Ingestion Of Tetracycline Research Articles

Tooth Whitening of Tetracycline-Stained Teeth

ABSTRACT Tooth discoloration of intrinsic etiology such as from tetracycline ingestion can be a major esthetic problem. This clinical report describes the use of an extended whitening treatment of second-degree tetracycline stained teeth. The suggested combination of in-office and home whitening provided a fast whitening result, proper monitoring of the progress of whitening throughout the extended period, and continuous motivation for the patient to complete the whitening treatment. How to cite this article Kwon SR, Chan DCN. Tooth Whitening of Tetracycline-Stained Teeth. World J Dent 2012;3(3):257-260.

Tetracycline and other tetracycline-derivative staining of the teeth and oral cavity.

Tetracyclines (TCN) were introduced in 1948 as broad-spectrum antibiotics that may be used in the treatment of many common infections in children and adults. One of the side-effects of tetracyclines is incorporation into tissues that are calcifying at the time of their administration. They have the ability to chelate calcium ions and to be incorporated into teeth, cartilage and bone, resulting in discoloration of both the primary and permanent dentitions. This permanent discoloration varies from yellow or gray to brown depending on the dose or the type of the drug received in relation to body weight. Minocycline hydrochloride, a semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline often used for the treatment of acne, has been shown to cause pigmentation of a variety of tissues including skin, thyroid, nails, sclera, teeth, conjunctiva and bone. Adult-onset tooth discoloration following long-term ingestion of tetracycline and minocycline has also been reported. The remarkable side-effect of minocycline on the oral cavity is the singular occurrence of "black bones", "black or green roots" and blue-gray to gray hue darkening of the crowns of permanent teeth. The prevalence of tetracycline and minocycline staining is 3-6%. The mechanism of minocycline staining is still unknown. Most of the reviewed literature consisted of case reports; longitudinal clinical trials are necessary to provide more information on the prevalence, severity, etiology and clinical presentation of tetracycline and TCN-derivative staining in the adult population.

Pediatric chest pain induced by tetracycline ingestion.

Pediatric chest pain induced by tetracycline ingestion.

Tetracycline-induced bile duct paucity and prolonged cholestasis

Acute self-limited liver disease has been associated with tetracycline use. However, severe prolonged cholestatic hepatitis and bile duct paucity have not been previously attributed to tetracyclines. Hepatitis, characterized by prolonged jaundice, severe pruritus, and moderate increased transaminase values, occurred within 2 months of ingesting tetracyclines in two female patients. Serum bilirubin levels normalized 12 and 34 months after tetracycline ingestion. Liver histology revealed bile duct paucity, severe cholestasis, and minimal necrosis and inflammation. Tetracyclines may infrequently induce bile duct paucity and prolonged, severe, and reversible cholestasis.

The effect of tetracycline on levels of oral contraceptives

Despite the widespread use of tetracycline for treatment of dermatologic disorders and sexually transmitted diseases, the pharmacodynamics of oral contraceptive use in the presence of tetracycline has not been studied. Seven normal women ingested an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol 35 micrograms and norethindrone 1 mg in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. On day 0 baseline ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone levels were obtained at 0, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after oral contraceptive administration. On day 1 tetracycline 500 mg was given orally every 6 hours while the oral contraceptive was continued. Tetracycline, ethinyl estradiol, and norethindrone levels were determined at the same time intervals as on day 0. Oral contraceptive and tetracycline were continued for up to 10 days, and additional concentrations of ethinyl estradiol, norethindrone, and tetracycline were determined between days 5 and 10. Four additional normal women ingested tetracycline for 5 to 10 days. Tetracycline levels were determined at the time intervals noted above on day 1 and days 5 to 10. No significant decrease in plasma ethinyl estradiol or norethindrone concentration was seen with either short-term (24 hours) or long-term (5 to 10 days) ingestion of tetracycline. Similarly, levels of tetracycline do not significantly decrease with ingestion of a low-dose oral contraceptive.

An example of In Vivo tetracycline labelling: Reply to piepenbrink

A variety of soil-dwelling micro-organisms play a role in the decomposition of interred human skeletal remains, leading to post-mortem alterations in biochemical composition and microstructural appearance of bone. Piepenbrink (1986) has suggested that a post-mortem microbial invasion may be responsible for the fluorescence found in Sudanese Nubian skeletons (AD 350–550) and that the in vivo incorporation of tetracycline, posited by Bassett et al. (1980) to be the causal mechanism, is a misinterpretation of the evidence. While we recognize the potential for post-mortem diagenesis, chemical and histological analyses of the exceptionally well-preserved Sudanese Nubian skeletons confirm our original hypothesis of an in vivo mode of incorporation of tetracycline with subsequent deposition of a permanent, discrete fluorescent label in the bone. Ingestion of tetracycline, a broad spectrum antibiotic, may explain the low rate of infectious disease documented in this population in an earlier study (Armelagos, 1968, 1969). Consequently, it is important that evidence should not be dismissed as merely the result of taphonomic process, without proper consideration of alternative explanations. This note addresses the disparity between the pattern of fluorescent labelling present in Piepenbrink's sample(s) due to diagenesis and the in vivo incorporation of tetracyclines found in the Sudanese Nubian population.

