Tetracycline Resistance Genes Research Articles

Characterization of an Enterococcus sp. SMC-9 strain isolated from bile of a patient with cholangitis.

The genus Enterococcus is increasingly recognized for its involvement in various human infections, with several species known to be pathogenic. This study characterized Enterococcus sp. SMC-9, isolated from bile of a patient with cholangitis, and compared its characteristics with those of Enterococcus montenegrensis CoE-012-22T, recently isolated from dried beef sausage. A comprehensive analysis, encompassing phylogenetic, genomic, and phenotypic studies, confirmed that strain SMC-9 belongs to the same species as E. montenegrensis CoE-012-22T. However, comparative genomic analysis revealed key differences in virulence and antibiotic resistance gene profiles between the two strains. Notably, genes related to exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and the L-rhamnose biosynthesis pathway were found exclusively in strain SMC-9, suggesting their role in the strain's colonization of the biliary tract and its involvement in cholangitis. Additionally, the tetracycline resistance gene tet(M), which was absent in E. montenegrensis CoE-012-22T, was identified in strain SMC-9, explaining its high tetracycline minimum inhibitory concentration (>16 μg/mL). These findings highlight the unique pathogenic traits of strain SMC-9 compared to E. montenegrensis CoE-012-22T. Our study underscores the significant genetic and phenotypic variations that can exist among strains within the same species, highlighting the critical need for strain typing to assess their potential impact on patient outcomes and public health.

Whole-Genome Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Kp04 Reveals Distinctive Antimicrobial and Arsenic-Resistance Genomic Features: A Case Study from Bangladesh.

Multidrug-resistant bacteria, particularly extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) bacteria, pose a significant global public health challenge. Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPN) is frequently implicated in cases of this resistance. This study aimed to investigate the presence of drug and metal resistance genes in clinical K. pneumoniae isolate Kp04 and comparative genomics of clinical KPN isolates characterized from Bangladesh. A total of 12 isolates were collected. Disk-diffusion assay showed that all five isolates were resistant to 14 out of 21 tested antibiotics and sensitive to only three-tigecycline, imipenem, and meropenem. KPN Kp04 was positive for both blaSHV and blaCTX-M ESBL genes in PCR. All five isolates produced PCR amplicons of the correct size for ampicillin (ampC), tetracycline (tetC), fluoroquinolone (qnrS), and aminoglycoside (aadA) resistance genes. The whole genome of Kp04 was sequenced using the MiSeq Platform (V3 kit, 2 × 300 cycles). We utilized different databases to detect Antibiotic-Resistant Genes (ARGs), virulence factor genes (VFGs), and genomic functional features of the Kp04 strain. Whole-genome sequencing identified 75 ESBL, virulence, and multiple drug-resistant (MDR) genes including blaSHV, tetA, oqxA, oqxB, aadA, sul1-5, and mphA in KPN Kp04 isolate. Pan-genomic analysis of 43 Bangladeshi KPN isolates showed similarities between Dhaka and Chattogram isolates regarding virulence and antibiotic-resistant genes. Our results indicate the transmission of similar virulent KPN strains in Dhaka and Chattogram. This study would provide valuable information about drug sensitivity, antibiotic, and metal resistance features of K. pneumoniae circulated among hospitalized patients in Bangladeshi megacities.

Bacterial communities and tetracycline resistance genes in the soil-rice continuum upon tetracycline exposure

