Textile Dye Effluent Research Articles

Hydrothermal synthesis of molybdenum trioxide, characterization and photocatalytic activity

ɑ-MoO3 micro-belts were synthesized via hydrothermal technique and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and particle size analyzer. Photo-catalytic activity was evaluated by degrading Coralene Red F3BS (CR-F3BS) dye and process variables i.e., pH, photocatalyst dose, concentration of CR-F3BS and UV exposure time were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) under central composite design (CCD). Under optimized conditions, up to 95% degradation of CR-F3BS (10 mg/L) was achieved for 120 min UV irradiation time at pH 7 using 2.75 g/L catalyst dose. The obtained RSM model revealed a satisfactory correlation between experimental and predicted CR-F3BS degradation values. Ames and heamolytic tests revealed that the toxicity was reduced significantly as a result of photo-catalytic treatment. In view of promising efficiency, ɑ-MoO3 micro-belts could possibly be used for the degradation of dyes in textile effluents.

Decolorisation of disperse dark blue 148 with ozone

The aim of this study is decolorisation of CI Disperse Dark Blue 148 dye by ozone treatment which is one of the most attractive alternatives for solving the problem of color in textile dyeing effluents. A venturi injection system added dyeing chamber for getting ozone from the ozone generator. And additive (acetic acid and dispersing agent) put in the dyeing. After the coloration, the experimental color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, temperature (°C) and conductivity (μS/cm) were measured. The results encourage the use of the system for decolorisation trials as well as dyebath effluent recycling.

Photocatalytic oxidation of high concentrated dye solutions enhanced by hydrodynamic cavitation in a pilot reactor

Abstract In this study, the degradation of high concentrated azo dye solutions was investigated by innovative hybrid process of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and photocatalysis in a pilot reactor. HC, photocatalytic, HC + UV and HC + photocatalytic processes were studied for decolorization of RR180 dye solutions. HC + photocatalysis together showed better mineralization at 5 bar of inlet pressure compared to stand-alone HC and photocatalysis. Synergetic coefficients were calculated for COD and TOC removal as 1.48 and 1.17, respectively. TiO2 and ZnO were tested as catalyst type for the hybrid process and ZnO was selected for further experiments on account of better color, COD and TOC removals. Different catalyst loading (0.5–1.5 g/L) was also investigated and 1 g/L of ZnO was found as an optimal loading amount. Increasing initial RR180 dye concentration resulted in decreasing degradation efficiency. Additionally, degradation of different azo dye solutions with two different chemical structures (reactive and direct dyes) was examined with optimum conditions. Tandem operating of hydrodynamic cavitation and photocatalytic processes was efficiently exposed for the treatment of recalcitrant textile dye effluents.

High performance multifunctional green Co3O4 spinel nanoparticles: photodegradation of textile dye effluents, catalytic hydrogenation of nitro-aromatics and antibacterial potential.

Tricobalt tetraoxide (Co3O4), a spinel-structured nanoparticle which possesses mixed oxidation states, has been synthesized via a Punica granatum (P. granatum, pomegranate) seed extract-mediated green reaction and has been investigated for its superior catalytic activity in three applications, which include (i) photodegradation of textile dye effluents (TDE) collected from the dyeing industry, Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India, (ii) catalytic hydrogenation of nitro-aromatic pollutants such as 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitroaniline, and (iii) antibacterial potential in biomedical applications. Prior to the application studies, the synthesized Co3O4 spinel nanoparticles (Co3O4-NPs) were characterized by well-known established techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and Raman and FT-IR spectroscopies. We have also discussed the probable mechanism and kinetic studies of the catalytic activity of the Co3O4-NPs. Finally, we concluded that the design and development of novel, economic and green synthesis-mediated catalysts such as Co3O4-NPs can exhibit efficient catalytic activity in diverse fields, which is necessary for environmental remediation.

