Tetrabutylammonium Hexafluorophosphate Research Articles

Flexible ZIF-67@PVDF tree-like nanofiber membrane with high piezoelectric output for energy harvesting

Modern demands for efficient, environmentally friendly, and self-powered devices have led to growing interest in piezoelectric polymers in the scientific community. In this paper, a ZIF-67 functionalized polyvinylidene fluoride/ tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate tree-like nanofiber membrane (ZIF-67@PVDF/TBAHP-TLNMs) was developed as piezoelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting. The ZIF-67@PVDF/TBAHP-TLNMs was prepared by in-situ growth of ZIF-67 on the surface of PVDF TLNMs, which demonstrated remarkable energy harvesting capabilities. The results indicated that the β-phase content of the in-situ growth of ZIF-67 reached 86.94 %, augmented the fiber's rotation radius, and elevated the electromechanical conversion efficiency. Notably, the short circuit current reached 3.87 μA and the output voltage exceeded 9.78 V, which was 10.7 times and 5.9 times higher than the electrical signal output of pure PVDF nanofiber membrane, respectively. Furthermore, the ZIF-67@PVDF/TBAHP-TLNMs exhibited exceptional mechanical properties, with an elastic modulus as high as 1.13 GPa, outperforming other nanofiber membranes and catering to the diverse requirements of wearable devices. During a 500 s test cycle, its layered structure remained intact, without any discernible damage or interlayer separation of the nanofibers. At the same time, the device exhibited high electromechanical conversion efficiency and a sensitive sensing function, which made it have broad application prospects in human motion monitoring and intelligent wearable devices.

Unraveling the Irreversible Storage of Dimethyl Carbonate-Solvated Hexafluorophosphate Anions in Graphite Electrode.

LiPF6 dissolved in dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is one of the cheapest groups of electrolyte solutions in dual-ion batteries. Generally, the discharge capacity of anion storage delivered by the graphite cathode grows with increasing LiPF6 concentration. This fact is consistent with the irreversible storage of DMC-solvated PF6-, and then, the underlying mechanism is clarified by the electrochemical tests and ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of graphite cathodes as well as infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy characterizations of solutions. Moreover, quaternary ammonium salts have facile dissociation, which can effectively regulate the solvation state of the anion and the interaction between ion pairs in the electrolyte. A small amount of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) is introduced into the highly concentrated LiPF6-DMC solution to improve the performance of the graphite cathode. The discharge capacity of the Li/graphite cell has increased by approximately 50%. This effect is also correlated with the solvation state of the anion. This study provides an insightful clue for the choice of electrolyte solution in dual-ion batteries.

Electrocatalytic detection of Hg(II) using a platinum electrode modified with composite film of cobalt(II) phthalocyanine tetra-substituted with 1-(methoxymethyl)-benzotriazole groups and co-electropolymerized polypyrrole

The presence of mercury adversely affects the daily lives of humankind due to its acute toxicity and environmental persistence. Therefore, the development of cost-effective smart materials which can allow the real time, ultrasensitive and discriminatory monitoring of mercury concentrations in industrial and municipal water treatment plants is an imperative. It is foreseen that this proposed water quality assurance measure will be of utmost importance to identify the culprits for the wide prevalence of this heavy metal ion in the environment. Herein, a platinum electrode (Pt) was modified via the simultaneous electropolymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) and the co-electrodeposition of tetra-[4-((1H-benzotriazole)methoxy)phthalocyaninato]cobalt(II) (CoPc-Bzt, 2, (Btz = benzotriazole)). The complementary electrode modification processes were performed in a 1:1 (v: v) DMF: acetonitrile containing 1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte solution over 20 cycles using cyclic voltammetry to afford the chemically modified electrode (CME), Pt|PPy/2. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was used to detect Hg(II) ions using the CME within a 10 µM to 100 µM linear range while calculated limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were determined as 3.11 and 10.00 µM, respectively. The analytical performance of the CME rendered a statistically accepted percentage recovery (97.4%) whereas that of Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is 112.3%.

Electrospun Ag‐dopedPA6multi‐stage structured nanofiber membrane with antibacterial property for oily particulate matters filtration

AbstractOily particulate matter pollution and bacteria pose a serious threat to human health and have drawn widespread attention. Herein, an Ag‐doped nylon 6 multi‐stage structured antibacterial nanofiber membrane (PA6&Ag MSNM) for effective air filtration of fine oily particulate matters was fabricated by adding a certain amount of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAHP) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) into PA6 solution via one‐step electrospinning. The fabricated PA6&Ag MSNM is composed of coarse trunk fibers and fine branching fibers, which exhibits high filtration efficiency for oily particulate matters and low pressure drop, with an average filtration efficiency of 99.92% for oily particles of 0.20 ~ 4.59 μm and a low pressure drop of 386 Pa. In addition, the fiber membranes possesses excellent antibacterial properties due to the doping of Ag. The prepared multi‐stage electrospun nanofiber membrane may provide a versatile strategy for designing new antibacterial air filtration materials, which would have broad application prospects.

