of Steel Mill Sludge Waste Incorporated in Fired Clay Brick

Brick is one of the most common masonry units as a building material due to its properties. Many attempts have been made to incorporate different types of sludge waste into brick such as marble sludge, stone sludge, water treatment sludge, sewage sludge, desalination sludge, textile laundry sludge, ceramic sludge and steel mill sludge. SMS is waste that produced from steel manufacturing industry. This sludge is normally disposed at a hazardous waste landfill site. The objective of this study is to investigate the properties of sludge waste incorporated in fired clay brick. The characteristic of heavy metals in steel mill sludge were determined by using XRF. Characteristic of steel mill sludge shows that some of the heavy metals in steel mill sludge shows higher concentration by following this descending order Zn&gt;Cu&gt;Pb&gt;Sn&gt;Cr&gt;Ba. Four different mixing ratios of steel mill sludge at (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) were incorporated into fired clay brick to obtain the properties and compared with control brick and standards. In this study, physical and mechanical properties such as shrinkage, density, initial rate of suction and compressive strength test were conducted in the laboratory. Through this study, the results indicate that addition of 5% steel mill sludge into bricks shows the best quality of brick with high compressive strength (16.78N/mm2) and low initial rate of suction (3.80 g/mm2). Nevertheless, the density and shrinkage for all bricks still comply with the requirement and suitable for different work applications. Furthermore, by incorporating sludge waste into fired clay brick could provide an environmental friendly way of disposal method.

Reuse of incinerated textile mill sludge as adsorbent for dye removal

Textile industry is one of the largest and oldest industries in India. Textile mill uses large quantities of water for its variety of wet processes, which in turn generates a large amount of waste water. Effluent treatment plants treat textile mill waste water using a variety of chemical coagulants thus producing greater amount sludge. Disposal of sludge is a challenging problem. In this study Textile mill sludge was incinerated at 800°C and used as an adsorbent without any activation. SEM images confirmed that, sludge ash was porous in nature and could be used as an adsorbent. For the entire study, Remazol blue dye was used. Experimental studies were carried out in an acidic pH range, showed good dye removal by using incinerated textile mill sludge ash. Experimental results obtained fitted well in Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.

REUSE OF TEXTILE MILL SLUDGE IN BURNT CLAY BRICKS

Textile mill being second largest industry in India faces problem of sludge disposal. In this study attempt is made to reuse textile mill sludge in burnt clay bricks. textile mill sludge is used to replace base material by weight upto 35%. Analysis of textile mill sludge and soils is done for its chemical content. Bricks cast by adding sludge are fired after drying at 6000C to 8000C and for 8, 16 and 24 hrs. textile sludge can be added added up to 15% as it gives compressive strength above 3.5 N/mm2 and water absorption ratio less than 20%. Thus reuse of textile mill sludge in burnt clay bricks is better option so that problem of ultimate disposal of textile mill sludge can be solved up to greater extent.

Development of granular sludge for textile wastewater treatment

Microbial granular sludge that is capable to treat textile wastewater in a single reactor under intermittent anaerobic and aerobic conditions was developed in this study. The granules were cultivated using mixed sewage and textile mill sludge in combination with anaerobic granules collected from an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor as seed. The granules were developed in a single sequential batch reactor (SBR) system under alternating anaerobic and aerobic condition fed with synthetic textile wastewater. The characteristics of the microbial granular sludge were monitored throughout the study period. During this period, the average size of the granules increased from 0.02 ± 0.01 mm to 2.3 ± 1.0 mm and the average settling velocity increased from 9.9 ± 0.7 m h −1 to 80 ± 8 m h −1. This resulted in an increased biomass concentration (from 2.9 ± 0.8 g L −1 to 7.3 ± 0.9 g L −1) and mean cell residence time (from 1.4 days to 8.3 days). The strength of the granules, expressed as the integrity coefficient also improved. The sequential batch reactor system demonstrated good removal of COD and ammonia of 94% and 95%, respectively, at the end of the study. However, only 62% of color removal was observed. The findings of this study show that granular sludge could be developed in a single reactor with an intermittent anaerobic–aerobic reaction phase and is capable in treating the textile wastewater.

Nutrient recycling from different solid organic wastes employing an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida

This paper reports the nutrient recycling during vermistabilisation of different organic wastes, namely sewage sludge, textile mill sludge, sugar mill sludge and aquatic weed. The NPK content of the vermicompost was significantly higher than that of raw wastes. Biodegradability coefficient (Kb) was highest in aquatic weed (0.91 ± 0.004) followed by sewage sludge (0.71 ± 0.025), textile mill sludge (0.64 ± 0.003) and sugar mill sludge (0.48 ± 0.041). Results showed that worms grew 2.5 times more rapidly in aquatic weed waste, 2.2 times in textile mill sludge and 1.5 times in sewage sludge than in sugar mill sludge.

