Results Of Tests Research Articles

In-vitro & In-vivo Studies on Antimicrobial and Plant Growth Promoting Efficacy of Fluorescent Pseudomonads

Aims: Excessive use of chemical fungicides cause environmental pollution and its residual effects are deleterious for human and animal consumption. So, application of biological control agents in IDM is an ecofriendly complement to manage the diseases as well as to protect the environment. PGPRs are free living microorganisms which have antimicrobial properties as well as exert beneficial effects to plant growth. Study Design: This present study has been designed to identify potential indigenous fluorescent Pseudomonads strains from different crop ecosystems under Eastern Gangetic plains of West Bengal. Study of Plant growth promoting properties and antimicrobial properties were done under both in-vitro and in vivo condition. Place and Duration of Study: Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, Duration 03years Methodology: Under this experiment 22 bacterial isolates were isolated and purified from different rhizosphere. Isolates were identified based on different biochemical test like catalase, oxidase activity, citrate utilization. The major plant growth promoting properties like P, K and Zn solubilisation efficiency were tested. In-vitro antimicrobial properties were also tested like HCN production, Volatile and non volatile compounds production etc. Based on in-vitro performance, best performing isolate was selected for in-vivo in Lentil against Stemphylium botryosum, a major disease causing fungi of lentil. IDM practice was done in three stages like Seed treatment, Prophylactic spray and Therapeutic spray and three lentil variety WBL 77(Maitree), Pusa Ageti and MN12 were used. Results: Most of the isolates showed positive result in biochemical tests and performed well i.r.o. PGP properties and antimicrobial properties. In field trial UBPF5 gave a promising result. PF5 isolate was identified through 16S rRNA based molecular method and sample showed 99.25% similarity with Pseudomonas gessardii based on nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis. In comparison to different combination of treatments cuprous chloride as seed treatment, Pseudomonas sp. as prophylactic spray and for therapeutic purpose Boscalid + Pyroclostrobin were found mostly efficient in respect of disease incidence as well as plant growth and yield. Prophylactic spray with Pseudomonas sp. in combination with biological seed treatment and therapeutic application of fungicide has resulted in 26-38% reduction in disease incidence and 28-32% increment in yield. Conclusion: So, use of PGPR in combination with chemical fungicides is an eco-friendly tool to manage plant diseases in a sustainable manner.

Clinical profiles and related factors in tuberculosis patients with positive sputum smear mycobacterium tuberculosis tests

The aim of this study was to explore the related factors linked to the development and infectivity of tuberculosis. This was achieved by comparing the clinical characteristics of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) who tested positive in smear Mycobacterium tuberculosis tests with this who tested negative in smear mycobacterium tests but positive in sputum Gene Xpert tests. We gathered clinical data of 1612 recently hospitalized patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis who tested positive either in sputum Gene-Xpert test or sputum smear Mycobacterium tuberculosis tests. The data was collected from January 1, 2018 to August 5, 2023, at Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital. We conducted separately analyzes and comparisons of the clinical characteristics between the two groups of patients, aiming to discussed the related factors influencing the development and infectivity of tuberculosis. In comparison to the GeneXpert positive group, the sputum smear positive group exhibited a higher proportion of elderly patients (aged 75–89) and individuals classified as underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2). Furthermore, this group was more prone to experiencing symptoms such as weight loss, coughing and sputum production, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing. Moreover, they are also more likely to develop extrapulmonary tuberculosis, such as tuberculous meningitis, tuberculous pleurisy, and tuberculous peritonitis. These clinical features, when present, not only increase the likelihood of a positive result in sputum smear tests but also suggest a high infectivity of pulmonary tuberculosis. Elderly individuals (aged 75 to 89) who are underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), display symptom of cough, expectoration, hemoptysis and dyspnea-particularly cough and expectoration-and those with extra pulmonary tuberculosis serve as indicators of highly infectious pulmonary tuberculosis patients. These patients may present with more severe condition, carrying a higher bacteria, and being more prone to bacterial elimination. Identification of these patients is crucial, and prompt actions such as timely and rapid isolation measures, cutting off transmission routes, and early empirical treatment of tuberculosis are essential to control the development of the disease.