Optical Window to Polarity of Electrolyte Solutions.

Medium polarity plays a crucial role in charge-transfer processes and electrochemistry. The added supporting electrolyte in electrochemical setups, essential for attaining the needed electrical conductivity, sets challenges for estimating medium polarity. Herein, we resort to Lippert-Mataga-Ooshika (LMO) formalism for estimating the Onsager polarity of electrolyte organic solutions pertinent to electrochemical analysis. An amine derivative of 1,8-naphthalimide proves to be an appropriate photoprobe for LMO analysis. An increase in electrolyte concentration enhances the polarity of the solutions. This effect becomes especially pronounced for low-polarity solvents. Adding 100 mM tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate to chloroform results in solution polarity exceeding that of neat dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. Conversely, the observed polarity enhancement that emerges upon the same electrolyte addition to solvents such as acetonitrile and N,N-dimethylformamide is hardly as dramatic. Measured refractive indices provide a means for converting Onsager to Born polarity, which is essential for analyzing medium effects on electrochemical trends. This study demonstrates a robust optical means, encompassing steady-state spectroscopy and refractometry, for characterizing solution properties important for charge-transfer science and electrochemistry.

Downsizing the Channel Length of Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistors.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising building blocks for bioelectronic devices such as sensors and neural interfaces. While the majority of OECTs use simple planar geometry, there is interest in exploring how these devices operate with much shorter channels on the submicron scale. Here, we show a practical route toward the minimization of the channel length of the transistor using traditional photolithography, enabling large-scale utilization. We describe the fabrication of such transistors using two types of conducting polymers. First, commercial solution-processed poly(dioxyethylenethiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS. Next, we also exploit the short channel length to support easy in situ electropolymerization of poly(dioxyethylenethiophene):tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate, PEDOT:PF6. Both variants show different promising features, leading the way in terms of transconductance (gm), with the measured peak gm up to 68 mS for relatively thin (280 nm) channel layers on devices with the channel length of 350 nm and with widths of 50, 100, and 200 μm. This result suggests that the use of electropolymerized semiconductors, which can be easily customized, is viable with vertical geometry, as uniform and thin layers can be created. Spin-coated PEDOT:PSS lags behind with the lower values of gm; however, it excels in terms of the speed of the device and also has a comparably lower off current (300 nA), leading to unusually high on/off ratio, with values up to 8.6 × 104. Our approach to vertical gap devices is simple, scalable, and can be extended to other applications where small electrochemical channels are desired.

Electrospun PA6 multi-stage structured nanofiber membrane with high filtration performance for oily particles

ABSTRACT Oily particles pollution poses a tremendous threat to people’s health, so it is urgent to develop air filtration materials with the ability of removing fine oily particles effectively. In this study, a nylon 6 multi-stage structured nanofiber membrane (PA6 MSNM) for effective air filtration of fine oily particles was designed and fabricated by adding a certain amount of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAHP) via one-step electrospinning. The PA6 MSNMs were composed of coarse trunk fibres and fine branching fibres. Benefiting from the properties of small pore size and high porosity, the resulting PA6 MSNMs exhibited high average filtration efficiency of 99.80% for oily aerosol particles of 0.20–4.59 μm, a low pressure drop of 251 Pa, and the high quality factor of 0.0248 Pa−1. More importantly, its filtration efficiencies for oily aerosol particles of 0.25 and 0.30 μm were up to 99.99% and 100.00%, respectively. It is expected that the multi-stage electrospun nanofiber membranes would have wide application prospects in air filtration, particularly for filtering oily particles.

