Literary Texts Research Articles

Boosting Intercultural Communication Skills: The Role of Authentic Literary Texts in an Intermediate Turkish EFL Classroom

The purpose of this study is to explore cultural barriers and methods of establishing effective communication in English as a Foreign language classrooms. Simply learning grammar rules is insufficient for students to interact effectively; they also need to acquire knowledge about culture, history, and geography through the use of textbooks, documentaries, and movies. With this in mind, the research study aimed to incorporate authentic literary short stories into an intermediate-level class based on the belief that literary texts can help learners develop their intercultural communicative competence. The participants of this study were 25 EFL learners between 18 and 21 years old. The data was collected and analyzed through individual interviews. The findings demonstrate that students can enhance their English language abilities and communication skills through reading authentic books.

Translation of literary texts and online collaboration: Breaking barriers through virtual exchange

Literary translation usually brings linguistic, textual, cultural, and pragmatic problems into perspective. As a knowledge-transfer process, it also demands a set of skills as the translator intends to convey, to some extent, the literary subtleties of the original. Graduate students attending a MA seminar of Translation of Literary Texts are frequently asked to undertake the process of translating a selection of excerpts of a variety of literary texts, to acknowledge difficulties and set up strategies for achieving their work. One of the most rewarding tools available to literary translators is working with the author, which is not always feasible in real-life activity and even more unlikely in Literary Translation classes. This report presents the practice of virtual exchange by describing the experience of matching Creative Writing students with students attending a Translation of Literary Texts seminar. Online collaboration gave Literary Translation students a sense of real-life experience by having the opportunity to communicate and work with the author, translating unpublished and untranslated texts. It was not only an opportunity of participating in a collaborative international project by means of virtual exchange, but also an opportunity of translating with the author.

Homeland in Romanian children’s literature written in the Diaspora

Romanian children’s literature has always been situated at the crossways of cultural ideologies. The Romanian texts for children lack innocence due to the implicit level of cultural, social, and historical knowledge they mirror at different epochs. In this paper I investigate how literary texts for children written in Romanian communities living abroad present the idea of homeland. I examine literary works written by three contemporary Romanian writers living in Romanian communities in Serbia: Ana Niculina Ursuleanu, Radu Flora and Slavco Almăjan. My selection includes books published in between 1970 and 2010: Cu Soarele-n Creștet [With the sun on the head], (2006); Soare, Bună Dimineața! [Sun, good morning!], (1998); Cărările Nilului [The paths of the Nile], (2008); Piticii au Uitat să Crească [The dwarfs forgot to grow up], (1987); Pianul cu Păienjeni [The piano with spiders], (1991); Când Vine Primăvara [When spring comes], (1970). In my analysis, I focus upon the role of settings in building the image of an eternal Romanian homeland that transcends the national borders. Thus, I discuss three main types of settings that shape the fiction imagined by the proposed authors, related to the following environments: landscape, family, and school. My analysis considers the theory of landscape proposed by Mitchell (2002, p. 5) in Landscape and Power. According to it, landscape implies the interaction between the human, the natural, the self and the other. For each novel, I analyse the role of settings within the literary texts. I explore Radu Flora’s novel in connection with two elements of setting, landscape and school, respectively. In Ana Niculina Ursulescu’s books I look at the bond between family and landscape, while in Slavco Almăjan’s literary work I highlight the importance of landscape in building the image of childhood. These functions are classified according to a sophisticated range, from the purpose of clarifying the conflict or its function as a symbol (in When Spring Comes by Radu Flora), to the task of mood intensifier attributed to setting (in Balul Strugurilor [The party of grapes] by Slavco Almăjan). My conclusions validate the idea that literary texts constantly build and convey an image of the Romanian identity and a sense of belonging to the Romanian homeland as marked by borders. I focus on nostalgia and irony as the main feelings the authors transmit about the image of homeland. On the one hand, the image of homeland in the literary works written by these three writers implies nostalgia, a feeling conveyed through an adult’s perspective of childhood. On the other hand, sometimes, as it happens in the case of the novel When Spring Comes, the narrator adopts a humorous perspective on history and human interactions among characters. As a final remark, I show that the selection of these three settings (landscape, family and school) creates the image of homeland in connection with a nationalist ideology. More precisely, children’s books reinforce the idea of unity between the two Romanian speaking communities (in Romania and Vojvodina) that share common cultural values. The representation of homeland reiterates a history-oriented ideology and legitimates the assimilation of nation to childhood.

