Test For Equality Of Means Research Articles

Longitudinal assessment of sleep and fatigue according to baby feeding method in postpartum women: a prospective observational study

BackgroundPoor subjective sleep quality, depressive symptoms and fatigue occur frequently in postpartum. However, the dynamics of their respective associations from prepartum throughout the maternity period in function of baby feeding method have not been fully elucidated.MethodsProspective, longitudinal study using validated questionnaires probing for sleep quality, insomnia, fatigue and depressive symptoms at 35–37 weeks of gestation and at 2, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum in the obstetric departments of two Flemish hospitals. Somers’d ordinal correlation was used for correlations between the results of questionnaires (ratio variables) and the feeding method variable (an ordinal variable); T tests (normal data) or Mann Whitney (non normal data) tests for equality of means; ordinal regression (‘Proportional odds model’) to investigate the predictive value of parameters at one moment on the feeding method choice at a later moment; logistic regression to investigate the predictive value of parameters on later change of feeding method.Results188 women indicating a choice for either bottle or breastfeeding in prepartum (27–35 weeks’ gestation) were included. Higher fatigue assessed through the Fatigue Severity Scale within late pregnancy was moderately associated with primary bottle feeding choice. Fatigue decreased at early and late postpartum in bottle feeding (-0.38 ± 1.04; p = .110 and − 0.31 ± 1.01; p = .642 respectively), but remained unchanged from late pregnancy through early and late postpartum in breastfeeding (0.04 ± 1.21; p = .110 and − 0.27 ± 0.96; p = .642 respectively), resulting in similar fatigue in both feeding methods in early through late postpartum. There were no differences in sleep quality or insomnia symptoms at all time points. Presence of postpartum depressive symptoms were associated with early switching to bottle feeding (Somers’ d correlation 0.11 (p = .021).ConclusionsFatigue and depressive symptoms are inversely associated with breastfeeding initiation or maintenance and influence feeding method dynamics.

On sensitivity analysis for Fisher-Behrens comparisons of soil contaminants in Arica, Chile

. We developed a tailored statistical methodology to compare the contamination by chemical elements in soil of Arica, Chile in 2013 and 2014. We study the differences in the consecutive years 2013 and 2014 between arsenic, mercury, chromium, lead, and cadmium occurrence. The complicated aspect of such comparisons is that the heavy-tailed part of the distribution is mixing with the light-tailed distribution of the measurements and annual distributions of each element differ in their variances. We developed a novel sampling methodology based on the generalized Hill approach, which separates extreme values and the central part of the data. We perform a sensitivity analysis of the Fisher-Behrens test and investigate the effect of violation of homoscedasticity depending on the distributions of random samples. Those methods are useful for experimenters when testing for equality of means in sets with homoscedasticity.

Statistical Methods for Best and Worst Eye Measurements.

The focus is often on the best and worst eyes to detect early predictive and non-invasive biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy. Typically, such data have been dealt with in a case-control setting, which applies two-sample tests and ignores the correlation between the fellow eyes. Practitioners are mostly unaware that such measurements hide the labels of the fellow eyes, which rules out standard tools, such as paired t or signed-rank tests. This report discusses the problems with such data on best and worst eye measurements, and illustrates alternative paired tests for equality of means or locations using a case-control dataset. This report illustrates that methods which ignore the correlation between fellow eyes result in grossly conservative tests. A battery of Z-tests which consider this correlation can resolve this issue. This finding emphasizes the importance of selecting an appropriate control group for the detection of possible markers. Further, it cites an example to show that using data from fellow eyes and adjusting for their correlation may not always be the best option, contrary to common perception.

Intraoperative ICG-Fluorescence as a Method to Prevent Postoperative Strictures of Uretero-Ileal Anastomoses in Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy

