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A BIOENGINEER'S ANALYSIS OF VERTEBRATE GIANTS

This is a dinosaur book with a difference. There are no color plates showing imaginative restorations of the great beasts in deadly combat or guarding their young. Description is minimal and selective. Instead, basic principles of engineering are applied to giant extinct vertebrates-the largest reptiles of land, sea, and air, and also the biggest birds and mammals-in order to learn how they may have lived. This is an idea book, not a gee whiz story: we learn much about the animals, but many answers are tentative; the game of the analytical process is no less important than the goal of understanding. Functional morphologists who are familiar with R. McNeill Alexander's research (and few would not be) know that he can plunge into difficult mathematics in the second paragraph, yet he can also write clearly for a general audience. This book is direct and not difficult to follow. It is suitable for all biology buffs, from high school students to professors. The former should know enough of the language of algebra to follow easy equations; the latter, according to specialty, may care to skip paragraphs about kinds of dinosaurs or the basic principles of natural selection, surface-to-volume ratios, and aerodynamics. Each of the 13 chapters ends with a succinct summary and a list of principal sources, and we are told what material was taken from each reference. Many titles cited are from Alexander's prolific laboratory and attest to the author's broad interests and versatility. The 164 text pages are profusely illustrated by 83 figures and 11 tables. The figures are simple line drawings which are usually clear; the outline of an elephant or Triceratops is sufficient because laymen already know what these animals look like. The same is not true of dinosaur pelves or sections of tooth rows, however, and such drawings (several lacking keys to their orientation) are barely adequate. The first chapter introduces the dinosaurs and reminds the reader how fossils are preserved, age-dated, and named. In the second chapter, two methods are given for finding the weights of extinct quadrupeds. Other workers have summed the circumferences of the upper leg bones (humerus and femur) of a wide range of modern mammals and have plotted the values against the masses of the animals. The regression obtained is then extended to include dinosaurs. Instead, Alexander first approximates the volume of various dinosaurs by weighing models (from the Natural History Museum, London) in and out of water (one gram of displaced

Clinical Aspiration Cytology

The second edition of this book contains 450 text pages, 713 black-and-white pictures, and 207 color plates, the latter increased more than twofold. Similar to the previous edition are chapters on head, neck, and regional nodes, thyroid, salivary glands, breast, pelvis, prostate, testis, melanoma and skin, soft-tissue tumors, bone, and the central nervous system. Six new authors contribute. The first, introductory chapter has been expanded and the old second chapter, "Imaging Techniques in Aspiration Biopsy," has been abolished and its material incorporated in other chapters. The chapter on aspiration biopsy of the thorax has new authors and includes new subjects such as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cost analyses and is succinct and informative. Likewise, the chapter on lymph nodes and spleen newly incorporates material on AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma. The section on liver in the chapter on the abdomen has been improved. New is the chapter "Advances in Cytology,"

A Very Short Textbook of Surgery

<i>A Very Short Textbook of Surgery</i>focuses on surgical problems and is intended for medical students. It is organized into 25 chapters (in 77 packed text pages) and includes commonly presented topics such as "Headache and Pain in the Face," "Mouth Ulcers and Swellings," and "Swellings in the Neck." The format is that of an annotated differential diagnosis with a brief comment on either further evaluation or treatment. The basic aspects of disease processes, operative techniques, and preoperative and postoperative care are not considered. Although the range of topics is wide, the references to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are incomplete and frequently unexplained. A glossary of common terms would have been helpful. I am not sure how a medical student reading this book might be helped except to develop a list of differential diagnoses from complaints. In addition, I feel that tables, illustrations, and references would have improved the presentation

Introducing high-resolution line graphics in UK teletext using differential chain coding

A method is presented to integrate high-resolution line graphics in the UK Teletext system. Differential Chain Coding (DCC) enables an attractive combination of efficient graphics representation and a low-cost consumer decoder. Separate graphics overlay pages are linked to the text page by means of a ‘ghost row’, a concealed row of the text page. This separation of text and graphics guarantees compatibility with the existing teletext format. One major problem of DCC is its sensitivity to errors. Two fundamentally different approaches have been considered to solve this problem: error-correcting codes and protective measures to decrease the impact of errors. Experimental results indicate the feasibility of including DCC graphics in public Teletext systems, for bit error rates up to 5 × 10-3. For the higher BERs, repeated reception of the cyclic transmissions of teletext pages appears to be essential. This leads to better results than most error-correcting codes, and the decoder can remain simple and inexpensive.