Концепт «степь» в романе-хронике А. М. Амур-Санана «Мудрешкин сын»

Introduction. The article is devoted to the concept of “steppe”, which is important for the Kalmyks' worldview. The purpose of the article is to study the implementation of the concept of “steppe” in a literary text. Tasks: a) identification and comparison of the meanings of the verbalizers of the concept “steppe” in the Russian and Kalmyk languages; b) analysis of the representation of the concept «steppe» in the text of the novel-chronicle by A. M. Amur-Sanan “Mudreshka’s Son”. Material: the text of the novel-chronicle by A. M. Amur-Sanan “Mudreshka’s Son”, written in Russian in 1925. Research methods: lexical and semantic analysis of linguistic units, comparative analysis of the linguistic data obtained. Results. The verbalizers of the concept of “steppe” in Russian are the lexemes “steppe” and “field”, in Kalmyk — teg, köödä, keer. Common semes of the concept actualizers in the Russian and Kalmyk languages are ‘vastness’ and ‘desolation’. Conclusions. The text of the chronicle novel uses a variety of visual and expressive means of the Russian language, revealing the characteristic features of the concept “steppe”. “Steppe” is described as a type of terrain characterized by vastness, desolation and monotony. Such a deserted, boundless, uninhabited space contributes to the formation of a feeling of loneliness, uselessness, abandonment in the hero's mind, affects his psychological state. This gives reason to believe that in the chronicle novel by A. M. Amur-Sanan “Mudreshka’s Son”, “steppe”, artistically meaningful, becomes a topos that affects the psychological state of the hero.

Romanul judiciar. Către un nou subgen al romanului istoric românesc

The lifespan and popularity of a subgenre are determined by the inventiveness with which novelists develop and innovate the standard formulas. The judicial novel emerges as an extension of the popularity of the outlaw novel, adding a technical dimension to the misdeeds committed by wrongdoers. The outlaw and judicial novels are anthropomorphized subgenres that set in motion symbolic models, with a central figure dominating the entire course of events. The judicial novel reconfigures the perspective of naturalism, transforming the social milieu into a triggering factor for reprehensible acts. Shocking acts, such as crimes or suicides, and their mysterious circumstances, are analyzed from multiple angles, akin to using a set of parallel mirrors, while the brisk steps of investigations are fascinatingly reconstructed within the eloquent phrases of the novelists. One of the central ideas that the judicial novel seeks to develop is the sacrifice as a social practice, whether symbolic, articulated in the imposition of precarious living conditions leading to extreme gestures. Spatiality and temporality constitute the central pillars that compose the dramatic scenes of the Romanian judicial novel. Crimes are plotted and committed in the moonlight, in neighborhoods or on winding streets. The schematism of gloomy settings and the rudimentary nature of character profiles are countered by allusions to an undefined darkness, the contours of which elude discernment. The judicial subgenre utilizes conventions from the detective novel formula, involving the exaggeration of a cause-and-effect relationship as inevitable and the conquest of a reassuring imaginary, complementary to the moral imperatives discussed by Romanian novelists determined to rehabilitate the reputation of the genre through fictional digressions on morality. In its dimension of historical crime fiction, the Romanian judicial novel not only accentuates its documentary aspect, showing how the institutions responsible for investigations and judicial processes function but also the expansiveness of historicizing interpretations of the analyzed bloody events. Within the context of a dynamically structured novel distinguished by thematic configuration and ideological significance, the incorporation of illustrations transcends mere decorative intent. The judicial novel strategically incorporates illustrations as a highly effective extratextual approach. This not only disrupts the linear narrative trajectory and heightens suspense but also concurrently bestows substance upon the ethereal images adeptly invoked by the literary text.