Physico-chemical characteristics of textile effluent collected from Erode, Pallipalayam and Bhavani polluted regions, Tamilnadu, India

<p>Present study perceives that textile dye effluents of Erode, Pallipalayam and Bhavani region have substantial volume of EC, pH, TDS, COD, BOD, Sodium Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and heavy metals. Results point out that irrespective of the source, effluent properties exceeded permissible limits by WHO/ FAO/Federal Environmental Protection Agency for irrigation. The textile industry consumes a mixture of chemicals and huge amount of water during the production process. About 200 L of water are used to produce 1 kg of textile. The textile effluent can cause several health infections like haemorrhage, ulceration of skin, nausea, skin irritation and dermatitis. <br /><br /></p>

Polypyrrole-coated cotton fabrics used for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution

PPy-coated cotton fabric was prepared in situ chemical polymerization using blends of anionic and cationic surfactants as soft template and investigated as adsorbent to remove dyes in the printing and dyeing wastewater. The PPy-coated fabric was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectrum. It was found that the fiber and fabric surfaces were coated by PPy nanoparticles with diameters less than 100 nm which were quite loose and well formed as a three-dimensional network. Dye adsorption experiments demonstrated that the PPy-coated fabric could effectively remove MB dye and the decoloration capacity of MB solution could reach up to 95.6%. Factors influencing the adsorption of MB, e.g. ionic strength, solution pH, contact time, and adsorption mass, were systematically investigated. The adsorption capacity for MB dye increased gradually as its initial concentration increased. The batch experimental results suggested that the PPy-coated fabric could be used as an efficient sorbent to remove dyes in textile effluents.

Evaluation of starch-based flocculants for the flocculation of dissolved organic matter from textile dyeing secondary wastewater

China is a major textile manufacturer in the world; as a result, large quantities of dyeing effluents are generated every year in the country. In this study, the performances of two cationic starch-based flocculants with different chain architectures, i.e., starch-graft-poly[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] (STC-g-PDMC) and starch-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (STC-CTA), in flocculating dissolved organic matter (DOM) in dyeing secondary effluents were investigated and compared with that of polyaluminum chloride (PAC). In the exploration of the flocculation mechanisms, humic acid (HA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were selected as main representatives of DOM in textile dyeing secondary effluents, which were humic/fulvic acid-like and protein-like extracellular matters according to the studied wastewater’s characteristics based on its three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix spectrum. According to experimental results of the flocculation of both the real and synthetic wastewaters, STC-g-PDMC with cationic branches had remarkable advantages over STC-CTA and PAC because of the more efficient charge neutralization and bridging flocculation effects of STC-g-PDMC. Another interesting finding in this study was the reaggregation phenomenon after restabilization at an overdose during the flocculation of BSA effluents by STC-g-PDMC at a very narrow pH range under a nearly neutral condition. This phenomenon might be ascribed to the formation of STC-g-PDMC/BSA complexes induced by some local charge interactions between starch-based flocculant and the amino acid fragments of protein due to charge patch effects.

Effect of low-purity Fenton reagents on toxicity of textile dyeing effluent to Daphnia magna.

This study aimed to identify the source of toxicity in textile dyeing effluent collected from February to July 2016, using Daphnia magna as a test organism. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures were used to identify the toxicants in textile dyeing effluent, and Jar testing to simulate the Fenton process was conducted to identify the source of toxicants. Textile dyeing effluent was acutely toxic to D. magna [from 1.5 to 9.7 toxic units (TU)] during the study period. TIE results showed that Zn derived from the Fenton process was a key toxicant in textile dyeing effluent. Additionally, Jar testing revealed that low-purity Fenton reagents (FeCl2 and FeSO4), which contained large amounts of Zn (89 838 and 610 mg L-1, respectively), were the source of toxicity. Although we were unable to conclusively identify the residual toxicity (approx. 1.4 TU of 9.71 TU) attributable to unknown toxicants in textile dyeing effluent, the findings of this study suggest that careful operation of the Fenton treatment process could contribute to eliminating its unintended toxic effects on aquatic organisms.