Comparison Between Results of Quench Simulation and Tests of a 13 T REBCO Coil in a Strong Background Magnetic Field

Comparison Between Results of Quench Simulation and Tests of a 13 T REBCO Coil in a Strong Background Magnetic Field

Powering Tests Results of the First Batch of MCBXFB Magnets Produced in Industry

Powering Tests Results of the First Batch of MCBXFB Magnets Produced in Industry

Inhibition of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase promotes endothelium-to-mesenchymal transition and exacerbates doxorubicin-induced cardiovascular toxicity

BackgroundDoxorubicin (DOX) is a potent chemotherapy widely used in treating various neoplastic diseases. However, the clinical use of DOX is limited due to its potential toxic effect on the cardiovascular system. Thus, identifying the pathway involved in this toxicity may help minimize chemotherapy risk and improve cancer patients’ quality of life. Recent studies suggest that Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and endothelial toxicity contribute to the pathogenesis of DOX-induced cardiovascular toxicity. However, the molecular mechanism is yet unknown. Given that arachidonic acid and associated cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase have been involved in endothelial and cardiovascular function, we aimed to examine the effect of suppressing CYP epoxygenases on DOX-induced EndMT and cardiovascular toxicity in vitro and in vivo.Methods and ResultsTo test this, human endothelial cells were treated with DOX, with or without CYP epoxygenase inhibitor, MSPPOH. We also investigated the effect of MSPPOH on the cardiovascular system in our zebrafish model of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Our results showed that MSPPOH exacerbated DOX-induced EndMT, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in our endothelial cells. Furthermore, we also show that MSPPOH increased cardiac edema, lowered vascular blood flow velocity, and worsened the expression of EndMT and cardiac injury markers in our zebrafish model of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.ConclusionOur data indicate that a selective CYP epoxygenase inhibitor, MSPPOH, induces EndMT and endothelial toxicity to contribute to DOX-induced cardiovascular toxicity.

An Identification Method for Anomaly Types of Active Distribution Network Based on Data Mining

With the increasing penetration of distributed generators (DGs) and the growing demand for reliable power sources, it has become imperative to promptly identify anomalies in active distribution networks (ADNs). Additionally, anomaly identification is also crucial to assisting in targeting maintenance to handle failures after the action of relay protections. This study presents a highly accurate and rapidly responsive approach to identifying anomalies in ADNs. The proposed method uses three layers of intricately interconnected modules. In the first module, an iterative clustering layer is devised to process the original data. In the second module, an association rule layer is designed to identify hidden patterns based on the types of anomalies and the post-fault voltage. In the third module, a regression training layer is employed to train accurate identification models. The case study utilizes data samples collected by an IEEE 33-bus system with distributed generations as well as post-fault data from a practical distribution network. The results of comparative tests demonstrate that the proposed data-mining structure achieves reliable performance with high identification accuracy and short reaction times, indicating its ability to be applied to the state awareness system of ADNs.

Penicillin allergy-Truth or duty?

The beta-lactam antibiotics are some of the safest and best-tolerated antibiotic agents; however, many patients have reported allergies against penicillin. All beta-lactam antibiotics are only restrictively prescribed for these patients and alternative antibiotics are increasingly given, which carries the risk of negative clinical results and socioeconomic sequelae; however, over 95% of patients who reported an allergy to penicillin show anegative result in the allergy tests for penicillin and this antibiotic can safely be prescribed. The use of sensitive and specific instruments for identification of false penicillin allergies should be an important topic within the framework of antibiotic stewardship. Anesthesists can play acentral role in the reduction of the enormous individual and public health burden associated with the classification of penicillin allergy by taking an appropriate medical history and arisk stratification for the identification of patients with apenicillin allergy. This overview article presents apossible delabelling algorithm within the framework of the clarification of abeta-lactam antibiotic allergy. The focus is on astructured allergy anamnesis using the penicillin allergy, five or fewer years ago, anaphylaxis/angioedema, severe cutaneous adverse reaction (SCAR) and treatment required for allergy episode (PEN-FAST) score.