Représentations et pratiques nocturnes dans la société roumaine (XVIIIe – XXe siècles)

Folklorists, ethnographers and anthropologists have dedicated few studies to the night, and they especially emphasized its negative representations: an interval of darkness, of anxiety and fear, a time of intensified activities of evil supernatural forces. By favoring imaginary and mythical components, night was taken into consideration as an exceptional and extraordinary time, as a negative counterpart to the day, and not as a natural reverse of it. For a long time, the night did not draw the attention of historians, being perceived as a time when nothing happens, a time for rest and sleep. Starting with Jean Verdon’s pioneering book (“La Nuit au Moyen Âge”, 1994), historians have become increasingly interested in night habits, and explored the nightlife of people in ancient societies, bedtimes and waking times, sleep duration. The history of sleep has become a new field of research, opened by the American historian Roger Ekirch (2001, 2005), who advanced the theory that people in pre-industrial societies used to sleep differently. During the night, the sleep was biphasic (or segmented), divided into two moments and separated by a period of wakefulness (watch) at around midnight (between the first sleep and the second one). In our study we intend to verify if the results of Ekirch’s research are also applicable to the realities of the Romanian society in the 18th-20th centuries. We must recognize the difficulties of a history of nocturnal time, the fragmentary nature of the sources, the lack of direct and explicit testimonies (few people have been able to subjectivize their experience of sleep and transmit written testimonies). Therefore, we investigated sources such as chronicles, judiciary documents and literary texts, in search of the segmented sleep pattern. We have identified direct or indirect references to the two periods of sleep, and the intervening period of wakefulness. These references allow us to cautiously advance the hypothesis that this sleep pattern also existed in pre-modern Romanian society, in rural and urban environments. The future researches, based on teamwork, will more accurately determine the validity of this hypothesis.

Neoplatonic and Gnostic Resonances in the Martyrdom of Cyprian of Athenais Eudocia

Aelia Eudocia Augusta (formerly Athenais), wife of the emperor Theodosius II, lives at the borderline between the ancient and the Christian world and writes one of the most distinctive poetic texts of Byzantine literature. In the Martyrdom of Cyprian, written in Homeric language, the Saint's past, when he was a magician and initiated into a multitude of Greek mysteries, is presented in an original and remarkable way. Within this text, the resonance of philosophical ideas originating from Neoplatonism and Gnosticism is of particular interest. This article attempts to highlight these resonances in order to open a research dialogue regarding the complex network of ideas and the coexistence of different worldviews in early Byzantium.

Drill Hall or Ball Hall? On Pedagogical Implications of the Old Age Motif in Katherine Mansfield’s Short Story “Her First Ball”

<p>This article uses the short story, “Her First Ball,” by Katherine Mansfield to demonstrate how fiction could be an effective tool in the process of deconstructing and transforming the master narrative of old age among secondary students of English as secondary language (ESL). The story not only offers some language points to focus on and some reading skills to develop, but it also provokes some pertinent questions about the image and meaning of old age. Aging themes in “Her First Ball” could serve as an excellent starting point for discussion among adolescent learners about old age. Moreover, such an open-ended approach to Mansfield’s story could potentially lead to a deepened awareness of the social impact of the semantics of old age as well as the transformation of students’ conceptualization of becoming mature and growing old. In addition, this article is devoted to rebuke such a purely didactic approach by presenting the literary text as a tool for complex pedagogical practices.</p>

A COGNITIVE STYLISTIC STUDY OF EPITHET SYSTEM IN COLSON WHITEHEAD’S FANTASY

Attempts by cognitive stylists to explain readers' comprehension of literary texts face a significant challenge in bridging the author's and reader's worlds. Attempting to clarify the conceptual space that links the different discourse realms to the author-reader levels of interpretation is something that Werth (1999) does. This method offers a fresh perspective on how we think about writing and reading. When it comes to interpreting literature using language models, cognitive stylistics goes farther than conventional stylistic accounting. It examines reading experiences, both comparable and different, by applying concepts from cognitive science regarding the mind, language, and the world. The purpose of this research is to examine Colson Whitehead's chosen novel through the lens of cognitive stylistic devices, with a focus on the impact of mental spaces on meaning interpretation. The poet's worldview can be better conceptualized through the use of these mental spaces in the construction of grammars. Not only are they utilized to model dynamic mapping in language and mind, but they also interact and aid in the integration of concepts throughout production. The study utilizes a descriptive qualitative method with the model of Text World Theory by Werth (1999). The study concludes that Text World Theory is used in a novel to describe the characters' lives in various locations, such as subways, kill fields, refuges, colleges, and streets. The protagonist's solitude, paralysis, and senseless state are depicted through the use of pronouns like 'he', 'they/routes', and 'it/gray'. The characters' world is described as tedious, paralyzed, and a gloomy environment. The epithets, which are adjectives and nouns, describe the protagonist's life in a dark, gloomy environment filled with corpses, bad smells, and crazy activities. These epithets help to convey the complexities of the characters' lives and the complexities of their world.