Vermicomposting of solid textile mill sludge spiked with cow dung and horse dung: a pilot-scale study

This paper reports the vermicomposting of Solid Textile Mill Sludge (STMS) spiked with Cow Dung (CD) and Horse Dung (HD) in a six-month pilot-scale experiment employing Eisenia foetida. Growth and fecundity of Eisenia foetida were significantly affected by temperature variations. The lesser number of cocoons and hatchlings were produced in pilot scale experiments than in controlled temperature experiments. Whereas, the number of earthworms had increased between 1.2-1.4 fold. Vermicomposting resulted in lowering of pH, electrical conductivity, potassium and C : N ratio and increase in nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the feed mixtures. Vermicomposting can be an alternate technology for STMS management under suitable climatic conditions.

Enrichment of vermicomposts prepared from cow dung spiked solid textile mill sludge using nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria

Textile mill waste can be vermicomposted if it is mixed in the range of 20–30% with cow dung. This article reports the effect of inoculation, of nitrogen fixing Azotobacter chroococcum strain; Azospirillum brasilense strain and phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonas maltophila, on nitrogen and phosphorus content of vermicomposts prepared from cow dung (CD) and cow dung spiked textile mill sludge (CD + STMS). The CD vermicompost was more supportive to the growth and multiplication of all the three bacteria than CD + STMS vermicompost. In Azotobacter chroococcum treated vermicomposts maximum nitrogen content was recorded between 45 and 60 days [CD␣vermicompost (25.9 ± 0.45 g kg−1) and CD + STMS vermicompost (20.6 ± 0.62 g kg−1)] followed by Azospirillum brasilense inoculation [CD vermicompost (19.4 ± 0.60 g kg−1) and CD + STMS vermicompost (18.6 ± 0.17 g kg−1)]. Phosphorus content in Pseudomonas maltophila inoculated CD vermicompost was 20.8 ± 0.20 g kg−1 and CD + STMS vermicompost was 13.4 ± 0.45 g kg−1 after 75th day of inoculation.

Effect of composted textile sludge on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of soybean and cowpea

The effect of composted textile sludge on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of soybean and cowpea was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. The compost was incorporated into soil at 0, 9.5, 19 and 38 t ha −1 (bases upon the N requirement of the crops, i.e., 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg available N ha −1). Growth, nodulation and shoot accumulation of nitrogen were evaluated 36 and 63 days after plant emergence. Nodule glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and leghemoglobin content were evaluated 63 days after emergence. Composted textile sludge did not show negative effects on nodule number and weight, nodule GS activity and leghemoglobin content. Nitrogen accumulation in shoot dry matter in soybean and cowpea was higher than other treatments with application of 19 t ha −1 of compost. Composting can be an alternate technology for the management of solid textile mill sludge. This study verifies that the composted textile sludge was not harmful to growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of soybean and cowpea.

Vermiconversion of wastewater sludge from textile mill mixed with anaerobically digested biogas plant slurry employing Eisenia foetida

Vermicomposting is commonly used for the management of organic wastes. We have investigated the potential of an epigeic earthworm, Eisenia foetida, to transform solid textile mill sludge (STMS) spiked with anaerobically digested biogas plant slurry (BPS) into vermicompost to evaluate the feasibility of vermicomposting in industries for waste management. The growth and reproduction of E. foetida was monitored in a range of different feed mixtures for 15 weeks in laboratory under controlled experimental conditions. E. foetida did not survive in fresh STMS. But worms grew and reproduced in STMS spiked with BPS feed mixtures. A greater percentage of STMS in feed mixture affected biomass gain and cocoon production by earthworms. The maximum growth was recorded in 100% BPS. The net weight gain by E. foetida in 100% BPS was two-four-fold higher than STMS-containing feed mixtures. After 15 weeks, maximum cocoons (78) were counted in 100% BPS and minimum (26) in 60% BPS+40% STMS feed. Vermicomposting resulted in pH shift toward acidic, significant reduction in C:N ratio, and increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents. Microbial activity measured as dehydrogenase activity increased with time up to day 75 but decreased on day 90, indicating the exhaustion of feed and decrease in microbial activity. These experiments demonstrate that vermicomposting can be an alternate technology for the recycling and environmentally safe disposal/management of textile mill sludge using an epigeic earthworm, E. foetida, if mixed with anaerobically digested BPS in appropriate ratios.