Hybrid developmental follow-up for preterm infants in Brazil: A feasibility study

IntroductionThe low attendance of families in child developmental follow-up programs for at-risk preterm children is a challenge in Brazil. ObjectiveThis study evaluates the feasibility of implementing a developmental follow-up program for Brazilian preterm infants in a hybrid format. MethodsThis is an observational, prospective cohort study, involving preterm infants. Longitudinal developmental test results, the participation frequency in the program, and the number of referrals to early intervention programs were used to assess feasibility. The General Movements (GMs) assessment, Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and, Survey of Wellbeing of Young Children (SWYC) Milestones were administered via telehealth. The Bayley-III was administered in-person. ResultsThirty-four preterm infants attended the follow-up until 12 months of corrected age and 18 (52.9 %) concluded all follow-up assessments. Twenty-six (76.5 %) attended all assessments via telehealth, and 26 (76.5 %) attended the in-person assessment. Eighteen (52.9 %) infants showed at least one altered result in development tests. Infants exhibiting abnormal results in the GMs assessment, motor developmental delay according to the AIMS, or developmental delay based on Balley-III were promptly referred to early intervention services. ConclusionThis study demonstrated high participation rate and low dropout in a developmental follow-up program employing a hybrid format. The substantial number of identified infants with developmental delay emphasizes the importance of timely detection of motor delays to referral to early intervention services.

MG132 dramatically reduces SAA expression in chicken hepatocellular carcinoma cells at the transcript level independent of its endogenous promoter

BackgroundMG132, a proteasome inhibitor, is widely used to inhibit nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activity by proteasome-mediated degradation of IκB. It has been marketed as a specific, reversible, cell-permeable and low-cost inhibitor. However, adverse effects of the compound have been reported in the literature. We recently discovered and characterised a point mutation in the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) in chickens, by overexpressing the protein in chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cells. This serine to arginine exchange at amino acid position 90 (SAA.R90S) leads to intra- and extracellular accumulation of SAA, which is surprisingly counteracted by MG132 treatment, independent of SAA’s intrinsic promoter.Methods and ResultsTo test, whether low proteasomal degradation of SAA.R90S is responsible for the observed intra- and extracellular SAA accumulation, we intended to inhibit the proteasome in SAA wild type (SAA.WT) overexpressing cells with MG132. However, we observed an unexpected drastic decrease in SAA protein expression at the transcript level. NF-κB gene expression was unchanged by MG132 at the measured time point.ConclusionsThe observed results demonstrate that MG132 inhibits SAA expression at the transcript level, independent of its endogenous promoter. Further, the data might indicate that NF-κB is not involved in the observed MG132-induced inhibition of SAA expression. We, consequently, question in this brief report whether MG132 should truly be categorised as a specific ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor and recommend the usage of alternative compounds.

Tailoring thin film composite membranes for clean water production: A study on structural variations and predictive insights using machine learning

This study focuses on the fabrication of three thin film composite membranes by interfacial polymerization on polyacrylonitrile support. The objective is to explore the influence of different monomers on structural and functional features of resultant membranes for treating saline water and removing micropollutants. A new linear aliphatic amine 4A–2E was used as an aqueous monomer for the first time. Trimesoyl chloride, isophthaloyl chloride, and terephthaloyl chloride were used as organic phase crosslinkers. The resulting membranes exhibited distinctive structural features such as varied roughness and hydrophilicity, which correlated with their functional performance. The membrane roughness for 4A–2E-TPC@PAN/PET reached the highest value of Ra = 56 nm among the fabricated membranes. Moreover, permeate flux of 32, 56, and 49 L m−2 h−1 at 25 bar was measured for 4A–2E-TPC@PAN/PET, 4A–2E-IPC@PAN/PET, and 4A–2E-TMC@PAN/PET, respectively. Notably, 4A–2E-TPC@PAN/PET membrane exhibited 98% rejection of MgCl2 among the tested divalent salts. Furthermore, the membrane displayed high rejections of micropollutants, with 85% rejection for Amitriptyline. Upon chlorine exposure, the 4A–2E-TPC@PAN/PET membrane proved more resistant than both 4A–2E-IPC@PAN/PET and 4A–2E-TMC@PAN/PET membranes. Machine learning predictive insight was developed using Matérn Gaussian Process Regression model to simulate flux before and after chlorination of membranes. The results in both training and testing proved reliable predictive insight with 99% accuracy in terms of Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency. Hence, current work highlights the use of a linear amine 4A–2E and TPC crosslinker to fabricate a dense polyamide membrane and the application of ML algorithms to desalination data makes it possible to predict the membrane performance.