Alternative energy sources—VIII (Proceedings of the 8th international conference on alternative energy sources Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 14–16 December 1987). Edited by T. N. Veziroglu. Hemisphere, New York, 1989. 2 Volumes. 2158 text pages, Price: $(US) 250

Alternative energy sources—VIII (Proceedings of the 8th international conference on alternative energy sources Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 14–16 December 1987). Edited by T. N. Veziroglu. Hemisphere, New York, 1989. 2 Volumes. 2158 text pages, Price: $(US) 250

What You See Is What You Get : Word Processing

The aim of this paper is to show language teachers, who have never used a Word Processor, that it can prove to be a marvellous tool for academic as well as administrative work. Using a word processing programme for the preparation of manuscripts for publication or for generating tests for students will make life easier. The most important text editing features (text formatting, font controls, printer options) are explained and shown with numerous examples and print-outs. An Apple lie computer was used to prepare this paper and all the pages were printed on an Epson LX-80 (Dot matrix). The reader will find, at the bottom of each page, the WP programme used to key in the text of that particular page. The contents in this article (although based on the Apple lie) can be easily applied and adapted to other systems as, on the whole, the logic and the features of all WPs remain the same. Computer magazines usually provide their readers with comparative charts when reviewing software and hardware at least once or twice a year.

ANAGNOSTIS — An automatic text reading system

This paper presents the structure and operation of an automatic text reading system (ANAGNOSTIS). The ANAGNOSTIS system consists of an optical text scanner which scans the text pages in order to extract characters in the form of binary strings. Each binary string feeds, in parallel, to an associate hardware processor which identifies (recognizes) the text character and produces its ASCII code for further processing such as text recreation, storage, retrieval, etc. For the ANAGNOSTIS structural design, five character representation methods, such as FBA, UCPC, FCC, HVP, and UCPP, are compared on memory requirements. The significant features of the ANAGNOSTIS system are: (i) less number of bits per text character and (ii) high processing speed for the identification of the characters, without to loose flexibility and accuracy.

The Medical Basis of Psychiatry

This is an unusual and an unusually interesting book. It is based on the premise that "Psychiatric illness is a medical illness with major emotional and behavioral aspects." As such, the major psychiatric disorders are first defined and then their epidemiology, signs and symptoms, etiology, differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are described. The editors employ the<i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</i>of the American Psychiatric Association as the basis for their classifications and definitions of psychiatric illness and their order of presentation. The descriptions of the individual illnesses are extremely well done, with extensive documentation from sources largely published within the last 15 years; indeed, in one chapter of 27 text pages there are 15 pages of apt and current citations. Biologic and genetic causations are invoked where the current evidence is available and valid; social forces are not neglected, again documented by citation of carefully planned and executed case-control series.

Young children's comprehension and recall of computer screen displayed text

ABSTRACTIn this study 26 third grade and 36 fifth grade students, experienced in computer‐assisted instruction, were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions: computer screen displayed text or traditional printed page text. According to assigned treatment condition, subjects either read a story from the computer screen or printed page booklet. There were no statistically significant differences between the two treatment conditions on measures of reading comprehension. On the attitude survey subjects reported greater interest in the story when reading from the computer, however, they reported that the story was more difficult when reading from the computer screen. The results of the study suggest that extended reading of prose materials on computer screens is feasible for children as young as eight years of age.