Flocculation and Color Removal Performances of Polyacrylamide and Poly N, N-Dimethylacrylamide Grafted Starch: A Comparative Study

Starch-g-polyacrylamide (St-g-PAM) and Starch-g- poly (N, N-dimethylacryl amide) (St-g-PDMA) were prepared by using acrylamide (AM) and N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) by Ce (IV) ion induced aqueous polymerization technique. Various grafting parameters were optimized. The so prepared graft copolymers were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, molecular weight determination by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), thermal analysis (TGA / DTG), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and biodegradation studies. Flocculation performances of the graft copolymers were compared in 1.0 wt% bentonite clay, 1.0 wt % coal suspensions and 10 wt% malachite green (a textile dye) solution and in a textile dye effluent. Between the two polymers St-g-PAM and St-g-PDMA, the later showed better performance in the flocculation of bentonite and coal suspensions but the former showed better performance in the color removal from the malachite green solution and from one of the textile industrial waste water.

Continuous fixed-bed adsorption of Congo red dye by dual adsorbent (Neurospora crassa dead fungal biomass and wheat bran): experimental and theoretical breakthrough curves, immobilization and reusability studies

A continuous study in a fixed-bed adsorption column was carried out by using dead fungal biomass of Neurospora crassa with wheat bran as a dual adsorbent for the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. Adsorption experiments were conducted at 303 K and at pH 6. The effect of operating parameters such as bed height (2–4 cm), flow rate (1–5 mL min–1), and influent dye concentrations (10–50 mg L–1) on the breakthrough characteristics of the CR adsorption system were determined using free dual adsorbent. Data confirmed that the total amount of adsorbed dye decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing bed height and inlet adsorbate concentration. The highest column adsorption capacity of 5.71 mg g–1 was obtained using 50 mg L–1 inlet adsorbate concentration, 2 cm bed height, and 1 mL min–1 flow rate. The dual adsorbent was immobilized in various polymeric matrices such as calcium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, polysulfone and sodium silicate. Batch experiments were conducted to select a suitable matrix for immobilization of the dual adsorbent. The maximum percentage of CR adsorption (84.72%) occurred using the polymeric matrix sodium silicate. Desorption studies were conducted in batch mode to desorb the CR dye from free and immobilized dual adsorbents using the desorbing agent methanol. Reusability studies of free and immobilized dual adsorbents for the adsorption of CR dye were carried out in three cycles in continuous mode. The equilibrium dye uptake and percentage adsorption of the regenerated free and immobilized dual adsorbents were decreased significantly after the first cycle. The percentage adsorption and equilibrium dye uptake using immobilized dual adsorbent in all three runs were lower than when free dual adsorbent was used. The percentages of dye adsorption were 57.75% and 41.70%; equilibrium dye uptakes were 0.696 mg g–1 and 0.35 mg g–1 in the third run of operation with free and immobilized dual adsorbent, respectively. Various mathematical models such as Adams-Bohart, bed depth service time (BDST), Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to column experimental data to predict the breakthrough curve and to evaluate the column capacity and kinetic constants of the models. The results fitted well to the experimental values in Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models with coefficients of correlation R2 ≥ 0.967 at different operating conditions. The adsorption of solute from textile industrial CR dye effluent was carried out in column studies separately, using free and immobilized dual adsorbents. The percentages of solute adsorption were 82.18% and 67.34%; equilibrium solute uptakes were 10.79 mg g–1 and 8.26 mg g–1 with free and immobilized dual adsorbent, respectively. We concluded that the dead fungal biomass of Neurospora crassa with wheat bran were shown to be suitable dual adsorbent for adsorption of CR using fixed-bed adsorption column and it can be used effectively in wastewater treatment.