The Evaluation of Neuroprotective Effect of Nigella sativa Linn Seed Using Zebrafish Model

Naturally occurring materials that can serve as preservatives in foodstuffs are substances found in their composition. Nigella sativa Linn, a member of the Ranunculaceae family, is a widely recognized medicinal herb with global usage. For centuries, N. sativa L., seeds have been employed to address various ailments and health issues. In behavioral research, the bioactive compound derived from N. sativa L., namely Kaempferol 3-(2-galloyl-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside), has gained significant attention. The escalating prevalence of Alzheimer's disease among elderly individuals worldwide necessitates exploration beyond traditional mammalian and rodent models. This has led to the adoption of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a unique model organism in biomedical research, behavior analysis and human disorders. Experiments involving scopolamine-induced T-maze, escape, place preference and bite tests have strongly suggested that behavior in zebrafish is governed by conserved regulatory processes. The results of the behavior tests demonstrated that N. sativa L., enhances learning and memory, which was otherwise affected by scopolamine treatment. Notably, a thorough analysis of histoarchitecture revealed no adverse effects of Kaempferol 3-(2-galloyl-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside), which might be a promising therapeutic option for such a multi-factorial Alzheimer's disease.

Aspects Affecting the Quality of Masonry Buildings and Innovations in Masonry

The construction industry is undergoing another revolution, including the field of masonry construction. New materials and products for masonry are constantly being developed and construction details and implementation procedures are being resolved. Digitization and the introduction of automation in the masonry process (in prefabrication halls or on-site robotic bricklaying) are also an integral part of the development of the masonry construction industry. The topic of the following paper is a summary of problematic construction details of masonry buildings, i.e., the solution of the plinth console, the solution of the building opening, the bearing of lintels on the masonry and the bearing of the ceiling structure on the masonry wall. The results of laboratory tests are presented – the load-bearing capacity of the jamb of the building opening (accessory bricks / cut bricks in the jamb) and the load-bearing capacity of the lintel placed on the accessory edge brick. Furthermore, the paper deals with the construction of masonry buildings in the 21st century, including the first results of a compressive load test on masonry walls made of precast small-format units. The conclusion of the paper points out the importance of correct design details of masonry buildings before their application (programming) in software controlling the automated masonry process.

Performance test results of a helium Dewar for the Resolve instrument onboard the XRISM

The X-ray imaging and spectroscopy mission (XRISM) is an X-ray astronomy satellite developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to explore the evolution of the universe and its physical phenomena as the replacement for ASTRO-H. One of the primary scientific instruments of the XRISM is the Resolve, which utilizes an X-ray microcalorimeter array. This detector array is required to be cooled down to 50 mK using a complex cryogenic system with a multistage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) developed by NASA and a cryogenic system developed by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. (SHI). The cryogenic system is required to cool the heat sink of the ADR to a temperature below 1.5 K in orbit for at least 3 years. To meet the specific requirements, we developed a hybrid cryogenic system consisting of a liquid helium tank, a 4K Joule–Thomson cooler, and two two-stage Stirling coolers. As a result, the specific requirements were verified by ground tests. This paper describes the design, including the major changes from ASTRO-H, fabrication, and results of the ground tests of the helium Dewar of the Resolve instrument.