Szenen einer Gattung

Abstract The paper discusses metapoetic reflections in German drama around 1800. It argues that Goethe, Schiller and Kleist challenge the tragic form by blurring the differences to lyric and epic poetry. The starting point is the thesis that the paradigm of heroism, which has defined the tragic genre from the very beginning, falls into crisis. Both contemporary poetics and literary texts demonstrate this development: Heroism neither functions as an ideal way to constructing a character nor of organizing political plots which successfully rely on and account for personal greatness. To illustrate this, the essay focuses on significant metapoetic scenes from Goethe’s, Schiller’s and Kleist’s dramas and reads them as ‘scenes from a genre’ for which the female characters play a decisive role. Thus, it discusses how the selected dramas reflect on the principles of genre and on the ever-permeable boundaries of genre which lead to questions of political heroism and charismatic authority at the dawn of modernity. The political drama would therefore be incomplete without taking into account the gendering of political agency. Political heroism as well as the form of heroic tragedy are challenged by critical perspectives brought into play by female voices.

Examining the Cultural Connotations in Human and Machine Translations: A Corpus Study of Naguib Mahfouz's Zuqāq al-Midaqq

The translation of culture-specific terms constitutes a major challenge for professional translators as it necessitates a thorough understanding of both the linguistic and cultural elements. With rapid technological advancement over the past few years, machine translation has enhanced translation quality. This study investigates the transability of cultural connotations in the Arabic-English translation of Naguib Mahfouz’s Zuqāq al-Midaqq. A descriptive qualitative research design was adopted to achieve the intended goals of the study. The data comprised human and machine translations from Google Translate and ChatGPT. Through qualitative content analysis, the translations were compared for accuracy in transferring the cultural connotations prevalent in the Arabic source text. The findings revealed that the human translation showed greater naturalness and accuracy in rendering cultural connotations. Machine translation has struggled with rhetorical devices, idioms, and cultural nuances. The results also indicated that the AI-enhanced machine represented by ChatGPT captured the cultural elements more effectively than Google Translate. The study concluded that human expertise remains essential for the high-quality translation of literary works to maintain cultural significance. The findings can inform translator training and guide improvements to AI-enhanced translation for literary texts.

The Textual vs the Contextual: A Heideggerian Reading of Walid Saif’s Poem ‘Love Again’

This article reads Love Again (1992), the last poem written by contemporary Palestinian poet Walid Saif based on Heidegger’s concept of the Dasein as detailed in Being and Time and his concept of art as detailed in “The Origin of the Work of Art” as well as in other of his works. In Love Again “togetherness,” which is the essence of the Dasein, dissolves completely into the kind of being of “the Others”. Heidegger’s definition of “the truth of being” has the tendency of combining two contesting groups of theories: the first is a modernist group that advocates an intrinsic/textual approach to read literary texts in light of new criticism and other formalist schools. The second is a group that advocates a contextual/extrinsic/political approach to read literary texts like new historicism, postcolonialism and others. A Heideggerian reading of Saif’s poem debunks the modernist claim that a detachable aesthetic experience can safeguard the poem’s “historical permanence” and transcend its political context. Unlike formalists of his time, Heidegger was not concerned with the tension that emerged between the above two groups since he took both the extrinsic and intrinsic elements of a literary work as indispensable elements towards exploring the literary work. Furthermore, the above tension does not seem to be part of Heidegger’s consciousness.

Translatability of Arabic Cultural References to English: A Case Study of The Queue Novel

Cultural references are phrases and words embedded within a source text that refer to entities, persons, or even ideas that are not present in the target language and culture or are significantly different in terms of sociocultural equivalents. Translating cultural references into a language where translated texts are interpreted through the prism of cultural norms presents a substantial challenge. The objective of this study is to investigate the translatability of cultural references in Arabic literary texts; it describes the presence of textual and matricial operational norms portrayed in the translator’s translation procedures and shifts. The analysis focuses on one Arabic novel, Basma Abdel Aziz’s The Queue, and follows Toury’s (2012) theory on translation norms. After a comprehensive examination of "The Queue," data were methodically underscored, classified, and analysed. The findings emphasize the translator's key role in addressing cultural disparities between Arabic and English societies through selected translation methods, ensuring adherence to the target language's norms despite significant linguistic and cultural gaps. According to this study, the acceptability of the target text is enhanced not only because of cultural requirements but also because of language norms, which prevail over translation choices that can be applied by the translator.