Correction: Effect of low-purity Fenton reagents on toxicity of textile dyeing effluent to Daphnia magna.

Correction for 'Effect of low-purity Fenton reagents on toxicity of textile dyeing effluent to Daphnia magna' by Joorim Na et al., Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2017, DOI: 10.1039/c7em00078b.

SYNTHESIS OF ACTIVATED CARBONS FROM PUTRESCIBLE SOLID WASTE FOR TREATING TEXTILE DYE EFFLUENT

In the present study an attempt has been made to compare the adsorption efficiency of activated carbons (PVW and PFW) prepared from putrescible solid waste. Methylene blue dye (MB) was selected as the model compound. Activated carbons were characterized to find their adsorption capacity. Batch mode adsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of various parameters. BET surface area was found to be 603.7 and 227.3 m 2 g -1 for PVW and PFW respectively. The adsorption followed pseudo second order kinetics for both the adsorbents. The isotherm data concluded that the adsorption of MB onto both the adsorbents is monolayer and chemisorption in nature. The adsorbents showed a maximum desorption of 40.2% for PVW and 70.1 % for PFW. Batch mode adsorption was carried out with textile dye effluent and the results confirmed that the activated carbons can be employed as effective adsorbents for improving their quality.

Biodegradation of Pollutants in Waste Water from Pharmaceutical, Textile and Local Dye Effluent in Lagos, Nigeria.

Background.Discharged effluents from industry have been responsible for the deterioration of the aquatic environment in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries. Increasing industrialization and urbanization have resulted in the discharge of large amounts of waste into the environment, resulting in high pollution loads. Utilization of microbes such as fungi and bacteria have been used for pollution degradation.Objectives.The aim of this research was to utilize microbial agents such as fungi and bacteria to reduce pollutant loads such as heavy metals in effluent samples.Methods.Three types of effluent (pharmaceutical, textile effluent, and dye) were obtained from Surulere in Lagos Metropolitan Area, Nigeria. Heavy metals analysis was carried out using a flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer according to standard methods. Samples were cultured for microbes and identified. Bacteria samples were inoculated on nutrient agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Fungi counts were carried out using potato dextrose agar and incubated at 28°C for 3–5 days. The isolated organisms were identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Then 100 mL of the effluents was dispensed into 250 mL flasks, and the pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.2 by the addition of either sodium hydroxide or hydrogen chloride and autoclaved at 121°C for 15 minutes. The autoclaved flask was inoculated with 1 mL of bacteria and fungi for 21 days and pH was recorded properly every 48 hours.Results.The results of the physicochemical parameters indicated that conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand for all the three industrial effluents were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. Heavy metal analysis results show that the effluents had high values for cadmium, above the WHO limit of 0.003 mg/L. Concentrations of zinc ranged from 0.136–1.690 mg/L, and nickel ranged between 0.004–0.037mg/L for the three effluents, within the WHO limit. The identified bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus cereus and isolated fungi were Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum. All the physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were reduced after the biodegradation study in the effluents.Conclusions.The responses observed in the various microbes indicated that the use of microbes for the reduction of environmental pollutants has an advantage over the use of other methods because it is environmentally friendly, low cost, and no new chemicals are introduced into the environment. This method should be encouraged for pollution reduction to bring about ecosystem sustainability advocated for Ghana.