Systematic assessment of color removal following vital bleaching of intrinsically stained teeth.

Various treatment variables associated with a standard bleaching technique were systematically recorded in 53 individuals exhibiting intrinsic discoloration of permanent teeth. These variables (predictors) included: (1) etiology (fluoride or tetracycline); (2) age of the patient; (3) the presented color of the stain; (4) the intensity of that color; (5) a long versus short bleaching time technique; and (6) the number of bleaching sessions. These were assessed as to their relationship with the results of treatment (dependent variable). The findings of a multiple regression analysis revealed that the contributions of the individual predictors were significantly different between those stains caused by tetracycline ingestion (N = 27) and those stains due to fluoride ingestion (N = 20). The analysis also revealed that those variables contributing to a significant proportion of the variance in results of treatment when tetracycline was the cause were: (1) the color of the stain and (2) the number of bleaching sessions. When fluoride was apparently the causal agent: (1) the bleaching time technique; (2) age of the patient; (3) color of the stain; and (4) the number of bleaching sessions contributed to a significant proportion of the variance in the results of treatment.

Dental caries and tetracycline-stained dentition in an American Indian population.

Complaints of enamel defects in American Indian children residing on the St. Regis reservation in New York State prompted an epidemiological study. The results of that study, reported earlier (Rebich et al., 1983), indicated that over one-fifth of the American Indian children had discoloration of the dentition due to ingestion of tetracycline during the years of tooth formation. These data also provided an ideal opportunity to examine the link between tetracycline staining and caries which has been postulated by previous authors. American Indian children, ages 7-18, were found to have a higher caries experience than other children and a lower rate of dental service utilization, as evidenced by the filled component of the DMFS index (FS/DMFS). Within the American Indian population, however, no indication was found of any association between tetracycline staining and dental caries.

Long-term Use of Tetracycline

To the Editor.— We read the article on The Significance of Yellow Bone: Evidence for Tetracycline in Adult Human Bone (1981;246:761) by Oklund et al. Based on the demonstration of tetracycline fluorophore in donor bones in three men, who did not have an antecedent history of jaundice or hepatic or metabolic disorders, the authors conclude that long-term use of tetracycline in therapeutic dosages in the human adult has no known deleterious effect and that tetracycline in bone appears safe for the human carrier. We disagree with the conclusions of Oklund et al. We recently saw a 21-year-old woman who died of tetracycline-associated fatty liver at 38 weeks of pregnancy and in whom we demonstrated gross and microscopic fluorescence of tetracycline in bone. Tissue extraction and quantitative chemical analysis showed 60 mg of tetracycline per gram of wet bone tissue. 1 Initially, we could elicit no history of tetracycline ingestion from

Esophageal Ulcers Associated With Tetracycline Therapy

Esophageal ulceration has rarely been reported secondary to medicinal agents. we have treated three patients with esophageal ulceration associated with the ingestion of tetracycline or its derivative doxycycline. In light of the strong temporal relationship between taking the capsules and the onset of the esophageal ulceration, we believe that the capsules were the cause of the ulcers. We therefore recommend an alternative agent to tetracycline or doxycycline, if possible, for patients with any esophageal obstructive element. We also recommend that patients be cautioned not to take these drugs within one hour of going to bed.

Effect of oral tetracycline on the occurrence of tetracycline-resistant strains of Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract of humans.

Serial samples of feces from normal human subjects were analyzed for tetracycline-resistant strains of Escherichia coli. Subjects were found to be excreting tetracycline-resistant strains in amounts fluctuating with time. Ingestion of tetracycline increased both the number of individuals excreting tetracycline-resistant strains of E. coli and the proportion of the total E. coli isolates resistant to the antibiotic.

Antibiotic combinations; tetracycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin and spiramycin and combinations of tetracycline with each of the other three agents; comparisons of activity in vitro and antibacterial action of blood after oral administration.

Antibacterial Action of Plasma after Ingestion of Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Oleandomycin, Spiramycin and Combinations of Tetracycline and Each of the Other 3 AntibioticsThe activity of the antibiotics under study was compared in vivo in two ways: as single doses of 1.0 gm. of each of the 4 individual agents and equal total amounts (0.5 gm. each) of tetracycline in pairs with each of the other 3 drugs; and as a single dose of 500 mg. of tetracycline alone compared with the same amount of this antibiotic combined with 250 mg. of either erythromycin, oleandomycin or spiramycin. The doses were all . . .