Edible plants are known as key vectors for transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to humans. However, little is known about how antibiotic exposure affects the abundance of ARGs in the soil-rice continuum. This study assessed tetracycline (TC) content, tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs), class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1), and bacterial communities in the mature soil-rice continuum exposed to varying concentrations of TC (0, 50, 100, and 300 ppm). As TC exposure levels increased, the TC content in rhizosphere soils and roots increased accordingly. However, TC residue was not detected in the grains. Additionally, sample type (rhizosphere soils, roots, and grains) was the key determinant of bacterial communities and TRGs profiles in the soil-rice continuum. The bacterial communities and TRGs profiles in the rhizosphere soils and roots exposed to TC >50 ppm were more dissimilar to those without TC than to those exposed to TC <50 ppm. The abundance of TRGs in the soil-rice continuum increased with the TC concentrations but declined when TC > 50 ppm. This decline was primarily due to changes in the abundance of tetX and tetZ. Variation partitioning analysis revealed that the TRGs profiles in rhizosphere soils is strongly affected by bacterial communities. In contrast, the variation in TRGs profiles in roots was predominantly explained by bacterial communities-TC interactions. However, the changes in TRGs profiles of grains could not be attributed to the bacterial communities, TC, or intI1. This study provides valuable insights into the response of TRGs profiles in the soil-rice continuum to TC exposure.

Tetracycline resistance gene transfer from Escherichia coli donors to Salmonella Heidelberg in chickens is impacted by the genetic context of donors

Chicken ceca are a rich source of bacteria, including zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella enterica. The microbiota includes strains/species carrying antimicrobial resistance genes and horizontal transfer of resistance determinants between species may increase the risk to public health and farming systems. Possible sources of these antimicrobial resistance donors – the eggshell carrying bacteria from the hen vertically transmitted to the offspring, or the barn environment where chicks are hatched and raised – has been little explored. In this study, we used Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg to evaluate if layer chicks raised in different environments (using combinations of sterilized or non-sterile eggs placed in sterilized isolation chambers or non-sterile rooms) acquired transferable tetracycline resistance genes from surrounding bacteria, especially Escherichia coli. Two-day old chicks were challenged with an antibiotic-susceptible S. Heidelberg strain SH2813nalR and Salmonella recovered from the cecum of birds at different timepoints to test the in vivo acquisition of tetracycline resistance. Tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates recovered from birds from the in vivo experiment were used to test the in vitro transfer of tetracycline resistance genes from E. coli to Salmonella. Even though Salmonella SH2813nalR colonized the 2-day old chicks after oral challenge, tetracycline-resistant Salmonella transconjugants were not recovered, as previously observed. In vitro experiments provided similar results. We discuss several hypotheses that might explain the absence of transconjugants in vitro and in vivo, despite the presence of diverse plasmids in the recovered E. coli. The factors that can inhibit/promote antimicrobial resistance transfers to Salmonella for different plasmid types need further exploration.

Characterization of the Bacillus cereus Group Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Poland by Whole-Genome Sequencing.

Bacillus cereus sensu lato can contaminate food and cause food poisoning by producing toxins such as cereulide, toxin BL, and cytotoxin K. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed B. cereus sensu lato from retail food products and food poisoning cases using PCR methods to determine their virulence profiles. A new toxin profile, encoding all four toxins (hbl, nhe, cytK, ces), was found in 0.4% of isolates. The toxin profiles, classified into A-J, revealed that 91.8% harbored nhe genes, while hbl, cytK, and ces were detected in 43.8%, 46.9%, and 4.2% of isolates, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) identified four distinct species within the B. cereus group, with 21 isolates closely related to B. cereus sensu stricte, 25 to B. mosaicus, 2 to B. toyonensis, and 1 to B. mycoides. Three novel sequence types (STs 3297, 3298, 3299) were discovered. Antibiotic resistance genes were common, with 100% of isolates carrying beta-lactam resistance genes. Fosfomycin (80%), vancomycin (8%), streptothricin (6%), tetracycline (4%), and macrolide resistance (2%) genes were also detected. These results highlight the genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance potential of B. cereus sensu lato strains in Polish food products.