Patents and CD-ROM

CD-ROM offers a new and exciting information delivery mechanism that can provide a valuable extension to the power and resources that the patent professional needs. The ever increasing complexity of the information that has to be assimilated, analysed and compared means that better solutions are required. The growth in online databases is indicative of this and the potential of CD-ROM to complement and add to these resources will become increasingly important. The pundits are also projecting a big explosion in the amount of information available on CD-ROM so that dictionaries, directories and listings of various kinds will be produced. If this comes about then, in turn, it will add further value to the personal computer based ‘information station’. CD-ROM is believed by the pundits to usher in a new era of information storage and distribution. Patent information has a high ‘information value’ content that makes it an attractive area for the use of this technology. There is, therefore, a rapidly growing interest by the ‘patent information industry’ in CD-ROM. First of all it may be appropriate to briefly describe the technology. The disks are physically the same as the audio compact disk that many of us are now using in the home to obtain even higher hi-fi. The production process to produce a master and then stamped copies from the master is the same. The difference is that the digital data used to produce the master would have come from a computer systems rather than a recording studio. The CD-ROM mastering process would also embody an error checking stage which would result in an error rate on the final copy of better than 1 in 10 15. The information on the disk is permanently embedded and may not be amended or updated — hence the name CD-ROM: Read Only Memory. It is this aspect which determines the use of the technology as an information delivery medium. It therefore complements the magnetic disk storage systems. The disk would be read in a CD-ROM player that would be attached to a personal computer (PC), or other small computer system. This player differs from the domestic player in that the domestic player converts the digital data into an analogue signal for the hi-fi system whereas the CD-ROM player reads the digital data directly into the PC. Used in this way the 120 cm disk can hold approximately 550 million characters of information equivalent to some 1000 floppy disks or 1000 microfiche or 250 000 text pages in computer character form or 5000 pages in image form. The ‘Patent Information Industry’ served by companies such as Derwent, Pergamon InfoLine, Telesystemes and Internation Computaprint have all recognised the potential of using this technology to complement their current information services and many of them are actively progressing projects to this end. There is a high probability therefore that the ‘patent professional’ will be encouraged to adopt CD-ROM over the coming months. The wide acceptance of the medium would also assist others in using it to deliver data in this ‘intelligent’ form. There is potentially a classic chicken and egg situation. The information providers would be reluctant to adopt the medium until there is a population of CD-ROM players. The users — the patent professionals — will not obtain the players until the information is there in CD-ROM form. Fortunately the information providers believe sufficiently strongly in the technology to break this impasse and produce some disks.

Undergraduate teaching project. Unit 13.A. Nutrition: Energy and protein: David Alpers. Produced by the American Gastroenterological Association, 1980. Distributed by Milner-Fenwick, Inc., 2125 Greenspring Drive, Timonium, Md. 21093. 68 slides, 35 page text. Cost $90.00.

Undergraduate teaching project. Unit 13.A. Nutrition: Energy and protein: David Alpers. Produced by the American Gastroenterological Association, 1980. Distributed by Milner-Fenwick, Inc., 2125 Greenspring Drive, Timonium, Md. 21093. 68 slides, 35 page text. Cost $90.00.

The biochemistry of membrane transport

FEBS LettersVolume 178, Issue 1 p. 173-174 Book reviewsFree Access The biochemistry of membrane transport I.C. West Chapman and Hall; London and New York, 1983 72 text pages. £2.95 P.J. Quinn, P.J. QuinnSearch for more papers by this author P.J. Quinn, P.J. QuinnSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 03, 1984 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(84)81267-3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume178, Issue1December 03, 1984Pages 173-174 RelatedInformation

Distinguishing Camellia L. Species Using Dorsal Leaf Surface Impressions

Abstract At the request of the second author of the paper “Distinguishing Camellia L. Species Using Dorsal Leaf Surface Impressions,” by W. L. Ackerman and Ao-luo Zhang [J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108(3):439–444, 1983], I would like to report two errors which I, the first author, unintentionally made in my improper use of the word “Taiw an” in the text (page 439, line 6) and in Table 1 (page 440).