Challenges in Teaching Literature in an EFL Context (A Case Study of Indonesian Students)

The significance of literature in language learning has grown considerably. This is particularly true in the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), where it is recognized as a valuable tool for enhancing English skills. Nonetheless, the focus on teaching English literature for its intrinsic value rather than solely as a means for language acquisition is limited, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the teaching of English literature to EFL students in Indonesian high schools. Specifically, the study aims to investigate the criteria employed by English literature teachers in selecting literary works, identify challenges faced by teachers when instructing EFL students in English literature, and examine the strategies they employ to overcome these challenges. The research entails a case study involving a teacher instructing two distinct English lessons at a senior high school in Indonesia. The findings reveal the following: Firstly, the primary considerations for selecting literary texts include factors such as length, language complexity, canonical status, and the author's cultural background. Secondly, challenges encountered encompass reading habits, English proficiency, and the availability of resources. Consequently, this research underscores the potential for further exploration within the realm of teaching English literature to EFL students in Indonesia, with the pursuit of effective instructional models being a noteworthy avenue for future investigation.

Teaching and Learning English Literature Through Multimedia

Reading and understanding English literature can be quite challenging for students if English is not their native language. Thus, somehow students do not feel motivated in reading literature because of the high language proficiency the texts require and the length of the teaching materials. The conventional “Chalk and Talk” teaching method is not enough to convey the complexity of English literature effectively. The use of multimedia might be a precious medium in the teaching of literature and to increase students’ motivation to read literary texts. Research indicates that multimedia helps students to understand literature, to focus on the target language but also on its culture, new terminologies, new phraseology and their proper usage. The use of multimedia has many advantages as it is a great facilitator in transmitting knowledge. However, there are many questions about the use of digital tools, some think that they interfere with the teaching process and the student’s concentration, whereas others think that digital media can be effectively integrated into the teaching and learning process. In this paper, we will focus on how the multimedia content helps to vary and enhance the learning process and to lead to a better understanding and memorising. Multimedia elements help learners to be more engaged and active at learning. It makes studying literature more exciting because some students are visual learners and use visual senses in the process of learning. I used tests, observation and questionaries to analyse my research questions. Received: 10 February 2024 / Accepted: 11 April 2024 / Published: 5 May 2024

DePNR: A DeBERTa‐based deep learning model with complete position embedding for place name recognition from geographical literature

AbstractPlace names play an important role in linking physical places to human perception and are highly frequently used in the daily lives of people to refer to places in natural language. However, many place names may not be recorded in typical gazetteers due to their new establishment, colloquial nature, and different concerns. These unrecorded toponyms are often discussed in geographical literature; thus, it is necessary to automatically identify them from geographical literature and update existing gazetteers using computational approaches. Currently, the most advanced approaches are deep learning‐based models. However, existing models used only partial position information rather than complete position information of words in a sentence, which limits their performance in recognizing toponyms. To this end, we develop DePNR, a DeBERTa‐based deep learning model with complete position embedding for place name recognition from geographical literature. We train DePNR on two datasets and test it on a real dataset from geographical literature to evaluate its performance. The results show that DePNR achieves an F‐score of 0.8282, outperforming previous approaches, and can recognize new toponyms from literature text, potentially enriching existing gazetteers.

Isocolon in EDM Sibiya’s novels: A stylo-syntactic evaluation

There seems to be no study so far that has interpreted isocolon from a descriptive linguistic point of view. Studies conducted on isocolon have considered this aspect as merely a poetic tool and have focused solely on its artistic function. It is for this reason that this aspect has been examined mainly in the genre of poetry. The main aim of this paper was therefore to provide a different perspective on isocolon by considering its syntactic patterns with reference to the genre of novels. Such an approach was an attempt to uncover not only the artistic function, but also the form (linguistic description) of this aspect. The discourse is presented through the lens of linguistic stylistics, which advocates a linguistic approach to style in literature. This approach seeks to objectify a literary text in a scientific manner through descriptive linguistics. Discourse analysis theory was also employed, since an investigation was made into Sibiya’s literary works and the influence of context. As novels served as primary sources, the study adopted textual analysis as a qualitative research technique.