Occurrence of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and Carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Childhood Diarrhoea in Yaoundé, Cameroon

IntroductionExtended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing pathogenic E. coli is a global public health issue, especially in sub-Saharan African countries such as Cameroon. It contributes to increase significantly hospital length of stay, morbidity, mortality and economic costs because of treatment failures. This study aims at determining the resistance background and virulence profiles of ESBL-E. coli isolates among childhood diarrhoea during the cholera outbreak occuring in Yaoundé, Cameroon.Materials and methodsDuring a four-month periods, from March 1st to June 30th, 2023, a total of 84 stool samples were collected from 90 under five children presenting clinical signs of gastroenteritis and attending four hospitals in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Bacterial identification was done using API20E and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. After extraction, genomic DNA was subjected to conventional and multiplex polymerase chain reaction methods (PCRs) for detection of resistance and virulence genes. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi info™ (7.2.5.0). Statistical significance was considered at a p-value < 0.05.ResultsOut of 150 patients contacted, 90 patients were enrolled, 84 samples were collected, 52.38%(44/84) and 3.57%(03/84) were confirmed as extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing E. coli respectively. The risk factors were analyzed, and children who drank natural fruit juice (OR: 0.4, p-value: 0.03) were found to be significantly associated with ESBL-producing E. coli. The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates showed a high level of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, colistin, and tetracycline. The blaCTX−M was more prevalent ß-lactamase resistance gene. The tetracycline resistance genes tet(A) and tet(B) were also detected. The most important virulence genes detected were FimH (81.81%) and papA (79.54%).ConclusionThese findings suggest implementing routine surveillance and screening for antimicrobial resistance among children under five. Antimicrobial stewardship strategies (ASP) need to be implemented to curb the emergence and dissemination of ESBL-producing E. coli. In addition, a national surveillance program for antimicrobial resistance needs to be implemented at local and regional levels in order to reduce morbidity in Cameroon.

Acetylshikonin reduces the spread of antibiotic resistance via plasmid conjugation

The plasmid-mediated conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) stands out as the primary driver behind the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Developing effective inhibitors that target conjugative transfer represents an efficient strategy for addressing the issue of AMR. Here, we studied the effect of acetylshikonin (ASK), a botanical derivative, on plasmid conjugation. The conjugative transfer of RP4-7 plasmid inter and intra species was notably reduced by ASK. The conjugation process of IncI2 and IncX4 plasmids harboring the mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1), IncX4 and IncX3 plasmids containing the carbapenem resistance gene (blaNDM-5), and IncFI and IncFII plasmids possessing the tetracycline resistance gene [tet(X4)] were also reduced by ASK. Importantly, the conjugative transfer frequency of mcr-1 positive IncI2 plasmid in mouse peritoneal conjugation model and gut conjugation model was reduced by ASK. The mechanism investigation showed that ASK disrupt the functionality of the bacterial cell membrane. Furthermore, the proton motive force (PMF) was dissipated. In addition, ASK blocked the electron transmission in bacteria's electron transport chain (ETC) through disturbing the quinone interaction, resulting in an insufficient energy supply for conjugation. Collectively, ASK is a potential conjugative transfer inhibitor, providing novel strategies to prevent the spread of AMR.

Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in different drinking water treatment processes in a northwest Chinese city.

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are an emerging issue which are receiving increasing concerns in drinking water safety. However, the factors (e.g. treatment processes and water quality) affecting the removal efficiency of ARGs in the drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) is still unclear. This work investigated the ARG profiles in each treatment process of two DWTPs located in a northwest Chinese city. The results showed that tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes were predominant among the 14 targeted ARGs. After the treatment, the Z water treatment plant which demonstrated a higher removal rate of ARGs (ranging from 50 to 80%), compared to the S plant (50-75%). And the average removal rate of tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetG, tetQ, tetX) was about 49.18% (S plant) and 67.50% (Z plant), as well as the removal rate of 64.2% and 72.9% for sulfonamide resistance (sul1 and sul2) at S and Z water plants, respectively. It was found that the relative abundance of main microbial communities (such as Bacteroidota, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Roseomonas), α-diversity index, as well as the abundance of pathogenic bacteria were all significantly reduced after different treatment processes. Network co-occurrence analysis revealed that Methylocystis possibly was the potential host for most ARGs, and sul1 was found across a broad spectrum of microorganisms in the drinking water environment. Adonis analysis showed that heavy metals and microbial communities explain solely 44.1% and 35.7% of variances of ARGs within DWTPs. This study provides insights into the contamination status and removal efficiencies of ARGs in DWTPs, offering valuable references for future studies on ARG removal, propagation, and diffusion patterns in drinking water treatment.