Effect of Ion Species on Quinoxaline Reaction and Its Application in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Quinoxaline (Q) is an excellent candidate for anolyte active materials in nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NRFBs) because of its high solubility, low‐reaction potential, and two transfer electrons in organic solvents. However, systematic and in‐depth studies on the electrochemical performance of Q under nonaqueous conditions are still needed. Herein, a systematical study is conducted on the effect of ion species on Q reaction in nonaqueous solvent acetonitrile through a combination of electrochemical measurements and theoretical analysis. In accordance with the rotating disk electrode analysis, the diffusion coefficients of Q under Na+ and tetrabutylammonium (TBA)+ conditions reach 5.031 × 10−6 and 8.563 × 10−6 cm2 s−1, respectively, and the kinetic rate constants are 7.81 × 10−3 and 4.76 × 10−3 cm s−1, respectively. According to in situ UV–vis analysis, Q presents the best electrochemical reversibility under tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) and a low‐reaction potential of −1.98 V versus Ag/Ag+, making it a very promising anolyte active material. By coupling with the 1,4‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,5‐bis (2‐methoxyethoxy)benzene (DBBMEB) catholyte, the DBBMEB‐Q NRFB, which the battery voltage reaches above 2.5 V under both Na+ and TBA+ conditions, is demonstrated. The methodology adopted in this work provides a design method for the high‐voltage and high‐energy‐density redox flow batteries.

Synthesis of high-quality graphene by electrochemical anodic and cathodic co-exfoliation method

Large-scale preparation of high-quality graphene nanosheets at low cost is critical for advancing its industrial applications. Here we propose a fast electrochemical anode and cathode co-exfoliation method to synthesize high-yield solution-processable graphene. The chosen tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate molecule, with superior electrochemical stability and oxygen-free feature, could efficiently enable simultaneous anion and cation intercalation while suppressing structural damage from anodic oxidation, resulting in minimally destructive exfoliation and high-efficiency graphene synthesis. After accurately regulating the intercalation chemistry, high-yield graphene (75% and 92% for anode and cathode, respectively) with uniform thickness distribution (>75%, 1–3 layers) was obtained. Meanwhile, as-prepared graphene has ultralow defect density (ID/IG < 0.052), significantly high C/O ratio (>46.6) and exceptional electrical conductivity (>4 × 104 S m−1). Remarkably, record high production rates (over 100 g h−1) are achieved in up-scaled fabrication process, and such graphene quality and exfoliation efficiency outperform most previously reported research. Furthermore, the graphene based flexible supercapacitor exhibits a high area capacitance of 95 mF cm−2, excellent rate capability, cycling performance with 99% after 10,000 cycles and robust mechanical flexibility. This efficient and scalable process will promote the mass production of high-quality graphene, which offers great potential applications in wearable electronics.

Dual-emissive carbonized polymer dots for the ratiometric fluorescence imaging of singlet oxygen in living cells

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a type of reactive oxygen species (ROS), playing a vital role in the physiological and pathophysiological processes. Specific probes for monitoring intracellular 1O2 still remain challenging. In this study, we develop a ratiometric fluorescent probe for the real-time intracellular detection of 1O2 using o-phenylenediamine-derived carbonized polymer dots (o-PD CPDs). The o-PD CPDs possessing dual-excitation-emission properties (blue and yellow fluorescence) were successfully synthesized in a two-phase system (water/acetonitrile) using an ionic liquid tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate as a supporting electrolyte through the electrolysis of o-PD. The o-PD CPDs can act as a photosensitizer to produce 1O2 upon white LED irradiation, in turn, the generated 1O2 selectively quenches the yellow emission of the o-PD CPDs. This quenching behavior is ascribed to the specific cycloaddition reaction between 1O2 and alkene groups in the polymer scaffolds on o-PD CPDs. The interior carbon core can be a reliable internal standard since its blue fluorescence intensity remains unchanged in the presence of 1O2. The ratiometric response of o-PD CPDs is selective toward 1O2 against other ROS species. The developed o-PD CPDs have been successfully applied to monitor the 1O2 level in the intracellular environment. Furthermore, in the inflammatory neutrophil cell model, o-PD CPDs can also detect the 1O2 and other ROS species such as hypochlorous acid after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced inflammation. Through the dual-channel fluorescence imaging, the ratiometric response of o-PD CPDs shows great potential for detecting endogenous and stimulating 1O2in vivo.

Improving the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cell through tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate post-treatment assisted top surface defect passivation

Interface defects hinder the further development of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cell (PSC). Herein, a strategy that by using tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAH) to passivate the top surface defects of perovskite film is proposed. The testing results demonstrate that TBAH can be evenly distributed on perovskite film, effectively passivate Pb 2+ defects on top surface. At the same time, the long alkyl chains in TBAH can prevent the perovskite layer from being damaged by water to a certain extent. Eventually, both the efficiency and stability of PSC are improved. The PCEs of small-size PSCs (0.09 cm 2 ) increase from 20.0% for the reference device to 22.0% for device with TBAH treatment, and the 1 cm 2 TBAH treated PSC obtains a PCE of 20.5%. What's more, after 700 h aging test in ambient air condition (65 °C, 45–50% relative humidity), the TBAH treated PSC still retains 80% of the initial PCE. • Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAH) is selected as passivation agent. • TBAH effectively passivate Pb 2+ defects and enhance the hydrophobicity of film. • TBAH post-treatment greatly improved the efficiency and stability of solar cell.