Book reviewsThe Medical Effects of Nuclear War. British Medical Association Board of Science and Education, pp. xx +188, 1983 (John Wiley, Chichester), £4.50. ISBN 0–471–90207–1

This paperback volume of 174 text pages plus a further 50 of appendices was designed to serve as a “stand alone” source of reference for doctors. Arising from a resolution passed by the 1981 Annual Representative Meeting of the BMA, a five-man Working Party was set up under the Chairmanship of Sir John Stallworthy.

Text Editing Performance with Partial and Full Page Displays

Full page text editor displays have been favorably contrasted with partial page displays with respect to potential user productivity. An experiment was conducted in which 20 subjects used both partial and full page displays driven by the same computer text editing system. The subjects completed 384 editing tasks using each display. Each task required subjects to make a revision which was marked on a printed copy of a document. The results showed no practical productivity difference between the two displays for typical editing revisions after a moderate amount of practice.

Anthropological perspectives on death and mourning

Loring M. Danforth with photography by Alexander Tsearas. The Death Rituals of Rural Greece. 1982. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 170 pages (text) with 31 photographs. $30.00 cloth, $12.50 ...

Sesquiterpene lactones as taxonomic characters in the asteraceae

The Asteraceae is characterized by structurally diverse sesquiterpene lactones and furanosesquiterpenes. In this review the tribal, subtribal and generic distribution of sesquiterpene lactones is examined and the compounds’ utility as taxonomic characters discussed. Sesquiterpene lactones fulfill the major requirements for good analytic and synthetic characters. Studies of infraspecific sesquiterpene lactone variation indicate that different elements within complex taxa are often defined by distinct chemistries, termed chemotypes. Chemotypes have been identified within many of the thoroughly investigated taxa:Ambrosia camphorata, A. chamissonis, A. confertiflora, theA. cumanensis-A. psilostachya-A. artemisiifolia complex,A. dumosa, Artemisia tridentata, Gaillardia pulchella andMelampodium leucanthum. Such an analytic usage is mostly restricted to the infraspecific level. Synthetic usage at the interspecific level and above profits from the application of a biogenetically based methodology for sorting out the complex molecules’ carbon-skeletal and substitutional features into unit characters. Cladistics or Hennigian phylogenetic systematics provides a useful framework for such an analysis. Preliminary surveys indicate that sesquiterpene lactones are especially good characters for differentiating subtribes within several major tribes: the Vernonieae, Heliantheae and Mutisieae. As yet, too few data are available for other tribes to discern such patterns. Species surveys inVernonia, Ambrosia, Iva, Parthenium,Tetragonotheca andArtemisia demonstrate that sesquiterpene lactones are useful in discerning infrageneric groups. The biogenetic cladistic analysis of the interspecific sesquiterpene lactone variation inIva shows the efficacy of this analytical methodology. At present, such biogenetically based approaches are impeded by limited biosynthetic evidence and the erratic distribution of sesquiterpene lactones within the family. Instances of apparent displacement of sesquiterpene lactones by other terpenoids (i.e. sesquiterpene furans, alcohols and acids, diterpenes, diterpene acids, etc.) at various taxonomic levels suggest that ultimately sesquiterpene lactones must be interpreted as taxonomic characters in the context of the family’s total terpene chemistry. All taxa from which sesquiterpene lactones have been reported are listed together with the compound names, major structural features and the literature cited. A less-complete listing is provided for taxa producing furanosesquiterpenes. Structures for all reported compounds are included. Two appendices listing alphabetically taxa and compounds and relevant text page numbers permit cross-indexing of plants and compounds.