The impact of students’ individual differences on their communication apprehension in online classrooms: Empirical evidence from Iran

Hybrid learning is currently practiced in Iran’s Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), especially throughout the country’s business schools. Given the importance of Communication Apprehension (CA) as an inhibiting factor in student participation in online classrooms, this study aims to investigate CA in online classes among MBA students studying at the seven most prestigious Iranian business schools concerning their individual differences (the Big Five personality traits and demographic variables, namely, gender, year of study, and work experience). In this quantitative study, data was gathered through an online survey and analyzed using LISREL 8.80. The results indicate that extraversion and agreeableness negatively predict Communication Participation Avoidance (CPA) and Low Level of Communication Confidence (LCC) in an online class. While “neuroticism” predicts LCC and CPA positively and significantly, “conscientiousness” and “openness to experience” do not predict CA dimensions. The results demonstrate that the mean scores of LCC are higher for female students compared with male ones. The results of ANOVA tests also reveal that LCC is higher among first-year students. Finally, the accumulation of work experience reduces CA.

Pengaruh Pemberian Hipnotis Lima Jari Terhadap Ansietas Pada Lansia Hipertensi di Wisma Assisi Kota Sukabumi

Pengaruh Pemberian Hipnotis Lima Jari Terhadap Ansietas Pada Lansia Hipertensi di Wisma Assisi Kota Sukabumi

A Novel Approach for Single-Step Analyte Fractionation of Raw Milk Prior to Antibiotic Residue Trace Analysis as an Alternative to QuEchERS-Based Extraction.

Antibiotic residues in milk are a well-known hazard in the dairy food chain. Detection methods for these residues, such as nonspecific microbiological inhibitor tests or group-specific receptor tests, are relatively inexpensive, easy to use, and widely applied to ensure food safety. In contrast, specific detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-although a critical, complimentary method to confirm the results of nonspecific testing-is relatively costly, time-consuming, and laborious. Furthermore, sample processing before LC-MS/MS analysis requires unique preparation procedures for different groups of antibiotic compounds. To simplify and speed up specific antibiotic residue detection, a low-cost, passive, and single-step method to fractionate analytes in raw milk was developed. Untreated raw milk was fractionated into its water and fat/protein phases using a Fractionation of Milk for Trace Analysis of Contaminants and Residues for Antibiotics (FraMiTrACR® AB) fractionation unit. The water fraction was then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The analyte fractionation method was evaluated against a Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS)-based method for sample preparation. Our method allows qualitative and quantitative detection of substances from the penicillin, cephalosporin, macrolide, lincosamide, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone groups of antibiotics. Detection limits are below the legally prescribed maximum residue levels, allowing reliable, specific, and rapid validation of a positive result in nonspecific microbiological inhibitor tests. Analyte fractionation by FraMiTrACR AB is a faster alternative to QuEChERS-based sample preparation for the detection of antibiotic substances in milk. This method describes a low-cost, environmentally friendly, passive, and single-step milk analyte fractionation. As an alternative to QuEChERS-based preparation, this fractionation method simplifies and speeds up the process for specific antibiotic residue detection.

Multiscale modulation of ultra-small ruthenium anchored on bimetallic sulfides for seawater electrolysis at ampere-level current density

Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts is the critical challenge for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from seawater electrolysis. The design of catalysts for seawater HER needs to consider not only high intrinsic activity determined by the electronic structure, but also favorable mass transfer at the catalyst's surface. Herein, a unique nanoarray hybrid heterojunction consisting of ultra-small Ru nanoparticle (NPs) decorated on the surface of NiMo bimetallic sulfides (NiMoSx) is proposed. This Ru/NiMoSx heterostructure delivers an ampere-level current density of 1.0 A cm−2 at an overpotential of only 208 mV in alkaline seawater, which is far superior to the performance of commercial Pt/C. In situ spectroscopy and electronic structural analysis demonstrate that the atom-level synergy between Ru NPs and NiMoSx heterostructure makes the electron transfer from Ru to Ni/Mo, weakening the interaction of Ru and H atom, eventually facilitating the H desorption. Also, the results of contact angle tests and simulation calculations reveal that the micro-level modulation of nanoarray structure favors the diffusion of electrolyte and bubble, ensuring rapid mass transfer and exposing multiple active sites. With the multiscale modulation including optimized electronic structure and fast mass transfer, both H2 generation and transportation for Ru/NiMoSx are all prompted, thus leading to outstanding seawater HER performance.

Impact of glyphosate-based herbicide exposure through maternal milk on offspring's antioxidant status, neurodevelopment, and behavior.