Pengembangan modul pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia berbasis Enviromental Wisdom Lampung pada jenjang sekolah menengah pertama

The natural damage that occurs in Lampung province is rooted in the community's lack of awareness and maintenance of the environment. This is an urgency for schools to provide education by instilling students' awareness of this matter. This research was carried out to develop Lampung environmental wisdom-based teaching materials in Indonesian language learning at junior high school level through the use of Lampung literature which was analyzed using the literary ecocriticism model. This research is a type of Research & Development (R&D) level 4, namely researching, testing and creating new products. The teaching materials that have been prepared then present Lampung literary texts to describe the environmental realities that occur in society. Keywords: Environmental Wisdom Lampung, Indonesian Language Learning Module; Research & Development (R&D)

Возможные миры художественного текста: когнитивно-семантический аспект репрезентации времени (на материале романа В.В. Орлова «Альтист Данилов»)

This article studies the temporal organization of a literary text from the standpoint of a cognitive semantic approach. Literary time is considered in close connection with the meanings that form the semantic space of a text. The correlation of events within which literary time is manifested shows the direction of literary time, which, in its turn, participates in the formation of thinkable worlds. The study aimed to determine and describe the features of the construction of thinkable worlds within the literary time semantically marked in a literary text. The practical significance of the research lies in identifying and describing the principles of structuring possible worlds by means of their temporal coordinates, representing a synthesis of a hero’s physical and psychological time, with the inclusion of markers of historical time in the semantic space of a literary text. The author studied V.V. Orlov’s novel Danilov, the Violist using the inductive-deductive and comparative methods, cognitive and semantic analysis, as well as philological interpretation. A conclusion is drawn that literary time in this novel is of great importance for the organization of thinkable worlds. Its most frequent markers are segodnya (‘today’) and teper’ (‘now’), lexicalizing the cognitive and semantic features of a world which reminds the reader of objective reality, albeit distant in historical time, as well as of a fantasy world, whose properties are unreal. Orlov creates a synthesis of the hero’s physical and psychological time, which can also include historical time (in that case, the reader’s background knowledge is involved, making it possible to correctly decode precedent phenomena). The semantics of literary time in the novel is hierarchical and systemic: textual representatives manifest both universal ideas about time and author’s individual variability in the perception of chronological intervals, which affects the emotional sphere of the reader.

The functions of peripheral combinations of N. M. Karamzin's novella "Natalia, the Boyar's Daughter"

The linguistic description of a literary text involves consideration of its semantic structure, by which, following L. A. Novikov, we understand the system of images of the work and the linguistic means of their embodiment in the author's text. Peripheral combinations play a significant role in the arsenal of artistic techniques of N.M. Karamzin, implemented in sentimental novels, and demonstrate primarily the functions of indicating feelings and states, embellishing speech, author's characterization and poetization of prose text. The subject of the study of the analyzed text of N. M. Karamzin's novella "Natalia, the boyar's daughter" is periphrasis as a special means of creating a semantic structure. The relevance of the work is due to the clarification of the status of the periphrase as an important structural element of the sentimental story. The aim of the work was to clarify the concept of periphrasis in the modern and preceding N. M. Karamzin literary tradition and highlight its functions in the texts of the stories. The methodological basis of the study was the work of Russian linguists of the V. V. Vinogradov school, based on a system-functional approach to the analysis of the language of fiction. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that the periphrasis is the basis of N. M. Karamzin's imagery and implements the functions of speech decoration; characterization, in which the periphrasis contains the author's attitude to the hero; stylistically marked periphrastic combinations serve to separate parts of the story, for example, the author's digression and the main text of the story. The novelty of the research lies in clarifying the functions of the periphrasis as the central means of the semantic structure of the sentimental story. Periphrases are becoming one of the new tools for constructing the semantic structure of a prose work of the emerging aesthetics of sentimentalism. The use of periphrases is included in the concept of reforming the Russian language by introducing elements peculiar to the sentimental style of French salon literature into the text, while generally ordering syntax at the level of a simple and complex sentence.