Novel Biodegradable Flocculating Agents Based on Grafted Starch Family for the Industrial Effluent Treatment

Grafting of acrylamide (AM), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and a mixture of N,N-dimethylacrylamide and acrylic acid (AA) onto starch family namely Starch (St), amylopectin (AP) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) were carried out by free radical polymerization technique in water medium. The so prepared graft copolymers were characterized by different characterization techniques. The flocculation characteristics of all the graft copolymers were performed in an industrial textile dye effluent, a paper mill waste water and municipal sewage waste water. Their flocculation performances were also evaluated in 0.25 wt% iron ore slime, 1.0 wt% kaolin clay, 1.0 wt% coal and 1.0 wt% silica suspensions separately. A comparative study was also made among the three graft copolymers in each series (St, AP and HES) in all the suspensions along with the real waste water. The flocculation characteristics of the best performing graft copolymer was also compared with some commercial flocculants like magnafloc 1011, telfloc 2230 and percol 181 in all the synthetic suspensions, industrial effluents and municipal sewage waste water. In coal, iron ore slime and silica suspensions and in municipal sewage waste water polysaccharide-g-PDMA showed best results but in kaolin clay suspension, in paper mill effluent and in textile dye effluent polysaccharide-g-(PDMA-co-AA) showed best performance. Among all the graft copolymers, graft copolymer based on HES showed best flocculation performance when compared to other graft copolymers as well as to some commercially available flocculants.

Regeneration and reuse of highly polluting textile dyeing effluents through catalytic ozonation with carbon aerogel catalysts

Reactive dyeing of cotton generates a great deal of coloring wastewater containing residual dyes, electrolyte, alkali, and other auxiliaries. Especially for the effluent from the first/initial spent dyeing bath, it may be comprised of as high as 60% of the initial dye dosed, 30–90 g/L of sodium chloride or sodium sulfate, and plenty of sodium carbonate, making it to be the most contaminative effluent among the entire reactive dyeing process. This paper presents a new alternative to regenerate the waste effluent from the first spent dyeing bath through catalytic ozonation with novel catalysts for reuse of the effluent in successive dyeing. Two novel ozonation catalysts, mesoporous carbon aerogel and its supported cobalt oxide nanoparticles, were successfully prepared and used in catalytic degradation of residual dyes in waste effluents with ozone. Degradation efficiency was determined by both decolorization and chemical oxygen demand removal. The result showed novel catalysts could improve both of these two targets. For chemical oxygen demand removal, carbon aerogel supported cobalt oxide strikingly enhanced the efficiency by 30% on the whole comparing to ozonation alone (approximately 50%) without the catalyst. Waste effluents after catalytic ozonation were thereafter reused in successive dyeing in the same process. It has been validated that the waste effluent was successfully regenerated and can be additionally reused twice without sacrificing fabric quality, which cannot be realized in ozonation alone. Color difference of the fabric dyed with the regenerated effluent was within the acceptable tolerance, and excellent levelness and equal colorfastness had also been achieved. This is probably the first study to investigate the feasibility of regenerating highly polluting dyeing effluents for reuse by catalytic ozonation with carbon aerogel materials. With novel catalysts, it could be speculated that catalytic ozonation is a promising technology for in-situ regeneration of waste effluents in textile dyeing plant for reuse.

Reuse of Textile Dyeing Effluents Treated with Coupled Nanofiltration and Electrochemical Processes.

The reactive dye Cibacron Yellow S-3R was selected to evaluate the feasibility of combining nanofiltration membranes with electrochemical processes to treat textile wastewater. Synthetic dyeing effluents were treated by means of two nanofiltration membranes, Hydracore10 and Hydracore50. Up to 98% of dye removal was achieved. The influence of salt concentration and pH on membrane treatment was studied. The best dye removal yield was achieved at pH 3 in the presence of 60 g/L of NaCl. After the membrane filtration, the concentrate containing high dye concentration was treated by means of an electrochemical process at three different current densities: 33, 83, and 166 mA/cm2. Results showed a lineal relationship between treatment time and applied current density. Both permeates and electrochemically-decoloured effluents were reused in new dyeing processes (100% of permeate and 70% of decoloured concentrates). Dyed fabrics were evaluated with respect to original dyeing. Colour differences were found to be into the acceptance range.