Glyphosate-based Herbicide (GBH) is a widely used pesticide that functions as a broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide. Despite advanced research to describe the neurotoxic potential of GBH, the harmful effects on maternal behavior and neurodevelopment of offspring remain unclear. This study was conducted to highlight the effects of GBH on the antioxidant system, anxiety traits, social interaction, and cognitive and sensorimotor functions in pups exposed to 25 or 50mg/l daily via their mother's milk. Concerning the biochemical biomarkers, GBH administered during the early stages of development negatively affected the status of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the brain structures of the pups. Furthermore, our results showed a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) specific activity within the brains of treated pups. The results of the behavioral tests indicated that the treated offspring developed anxiety, memory, and sociability disorders, as evidenced by the Open Field, Y-maze, object recognition task, and social interaction tests. Through neurodevelopmental testing, we also showed sensorimotor impairment (righting reflex and negative geotaxis) and abnormal maternal behavior. Altogether, our study clearly demonstrates that the developing brain is sensitive to GBH.

A hybrid feature selection algorithm combining information gain and grouping particle swarm optimization for cancer diagnosis.

Cancer diagnosis based on machine learning has become a popular application direction. Support vector machine (SVM), as a classical machine learning algorithm, has been widely used in cancer diagnosis because of its advantages in high-dimensional and small sample data. However, due to the high-dimensional feature space and high feature redundancy of gene expression data, SVM faces the problem of poor classification effect when dealing with such data. Based on this, this paper proposes a hybrid feature selection algorithm combining information gain and grouping particle swarm optimization (IG-GPSO). The algorithm firstly calculates the information gain values of the features and ranks them in descending order according to the value. Then, ranked features are grouped according to the information index, so that the features in the group are close, and the features outside the group are sparse. Finally, grouped features are searched using grouping PSO and evaluated according to in-group and out-group. Experimental results show that the average accuracy (ACC) of the SVM on the feature subset selected by the IG-GPSO is 98.50%, which is significantly better than the traditional feature selection algorithm. Compared with KNN, the classification effect of the feature subset selected by the IG-GPSO is still optimal. In addition, the results of multiple comparison tests show that the feature selection effect of the IG-GPSO is significantly better than that of traditional feature selection algorithms. The feature subset selected by IG-GPSO not only has the best classification effect, but also has the least feature scale (FS). More importantly, the IG-GPSO significantly improves the ACC of SVM in cancer diagnostic.

Enhancing Lead Passivation in Contaminated Soil: Impacts of the Chemical Modification of Oxygen-Containing Groups (OCGs) on the Surface of Hydrochar

ABSTRACT In this study, we selected walnut shell-derived pristine HC (pHC) and two modified derivatives obtained by oxidative and alkali treatments (designated mHC-O and mHC-A, respectively) to investigate the passivation performance of Pb(II) in contaminated soil. The yields of mHC-A and mHC-O were 70.58% and 95.38%, respectively, after posttreatment. According to the XPS, FTIR, and acidity titration results, the amounts of the three major OCGs (i.e. C−O, C=O, and O−C=O) all increased after H2O2 oxidation. Moreover, chemical modification fundamentally changed the structural characteristics of pHC. DTPA extraction tests indicated that the extractable Pb content after 30 days of incubation decreased by 13.60%, 19.32% and 14.53% at 7% (w/w) doses of HC, mHC-O and mHC-A, respectively, compared to that of the control. Furthermore, mHC-O was superior to pHC and mHC-A in terms of Pb passivation efficiency, which was consistent with the results of BCR sequential extraction and leaching tests using three root exudates. For mHC-O at the 7% dose, the contents of bioavailable Pb in the contaminated soil were 19.85 and 8.83 mg/kg based on DTPA leaching and BCR analysis, respectively, while they were 0.616, 0.564 and 0.07 mg/kg in the root exudate leaching tests of Ophiopogon japonicus, radish and spinach, respectively, indicating that the root exudate leaching method lowered the bioavailable Pb content compared to the DTPA and BCR methods. Overall, Oxidation posttreatment with HC could improve the passivation of Pb in contaminated soils.