Electrochemical study of the redox processes of elemental sulfur in organic solvents using poly (3,4-ethylene-dioxy-thiophene) modified glassy carbon electrodes as working electrodes and ionic liquids as electrolytes

The commercial use of Lithium-sulfur batteries has been limited by their short service life due to the shuttle effect of polysulfides, which is due to the transport of polysulfides towards the anode and the formation of highly resistive deposits that passivate the electrodes. This problem can be solved by decreasing the transport of these species from the cathode to the anode and simultaneously improving the kinetics of electron transfer reactions. This work studies by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic and ac voltammetry the redox reactions of elemental sulfur in either acetonitrile (CH3CN) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) using as a working electrode either pristine glassy carbon (GC) or GC modified with a thin film of poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (GC-PEDOT) as working electrodes. Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6), 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]) and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate ([Bmim][OTf]) were investigated as electrolytes. It was found that the kinetics of the first reduction reaction of S8 on GC is much faster in CH3CN than in DMSO and when [Bmim][OTf] is used as an electrolyte. On the other hand, it was found that PEDOT is electrocatalytic for the first reduction reaction of elemental sulfur. Finally, by encapsulating the sulfur in PEDOT it is possible to increase the retention of the sulfur species inside PEDOT upon redox cycling if pure ionic liquids are used as electrolytes.

Tetraalkylammonium and phosphonium salt for asphaltene dispersion; experimental studies on interaction mechanisms

Asphaltenes deposition is one of the most severe problems in the petroleum industry, imposing high costs on oil producer companies. The use of chemical dispersants reduces the risk of asphaltene deposition. For this purpose, a variety of chemicals with different structures and functional groups were designed and synthesized. Organic quaternary salts, such as ionic liquids, have been widely used to control asphaltene deposition over the last two decades, but the mechanism of their interaction with asphaltene has not been studied in detail. In this study, the interaction of ten commercial quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts with asphaltene molecules was investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. It was observed that the size, shape, and hydrophobicity of their cations or anions play an essential role in the dispersion of asphaltene aggregations. The results showed that the interaction of these quaternary salts is strongly influenced by the hydrophobic nature of the salt, and salts with more hydrophobic cations and anions, such as tetrabutylammonium iodide, tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, can better disperse asphaltene aggregations. The results also revealed that the role of anions such as iodide, and hexafluorophosphate in the dispersion of asphaltene aggregates is more important than cations. In addition, the results showed that except for tetramethylammonium bromide, the efficiency of the salts was increased with increasing concentration.

Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides and TiO2 Supported Metal Nanoparticles for Electrocatalysis

AbstractIn the present work, solution‐phase synthesis was employed to prepare two sets of catalysts with different transition metals as active sites. One set contained Au or Pd supported on TiO2 (Au−TiO2, Pd−TiO2), whereas the other set contained layered double hydroxides (NiFe‐LDH and CuFe‐LDH). The electrocatalytic performance of these composite materials was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) using a model compound 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP). Composite materials were characterized by various analytical techniques to gain insight into the catalysts active sites. The morphology and structure of the prepared samples were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission scanning electron microscope, and field emission scanning electron microscope. Metal nanoparticles loading on TiO2 was measured by inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry. CV measurements were performed in acetonitrile solution containing 0.1 m tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) and 1 mm 4‐NP. Among all dioxides (Au−TiO2, Pd−TiO2) and hydroxides (NiFe‐LDH and CuFe‐LDH) studied, Pd−TiO2 shows the lowest onset potential (−0.32 V vs. Ag/AgCl) for the electrocatalytic reduction of 4‐NP. This is the first comparative study of such materials for 4‐NP electrocatalysis in aprotic solvent, thus demonstrating the suitability of dioxide and hydroxide based materials as electrocatalysts.