Suitability of textile dyeing effluents for germinaion and seedling growth of yard long bean

Textile Dyeing effluents from seven different stages of dying process were used for irrigation of the pot culture of yard long bean. Maximum germination was found at 6th day of observation and the highest germination rate occurred for treatments with 2nd wash after soaping stage, which was statistically identical with the ground water treatment. Treatment 2nd wash after soaping stage showed the highest germination energy and relative germination rate consequently has the lowest germination injury rate. Treatment 2nd wash after soaping stage also produced the highest shoot length. So the effluent produced from the 2nd wash water after soaping can be used for irrigation of yard long bean.Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 3(1): 55-65, 2014 (June)

Long–term natural remediation process in textile dye–polluted river sediment driven by bacterial community changes

The textile and dyeing industries are major sources of environmental water pollution all over the world. The textile wastewater effluents discharged into rivers often appear dark red-purple in color due to azo dyes, which can be transformed into carcinogenic aromatic amines. The chemicals used in dyeing are not readily degraded in nature and thus precipitate in river sediment. However, little is known about how dyeing chemicals affect river sediment and river water or how long they persist because they are difficult to monitor. To assess undetectable dyes and byproducts in river sediments, we evaluated the potential of river sediment bacteria to degrade dyes and aromatic amines. We describe the natural remediation of river sediment long-contaminated by textile dyeing effluent. After cessation of wastewater discharge, the dye-degradation potential decreased, and the aromatic amine–degradation potential increased initially and then declined over time. The changes in degradation potential were consistent with changes in the sediment bacterial community. The transition occurred on the order of years. Our data strongly suggest that dyes remained in the river sediment and that aromatic amines were produced even in transparent- and no longer colored–river water, but these chemicals were degraded by the changing sediment bacteria. Time-course monitoring of the degradation activities of key bacteria thus enables assessment of the fate of dye pollutants in river sediments.

Influence of An Industrial Effluent on A Chikoko Soil

is a local name given to a very soft marine clay found in the fresh and salt water swamps of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The influence of an industrial textile dye effluent on a Chikoko soil, is the subject of this study. The textile dye waste-chikoko soil was tested for index and engineering properties after curing. The Chikoko soil has low undrained strength, fairly high Atterberg limits and natural water contents. In the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, there is moderate increase in the compressive strength when stabilized with the textile dye waste. However, the improvement is not satisfactory as they are not up to the 1710kN/mm 2 UCS value for 7days cured specimens recommended by road note 31 (TRRL 1977) for base material. It is therefore concluded that, although the colour of the textile dye waste has no significant effect on the soil properties, the textile dye has soil stabilization potential even though the road note 31 specification was not met.

Chitosan beads immobilized manganese peroxidase catalytic potential for detoxification and decolorization of textile effluent

Textile industry has led to severe environmental pollution and is posing a serious threat to the ecosystems. Immobilized biocatalysts have gained importance as potential bio-remediating agent. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) was immobilized onto glutaraldehyde activated chitosan beads by crosslinking and employed for the degradation and detoxification of dyes in textile effluents. The efficiency of chitosan-immobilized MnP (CI-MnP) was evaluated on the basis of decolorization, water quality improvement and toxicity reduction. Maximum color removal of 97.31% was recorded and up to 82.40%, 78.30% and 91.7% reductions in COD, TOC, and BOD were achieved, respectively. The cytotoxicity of bio-treated effluents reduced significantly and 38.46%, 43.47% and 41.83% Allium cepa root length, root count and mitotic index were increased, respectively, whereas brine shrimp nauplii death reduced up to 63.64%. Mutagenicity (Ames test) reduced up to 73.44% and 75.43% for TA98 and TA100 strains, respectively. The CI-MnP retained 60% activity after 10 repeated decolorization batches. The CI-MnP showed excellent efficiency for the bioremediation of textile effluents and can be used for the remediation of toxic agents in wastewater. The monitoring of processed wastewater using bioassays is suggested to evaluate bio-efficiency of treatment method for safe disposal of effluents into water bodies.