Crouching bacteria, hidden tetA genes in natural waters: Intracellular damage via double persulfate activation (UVA/Fe2+/PDS) effectively alleviates the spread of antibiotic resistance

In this study, we elucidated the chemical and biological inactivation mechanisms of peroxydisulfate (PDS) activated by UVA and Fe2+ (UVA/Fe2+/PDS) in wild-type antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) isolated from a river in Inner Mongolia. Among the screened wild-type ARB, the relative abundance of unidentified Enterobacteriaceae, Stenotrophomonas, and Ralstonia was high. A ratio of 1:1 for Fe2+ and PDS under 18 W·m−2 UVA radiation (sunny days) completely inactivated the environmental ARB isolates. In the macro view of the inactivation process, Fe2+ first activates PDS rapidly, and later the UVA energy accumulated starts to activate PDS; HO• then becomes the main active species at a rate-limiting step. From a micro perspective, damage to the cell wall, intracellular proteins, inactivation of antioxidant enzymes, and genetic material degradation are the inactivation series of events by UVA/Fe2+/PDS, contributing to the 97.8 % inactivation of ARB at the initial stage. No regrowth of sublethal ARBs was observed. The transfer of tetracycline resistance genes from ARB to lab E. coli was evaluated by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), in which no HGT occurred when ARB was eliminated by UVA/Fe2+/PDS. Moreover, the sulfate and iron residuals in the effluents of treated water were lower than the drinking water standards. In summary, PDS, UVA, and Fe2+ activation effectively inactivated wild ARB with a low concentration of reagents, while inhibiting their regrowth and spread of resistance due to the contribution of intracellular inactivation pathways.

Group B Streptococcus Infections in Non-Pregnant Adults, Italy, 2015-2019.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS, Streptococcus agalactiae) is a pathogen of increasing importance in adults. Severe and invasive cases in non-pregnant adults were collected during the period 2015-2019 by voluntary-based surveillance. In total, 108 GBS strains were phenotypically and genotypically characterized for the serotype, antimicrobial resistance, pili, surface protein genes, and the hyper-virulent adhesin hvgA. Patients were divided into two age groups: adults (18-64 years; n = 32) and older adults (≥65 years; n = 72). The average age was 70.8 years, with a male/female ratio of 1.7. Most isolates were recovered from cases of bacteremia (blood, n = 93), and a higher frequency of invasive GBS infections (iGBS) was found among older adults (66.7%). Serotype III was the most frequent (n = 41, 38%), followed by type Ia and type V (n = 20 each, 18.5%). Serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, and V accounted for all but one isolates (99.1%). The iGBS isolates were universally susceptible to penicillin, while the prevalence of resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and high-level gentamicin resistance was 26.8%, 24.1%, 85.2%, and 5.5%, respectively, with the predominance of the erm(B) gene for macrolide resistance and the tet(M) gene for tetracycline resistance. The associations between the serotypes/antimicrobial resistance/virulence traits underlined the increasing importance of serotype III and its contribution to antimicrobial resistance as well as the steady increase over time of serotype IV. This nationwide study confirmed the need for monitoring the GBS epidemiology in non-pregnant adults through continuous surveillance of GBS infections.

Genetic basis of macrolide resistance in porcine Pasteurella multocida isolates from the German national resistance monitoring program GERM-Vet 2008-2021.