Multidimensional Function Upgradation of All‐Inorganic CsPbIBr2 Perovskite Film by Doping an Ionic Additive for Carbon–Electrode‐Based Solar Cells

All‐inorganic CsPbIBr2 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) recently demonstrated great superiority for application in tandem and semitransparent photovoltaics because of their excellent phase stability. However, compared to state‐of‐the‐art PSCs, the inferior film quality is harmful for the photovoltaic performance improvement. Herein, a novel ionic additive, tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6), is employed to improve the all‐inorganic CsPbIBr2 perovskite film quality and passivate detrimental defects. By assembly into carbon–electrode‐based solar cells, a champion efficiency as high as 10.57% is achieved, which is much higher than that of a control device with 8.30% efficiency, mainly attributed to the suppressed non‐radiative recombination. More importantly, the presence of alkyl chains and fluorine atoms in TBAPF6 significantly increases the hydrophobicity of perovskite films and therefore improves the long‐term stability under harsh conditions without encapsulation.

High‐Efficiency Air‐Processed Si‐Based Perovskite Light‐Emitting Devices via PMMA‐TBAPF6 Co‐Doping

AbstractThe preparation of high‐efficiency perovskite light‐emitting devices (PeLEDs) in the air‐ambient has always been a challenge. Herein, the authors propose a Si‐based near‐infrared air‐processed PeLED through the anti‐solvent engineering. Two materials, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) are co‐doped into the anti‐solvent, the former protects the perovskite from degradation in a high‐humidity atmosphere, and the latter passivates the defects on perovskite surface and increases the conductivity. Through the anti‐solvent engineering, the efficiency of PeLEDs has been significantly enhanced and obtains a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 10.4%, which is the highest among similar devices. This work shows that it is possible to prepare high‐efficiency near‐infrared PeLEDs in air‐ambient through a simple method.

Trinuclear Nickel Catalyst for Water Oxidation: Intramolecular Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Triggered Trimetallic Cooperative O–O Bond Formation

Trinuclear Nickel Catalyst for Water Oxidation: Intramolecular Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Triggered Trimetallic Cooperative O–O Bond Formation

Polypyrrole Polyethylene Composite for Controllable Linear Actuators in Different Organic Electrolytes.

Controllable linear actuation of polypyrrole (PPy) is the envisaged goal where only one ion dominates direction (here anions) in reversible redox cycles. PPy with polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate forms PPy-PEO/DBS films (PPy-PEO), which are applied in propylene carbonate (PC) solvent with electrolytes such as 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EDMICF3SO3), sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) and compared in their linear actuation properties with pristine PPy/DBS samples. PPy-PEO showed for all applied electrolytes that only expansion at oxidation appeared in cyclic voltammetric studies, while pristine PPy/DBS had mixed-ion actuation in all electrolytes. The electrolyte TBAPF6-PC revealed for PPy-PEO best results with 18% strain (PPy/DBS had 8.5% strain), 2 times better strain rates, 1.8 times higher electronic conductivity, 1.4 times higher charge densities and 1.5 times higher diffusion coefficients in comparison to PPy/DBS. Long-term measurements up to 1000 cycles at 0.1 Hz revealed strain over 4% for PPy-PEO linear actuators, showing that combination of PPy/DBS with PEO gives excellent material for artificial muscle-like applications envisaged for smart textiles and soft robotics. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed PEO content in PPy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of PPy samples revealed 1.3 times higher ion conductivity of PPy-PEO films in PC solvent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate morphologies of PPy samples, and EDX spectroscopy was conducted to determine ion contents of oxidized/reduced films.

A new electrochromic copolymer composed of 4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c] [,,]thiadiazole and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene.

A new electrochromic copolymer based on 4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c] [1,2,5]thiadiazole and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene was successfully obtained via the electrochemical polymerization method in the medium of electrolyte solution, which consists of 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate and dichloromethane. In order to compare the electrochemical and chemical properties of the copolymer, the benzothiodiazole derivative and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomers, which are parts of the copolymer, are electrochemically polymerized, separately in the same environment and concentration with the copolymer. Poly(4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole) (P(TBT)) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymers were obtained. Before starting the electrochemical synthesis, the initial oxidation potentials of the monomers that form the copolymer were compared via the cyclic voltammeter method in this solvent electrolyte medium. Then, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical characterizations of electrochemically synthesized polymers and copolymers were performed. New copolymer shows metallic blue and centaury blue in its neutral and oxidized states, respectively with a low band gap of 1.32 eV. Moreover, the copolymer has a 59% optical contrast and high coloration efficiency (324 cm2C-1) at 585 nm with a switching time of 2.2 s.

Stable Diarylamine-Substituted Tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl Radicals: One-Step Synthesis, Near-Infrared Emission, and Redox Chemistry

Stable Diarylamine-Substituted Tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl Radicals: One-Step Synthesis, Near-Infrared Emission, and Redox Chemistry