Sesquiterpene lactones as taxonomic characters in the asteraceae

The Asteraceae is characterized by structurally diverse sesquiterpene lactones and furanosesquiterpenes. In this review the tribal, subtribal and generic distribution of sesquiterpene lactones is examined and the compounds’ utility as taxonomic characters discussed. Sesquiterpene lactones fulfill the major requirements for good analytic and synthetic characters. Studies of infraspecific sesquiterpene lactone variation indicate that different elements within complex taxa are often defined by distinct chemistries, termed chemotypes. Chemotypes have been identified within many of the thoroughly investigated taxa:Ambrosia camphorata, A. chamissonis, A. confertiflora, theA. cumanensis-A. psilostachya-A. artemisiifolia complex,A. dumosa, Artemisia tridentata, Gaillardia pulchella andMelampodium leucanthum. Such an analytic usage is mostly restricted to the infraspecific level. Synthetic usage at the interspecific level and above profits from the application of a biogenetically based methodology for sorting out the complex molecules’ carbon-skeletal and substitutional features into unit characters. Cladistics or Hennigian phylogenetic systematics provides a useful framework for such an analysis. Preliminary surveys indicate that sesquiterpene lactones are especially good characters for differentiating subtribes within several major tribes: the Vernonieae, Heliantheae and Mutisieae. As yet, too few data are available for other tribes to discern such patterns. Species surveys inVernonia, Ambrosia, Iva, Parthenium,Tetragonotheca andArtemisia demonstrate that sesquiterpene lactones are useful in discerning infrageneric groups. The biogenetic cladistic analysis of the interspecific sesquiterpene lactone variation inIva shows the efficacy of this analytical methodology. At present, such biogenetically based approaches are impeded by limited biosynthetic evidence and the erratic distribution of sesquiterpene lactones within the family. Instances of apparent displacement of sesquiterpene lactones by other terpenoids (i.e. sesquiterpene furans, alcohols and acids, diterpenes, diterpene acids, etc.) at various taxonomic levels suggest that ultimately sesquiterpene lactones must be interpreted as taxonomic characters in the context of the family’s total terpene chemistry. All taxa from which sesquiterpene lactones have been reported are listed together with the compound names, major structural features and the literature cited. A less-complete listing is provided for taxa producing furanosesquiterpenes. Structures for all reported compounds are included. Two appendices listing alphabetically taxa and compounds and relevant text page numbers permit cross-indexing of plants and compounds.

Radiation Effects on Implanted Pacemakers

Readers of PACE will recognize a change beginning with this issue. PACE has rapidly become a major force in the fields of pacing and electrophysiology and has, for the last two years, published more articles in the medicine and technology of cardiac pacing than any other English language journal. The submissions have heen of very high quality and the pressure for publication has been correspondingly great. Beginning in January 1982 each issue has been increased in size from 128 to 144 pages. The Editor and Publishers recognized rapidly that the increase was inadequate to service those who had submitted manuscripts of quality. Therefore, with the March 1982 issue, the number of text pages will increase again by 16 to a total of 160 per issue. Some change in type format will further increase the amount of material which can be published without reducing readability. Finally, a lighter paper, which is of identical quality to the major American cardiology journals, will allow mail distribution without prohibitive postage costs. All of these changes have been accommodated within the existing subscription rates. We hope that all of the changes will enhance the value of PACE to our readership and to the authors who submit their work.

Use of Passage Cues in Answering of Questions: Investigation of the Effects of an Explicit External Criterion on Adults' Studying Behavior

Thirty proficient adult readers were directed to read a passage of about 4200 words under one of two treatments. Half read; responded to a reader-based question; and were given an explicit, external criterion for completing a text-based question. The other 15 subjects read; responded to the same reader-based question; but were given no criterion for completion of the text-based question. All subjects completed a response satisfaction scale and chose either to stop the task at that point or to reanswer the questions with text pages available as external cues. The adults given the criterion treatment—despite superior question-answering performance to their non-criterion peers—expressed dissatisfaction with responses, and chose in large numbers (14 of 15) to reanswer the questions; no non-criterion treatment subjects chose to exercise the same option. Criterion subjects who did choose to reread and reanswer generally selected highly informative pages to assist in work on the text-based questions and improved their answers substantially. Implications from the findings are drawn for classroom practice in the area of “studying.”