To analyse porcine Pasteurella multocida isolates obtained from the national resistance monitoring program GERM-Vet 2008-2021 in Germany for phenotypic and genotypic macrolide resistance. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined by broth microdilution according to CLSI standards. Closed genomes were obtained by WGS via Illumina MiSeq and MinION platforms followed by a hybrid assembly. Of 1114 porcine P. multocida isolates, only four isolates (0.36%), one each from 2008, 2010, 2019 and 2021, exhibited resistance to at least one macrolide tested. The isolate from 2010 was only resistant to erythromycin and WGS analysis neither revealed a macrolide resistance gene nor a macrolide resistance-mediating mutation. The isolates from 2008 and 2019 were resistant to erythromycin, tilmicosin, tildipirosin, tulathromycin and gamithromycin and showed either only the A2058G mutation in all six 23S rRNA operons or the chromosomally located macrolide resistance genes msr(E) and mph(E), respectively. The isolate from 2021 was resistant to erythromycin, tulathromycin, gamithromycin and tylosin and carried a novel integrative and conjugative element of 64 966 bp, designated Tn7730, in its chromosomal DNA. It harboured the macrolide resistance genes mef(C), mph(G) and estT, the lincosamide resistance gene lnu(H), and the tetracycline resistance gene tet(Y), the last two were detected for the first time in P. multocida. Macrolide resistance in German porcine P. multocida can be due to resistance-mediating mutations or resistance genes. The presence of the novel Tn7730 carrying three different macrolide resistance genes is alarming and should be monitored.

Pangenomic and biochemical analyses of Helcococcus ovis reveal widespread tetracycline resistance and a novel bacterial species, Helcococcus bovis.

Helcococcus ovis (H. ovis) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen of a wide range of animal hosts including domestic ruminants, swine, avians, and humans. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of 35 Helcococcus sp. clinical isolates from the uterus of dairy cows and explored their antimicrobial resistance and biochemical phenotypes in vitro. Phylogenetic and average nucleotide identity analyses classified four Helcococcus isolates within a cryptic clade representing an undescribed species, for which we propose the name Helcococcus bovis sp. nov. By establishing this new species clade, we also resolve the longstanding question of the classification of the Tongji strain responsible for a confirmed human conjunctival infection. This strain did not neatly fit into H. ovis and is instead a member of H. bovis. We applied whole genome comparative analyses to explore the pangenome, resistome, virulome, and taxonomic diversity of the remaining 31 H. ovis isolates. An overwhelming 97% of H. ovis strains (30 out of 31) harbor mobile tetracycline resistance genes and displayed significantly increased minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracyclines in vitro. The high prevalence of mobile tetracycline resistance genes makes H. ovis a significant antimicrobial resistance gene reservoir in our food chain. Finally, the phylogenetic distribution of co-occurring high-virulence determinant genes of H. ovis across unlinked and distant loci highlights an instance of convergent gene loss in the species. In summary, this study showed that mobile genetic element-mediated tetracycline resistance is widespread in H. ovis, and that there is evidence of co-occurring virulence factors across clades suggesting convergent gene loss in the species. Finally, we introduced a novel Helcococcus species closely related to H. ovis, called H. bovis sp. nov., which has been reported to cause infection in humans.

Photocatalysis Inhibits the Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in an Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Community in Aquatic Environments.