Vermistabilization of textile mill sludge spiked with poultry droppings by an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida

Investigations were made to explore the potential of an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida to transform textile mill sludge spiked with poultry droppings in to value added product, i.e., vermicompost. The growth and reproduction of E. foetida was monitored in a range of different feed mixtures for 77 days in the laboratory under controlled experimental conditions. The maximum growth was recorded in 100% cow dung (CD). Replacement of poultry droppings by cow dung in feed mixtures and vice versa had little or no effect on worm growth rate and reproduction potential. Worms grew and reproduced favourably in 70% poultry droppings (PD) + 30% solid textile mill sludge (STMS) and 60% PD + 40% STMS feed mixtures. Greater percentage of STMS in the feed mixture significantly affected the biomass gain and cocoon production. Net weight gain by earthworms in 100% CD was 2.9–18.2 fold higher than different STMS containing feed mixtures. The mean number of cocoon production was between 23.4 ± 4.65 (in 100% CD) and 3.6 ± 1.04 (in 50% PD + 50% STMS) cocoons earthworm −1 for different feed mixtures tested. Vermicomposting resulted in significant reduction in C:N ratio and increase in nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Total potassium, total calcium and heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb and Cd) contents were lower in the final product than initial feed mixtures. Our trials demonstrated vermicomposting as an alternate technology for the recycling and environmentally safe disposal/management of textile mill sludge using an epigeic earthworm E. foetida if mixed with poultry droppings.

Dynamics of biological and chemical parameters during vermicomposting of solid textile mill sludge mixed with cow dung and agricultural residues

In India, thousands of tons of textile mill sludge are produced every year. We studied the ability of epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida to transform textile mill sludge mixed with cow dung and/or agricultural residues into value added product, i.e., vermicompost. The growth, maturation, mortality, cocoon production, hatching success and the number of hatchlings were monitored in a range of different feed mixtures for 11 weeks in the laboratory under controlled environmental conditions. The maximum growth and reproduction was obtained in 100% cow dung, but worms grew and reproduced favorably in 80% cow dung + 20% solid textile mill sludge and 70% cow dung + 30% solid textile mill sludge also. Addition of agricultural residues had adverse effects on growth and reproduction of worms. Vermicomposting resulted in significant reduction in C:N ratio and increase in TKN, TP, TK and TCa after 77 days of worm activity in all the feeds. Vermicomposting can be an alternate technology for the management of textile mill sludge if mixed with cow dung in appropriate quantities.

Dynamics of biological and chemical parameters during vermicomposting of solid textile mill sludge mixed with cow dung and agricultural residues

In India, thousands of tons of textile mill sludge are produced every year. We studied the ability of epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida to transform textile mill sludge mixed with cow dung and/or agricultural residues into value added product, i.e., vermicompost. The growth, maturation, mortality, cocoon production, hatching success and the number of hatchlings were monitored in a range of different feed mixtures for 11 weeks in the laboratory under controlled environmental conditions. The maximum growth and reproduction was obtained in 100% cow dung, but worms grew and reproduced favorably in 80% cow dung + 20% solid textile mill sludge and 70% cow dung + 30% solid textile mill sludge also. Addition of agricultural residues had adverse effects on growth and reproduction of worms. Vermicomposting resulted in significant reduction in C:N ratio and increase in TKN, TP, TK and TCa after 77 days of worm activity in all the feeds. Vermicomposting can be an alternate technology for the management of textile mill sludge if mixed with cow dung in appropriate quantities.

Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with the epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida

This paper reports the results of a study of vermicomposting with Eisenia foetida of solid textile mill sludge mixed with cow dung in different ratios in a 90 days composting experiment. Vermicomposting resulted in significant reduction in C:N ratio and increase in TKN. Total K and Ca were lower in the final cast than the initial feed mixture. Microbial activity measured as dehydrogenase activity increased up to 75 days and decreased on further incubation. Total P was higher in the final product than the initial feed mixture. Total heavy metal contents were lower in the final product than initial feed mixture. Solid textile mill sludge can be potentially useful as raw substrate in vermicomposting if mixed with up to 30% cow dung (on dry weight basis). The growth and cocoon production of the worm species in different feed mixtures were also investigated.

Yield and chemical composition of corn grown with subsurfacely injected textile mill sludge

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of subsurfacely injected sludge on growth and composition of corn (Zea mays L.) silage. Sewage sludge from a textile mill which produces sanitary products was collected in lagoons and injected into bands 30 cm deep in a well‐drained loam in western Massachusetts. Injection rates were 0, 6.8, 13.6, and 25.6 metric tons of dry material per hectare. The sludge was 3% solids and contained 10 ppm each of Cd, Ni and Pb, 5 ppm of Hg, 70 ppm of Cr, 80 ppm of Zn, and 160 ppm of Cu. Inorganic and organic N composed 0.52% and 5.80%, respectively, while P and K were 0.89% and 0.52%, respectively, of the dry weight of the sludge. Seedling emergence was not hindered, and silage yields were increased by sludge application. No trace element increased in plant tissue with sludge fertilization. Nitrate concentrations increased in the plants with sludge fertilization but only in the roots and stems.