Bacterial antibiotic resistance has recently attracted increasing amounts of attention. Here, an artificially antibiotic-resistant bacterial community (ARBC) combined with five different constructed antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) with single antibiotic resistance, namely, kanamycin (KAN), tetracycline (TET), cefotaxime (CTX), polymyxin B (PB), or gentamicin (GEM), was studied for the stress response to photocatalysis. With photocatalytic inactivation, the transfer and diffusion of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the ARBC decreased, and fewer multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) emerged in aquatic environments. After several days of photocatalytic inactivation or Luria broth cultivation, >90% ARB were transformed to antibiotic-susceptible bacteria by discarding ARGs. Bacteria with double antibiotic resistance were the dominant species (99%) of residual ARB. The changes in ARG abundance varied, decreasing for the GEM and TET resistance genes and increasing for the KAN resistance genes. The change in the antibiotic resistance level was consistent with the change in ARG abundance. Correspondingly, point mutations occurred for the KAN, CTX and PB resistance genes after photocatalytic inactivation, which might be the reason why these genes persisted longer in the studied ARBC. In summary, photocatalytic inactivation could reduce the abundance of some ARGs and inhibit the emergence of MDRB as well as block ARG transfer in the bacterial community in aquatic environments. This work highlights the advantages of long-term photocatalytic inactivation for controlling antibiotic resistance and facilitates a better understanding of bacterial communities in real aquatic environments.

Emergence of plasmid-borne tet(X4) resistance gene in clinical isolate of eravacycline- and omadacycline-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST485.

Omadacycline and eravacycline are gradually being used as new tetracycline antibiotics for the clinical treatment of Gram-negative pathogens. Affected by various tetracycline-inactivating enzymes, there have been reports of resistance to eravacycline and omadacycline in recent years. We isolated a strain carrying the mobile tigecycline resistance gene tet(X4) from the feces of a patient in Zhejiang Province, China. The strain belongs to the rare ST485 sequence type. The isolate was identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The MICs of antimicrobial agents were determined using either the agar dilution method or the micro broth dilution method. The result showed that the isolate was resistant to eravacycline (MIC = 32 mg/L), omadacycline (MIC > 64 mg/L), and tigecycline (MIC > 32 mg/L). Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the tet(X4) resistance gene is located on the IncFII(pCRY) conjugative plasmid. tet(X4) is flanked by ISVsa3, and we hypothesize that this association contributes to the spread of the resistance gene. Plasmids were analyzed by S1-nuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (S1-PFGE), Southern blotting, and electrotransformation experiment. We successfully transferred the plasmid carrying tet(X4) to the recipient bacteria by electrotransformation experiment. Compared with the DH-5α, the MICs of the transformant L3995-DH5α were increased by eight-fold for eravacycline and two-fold higher for omadacycline. Overall, the emergence of plasmid-borne tet(X4) resistance gene in a clinical isolate of K. pneumoniae ST485 underscores the essential requirement for the ongoing monitoring of tet(X4) to prevent and control its further dissemination in China.IMPORTANCEThere are still limited reports on Klebsiella pneumoniae strains harboring tetracycline-resistant genes in China, and K. pneumoniae L3995hy adds a new example to those positive for the tet(X4) gene. Importantly, our study raises concerns that plasmid-mediated resistance to omadacycline and eravacycline may spread further to a variety of ecological and clinical pathogens, limiting the choice of medication for extensively drug-resistant bacterial infections. Therefore, it is important to continue to monitor the prevalence and spread of tet(X4) and other tetracyclines resistance genes in K. pneumoniae and diverse bacterial populations.

Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes within an organic fertilizer-amended soil–rice continuum

The transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to humans through the consumption of plants grown in manure-amended soils is a critical concern. However, the effect of manure application on the profiles of tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) within the soil–rice continuum remains unclear. In this study, tetracycline (TC) content, bacterial communities, abundance of 8 TRGs, and class 1 integron (intI1) were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), Illumina sequencing, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) in rhizosphere soils, roots, and grains of rice exposed to pig manure (PM), rapeseed cake (RC), and chemical fertilizer (CF), respectively. Our findings indicate that the type of sample was the primary determinant of TRGs abundance variation within the soil-rice continuum, with a consistent decline from rhizosphere soils to roots to grains. Furthermore, fertilization type significantly influenced TRGs abundance, with the highest levels observed in PM treatment. TetZ and tetX were predominant, constituting over 90% of total TRGs abundance across all samples. In addition, the mechanism of TRGs profile formation varies with sample types. Bacterial communities-TC content-intI1 interactions determined the change in TRGs abundance in rhizosphere soils, and bacterial communities constituted the most important factor affecting TRGs abundance within the roots. However, bacterial communities and/or intI1 poorly explained the change in TRGs abundance within the grains. Our study attempts to explore the underlying mechanism for the profiles of TRGs in soil–rice continuums exposed to manure, as well as provides a theoretical basis for controlling the spread of endogenous antibiotic resistance within rice grown in soil receiving pig manure.

Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken Eggs

Total 150 chicken eggs were randomly collected from farms, households, and markets of Rajshahi and Naogaon districts. Isolation and identification of E. coli was done by using cultural and staining characteristics, and biochemical properties. Antibiotic sensitivity assay was also performed for the isolated E. coli by using disc diffusion method. Characterization and detection of antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates were done through PCR analysis. Prevalence of E. coli was 30.00% in chicken eggs in Rajshahi and Naogaon districts. Results of antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolated E. coli showed 57.78%, 33.33%, 31.11%, 28.89%, 26.67%, 17.78%, 15.56%, 13.33%, 13.33%, and 11.11% resistance to ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, ceftriaxone, amoxycillin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamycin, and neomycin, respectively. The isolates also showed 94.44%, 82.22%, 80.00%, 77.78%, 66.67%, 60.00%, 55.56%, 48.89%, 46.67%, and 33.33% sensitive to neomycin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, gentamycin, ceftriaxone, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. All 45 phenotypic identified isolates were confirmed as E. coli by PCR analysis. Genotypic identified isolates of E. coli were further characterized by PCR to detect antibiotic resistance genes. Out of 45 E. coli isolates 37 (82.22%) showed tetracycline resistance (tetA) gene, 32 (71.11%) showed tetracycline resistance (tetB) gene, and interestingly all 45 (100%) isolates showed quinolone group resistance (gyrA) gene by PCR analysis. J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 5(1): 135-142, 2023

Synonymous codon substitutions modulate transcription and translation of a divergent upstream gene by modulating antisense RNA production

Synonymous codons were originally viewed as interchangeable, with no phenotypic consequences. However, substantial evidence has now demonstrated that synonymous substitutions can perturb a variety of gene expression and protein homeostasis mechanisms, including translational efficiency, translational fidelity, and cotranslational folding of the encoded protein. To date, most studies of synonymous codon-derived perturbations have focused on effects within a single gene. Here, we show that synonymous codon substitutions made far within the coding sequence of Escherichia coli plasmid-encoded chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) can significantly increase expression of the divergent upstream tetracycline resistance gene, tetR. In four out of nine synonymously recoded cat sequences tested, expression of the upstream tetR gene was significantly elevated due to transcription of a long antisense RNA (asRNA) originating from a transcription start site within cat. Surprisingly, transcription of this asRNA readily bypassed the native tet transcriptional repression mechanism. Even more surprisingly, accumulation of the TetR protein correlated with the level of asRNA, rather than total tetR RNA. These effects of synonymous codon substitutions on transcription and translation of a neighboring gene suggest that synonymous codon usage in bacteria may be under selection to both preserve the amino acid sequence of the encoded gene and avoid DNA sequence elements that can significantly perturb expression of neighboring genes. Avoiding such sequences may be especially important in plasmids and prokaryotic genomes, where genes and regulatory elements are often densely packed. Similar considerations may apply to the design of genetic circuits for synthetic biology applications.

Gene editing by SSB/CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein in bacteria

The application of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) for gene editing is commonly used in plants and animals, but its application in bacteria has not been reported. In this study, we employed DNA single-strand binding protein (SSB) to construct an SSB/CRISPR-Cas9 RNP-editing system for non-homologous recombination and homologous recombination gene editing of the upp gene in bacteria. The RNP targeting the upp gene, along with SSB, was introduced into the protoplasts of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus subtilis. Transformants were obtained on plates containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with gene editing efficiencies (percentage of transformants relative to the number of protoplasts) of 9.75 %, 5.02 %, and 8.37 %, respectively, and sequencing analysis confirmed 100 % non-homologous recombination. When RNP, SSB, and a 100-nucleotide single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) donor were introduced into the protoplasts of these bacteria, transformants were obtained with editing efficiencies of 45.11 %, 30.13 %, and 27.18 %, respectively, and sequencing confirmed 100 % homologous recombination knockout of the upp gene. Additionally, introducing RNP, SSB, and a 100 base-pair double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) donor containing a tetracycline resistance gene (tetR-dsODN) resulted in transformants on 5-FU plates with editing efficiencies of 35.94 %, 22.46 %, and 19.08 %, respectively, with sequencing confirming 100 % homologous recombination replacement of the upp gene with tetR. These results demonstrate that the SSB/CRISPR-Cas9 RNP system can efficiently, simply, and rapidly edit bacterial genomes without the need for plasmids. This study is the first to report the use of RNP-based gene editing in bacteria.

Diversity, functions, and antibiotic resistance genes of bacteria and fungi are examined in the bamboo plant phyllosphere that serve as food for the giant pandas.

The phyllosphere of bamboo is rich in microorganisms that can disrupt the intestinal microbiota of the giant pandas that consume them, potentially leading to their death. In the present study, the abundance, diversity, biological functions (e.g., KEGG and CAZyme), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of bacteria and fungi in two bamboo species phyllosphere (Chimonobambusa szechuanensis, CS; Bashania fangiana, BF) in Daxiangling Nature Reserve (an important part of the Giant Panda National Park) were investigated respectively by amplicon sequencing of the whole 16S rRNA and ITS1-ITS2 genes on PacBio Sequel and whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The results suggested that there were respectively 18 bacterial and 34 fungi biomarkers between the phyllosphere of the two species of bamboo. Beta diversity of bacteria and fungi communities exited between the two bamboos according to the (un)weighted UniFrac distance matrix. Moreover, the functional analysis showed that the largest relative abundance was found in the genes related to metabolism and global and overview maps. Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and glycosyl transferases (GTs) have a higher abundance in two bamboo phyllospheres. Co-occurrence network modeling suggested that bacteria and fungi communities in CS phyllosphere employed a much more complex metabolic network than that in BF, and the abundance of multidrug, tetracycline, and glycopeptide resistance genes was higher and closely correlated with other ARGs. This study references the basis for protecting bamboo resources foraged by wild giant pandas and predicts the risk of antibiotic resistance in bamboo phyllosphere bacterial and fungal microbiota in the Giant Panda National Park, China.

Anaerobic fermentation for hydrogen production and tetracycline degradation: Biodegradation mechanism and microbial community succession

The misuse and continues discharge of antibiotics can cause serious pollution, which is urgent to take steps to remit the environment pollution. In this study, anaerobic bacteria isolated from the aeration tank of a local sewage treatment plant were employed to investigate hydrogen production and tetracycline (TC) degradation during anaerobic fermentation. Results indicate that low concentrations of TC enhanced hydrogen production, increasing from 366 mL to a maximum of 480 mL. This increase is attributed to stimulated hydrolysis and acidogenesis, coupled with significant inhibition of homoacetogenesis. Furthermore, the removal of TC, facilitated by adsorption and biodegradation, exceeded 90 %. During the fermentation process, twenty-one by-products were identified, leading to the proposal of four potential degradation pathways. Analysis of the microbial community revealed shifts in diversity and a decrease in the abundance of hydrogen-producing bacteria, whereas bacteria harboring tetracycline resistance genes became more prevalent. This study provides a possibility to treat tetracycline-contaminated wastewater and to produce clean energy simultaneously by anaerobic fermentation.