Introduction. Radical cystectomy with urine diversion is recognized as the standard for the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. One of the dangerous complications in the postoperative period is the stricture of uretero-ileal anastomosis leading to hydroureteronephrosis, renal failure, and urosepsis. One of the factors in the development of the anastomotic stricture is ischemia. In order to reduce possible ischemic injury, the following manipulations are performed: careful treatment of tissues in the area of future anastomosis, preservation of periureteral adventitia, minimal mobilization of ureters before implantation into conduit. Intraoperative assessment of ureteral and intestinal tissue perfusion using ICG-fluorescence is a promising area. Materials and methods. The study enrolled 56 patients who underwent a robotic-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urine diversion from January 2021 to March 2022 at the Bashkir State Medical University Clinic. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (22 patients) underwent intraoperative ICG-imaging, and group 2 (34 patients) — imaging without fluorescence. The median follow-up period was 14 months for group 1 and 12 months for group 2. The comparison criteria between the groups were demographic indicators, perioperative outcomes (including 30- and 90-day complications), and the incidence of strictures of uretero-ileal anastomoses. The groups were compared using a test for equality of means and a test for sampling distributions. Results and discussion. No statistically significant differences between patients were reported during the time of surgery, estimated blood loss, and duration of hospital stay. No significant differences were also detected in the incidence of 30- and 90-day complications and the number of readmissions among patients in group 1 and group 2 (p = 0.477 and p = 0.089, respectively). The incidence of strictures of uretero-ileal anastomosis in group 1 demonstrated a statistically significant decrease, as compared with group 2 (0/34 [0 %] and 7/68 [10.3 %], p = 0.020). Conclusion. The ICG-fluorescence imaging to assess vascularization of the distal ureter during robotic-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urine diversion may reduce the risk of postoperative uretero-ileal anastomotic ischemic strictures.

Examining contagion effects between global crude oil prices and the Southeast Asian stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic

Many previous studies identify the contagion effect among various types of assets, defined as the increase in correlation of these assets during a financial or economic crisis. During the COVID-19 outbreak, a historic fall in global fuel demand and oil prices has been witnessed. Because crude oil has a strategic position among the export products of the Southeast Asian economies, even a tiny global oil price change leads to a plunge in these stock markets. This study addresses the spillovers of the volatility between the West Texas Intermediate crude oil prices and stock indices across six ASEAN emerging economies. Besides, the study examines whether a contagion connecting the global energy prices and these stock markets exists during the coronavirus pandemic. The empirical results are acquired by applying the Bayesian test for equality of means on the dynamic conditional correlations computed from DCC-GARCH models. The findings present positive volatility transmission from crude oil prices toward these emerging equity markets. During the health crisis, co-movements intensify, indicating the occurrence of contagion effects. The empirical results provide valid implications for policymakers and international investors because a precise volatility forecast is vital for managing portfolio risk. AcknowledgmentThis research is funded by University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Investigating Causality And Market Contagion During Periods Of Financial Distress And Its Implications

Purpose: A notable observation in the literature of financial markets is the debate on market contagion and causality. During periods of financial distress, global financial markets experience record low market prices partly due to the spread of fear. It was therefore necessary to investigate market contagions using causality relationships during periods of financial distress. Methodology: A unit root test, Granger causality and Test for equality of means was used as the blueprint. The sample periods where December 1, 2007 to June 30, 2009 and January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. Findings: Contrary to the perceptions that prevails in most stock markets during distress, there was little empirical evidence to support market contagions. Although very few markets are indeed related. Originality/Value: The implications of this study extends the efficient market hypothesis concept to market efficiency during periods of financial distress. It is evident that financial markets display greater efficiencies during periods of financial distress. This study is the first to investigate market contagion during periods of distress as per author’s knowledge.

Sex differences in CSF biomarkers profile of accelerated biological aging individuals at risk of Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundPrevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is higher in women than in men; however, underlying biological mechanisms remain unknown. Being aging the major risk factor for AD, sex dimorphism in biological aging could explain sex‐specific patterns of disease manifestation across the Alzheimer’s continuum. This study aimed to explore whether there are sex‐specific differences in specific biological pathways among individuals at accelerated or decelerated biological aging.MethodsThis study included 370 middle‐aged cognitively unimpaired participants at risk of AD from the Alzheimer’s and Families (ALFA) cohort (61.9% women). Telomere length (TL) was determined by qPCR from DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes [Figure 1A]. TL values were normalized by computing z‐scores. Delta‐age was calculated as the residuals from regressing TL z‐scores on chronological age separately in women and men. Accelerated and decelerated aging groups were defined as those individuals in the 10th and 90th percentiles of delta‐age, respectively [Figure 1B]. Aβ42, Aβ40, CCL2, p‐tau, t‐tau, NfL, neurogranin, SNAP25, GAP43, synaptotagmin1, sTREM2, YKL40, GFAP, S100B, IL6, sVCAM1, sICAM1, and α‐synuclein were measured in CSF. Biomarker measurements were performed using immunoassays (colorimetric ELISA, MSD, Elecsys®, Simoa and the exploratory Roche NeuroToolKit robust prototype assays) and mass spectrometry. Differences on CSF biomarkers levels were assessed using non‐parametric tests for equality of means. P‐values <0.05 were considered significant. Multiple comparisons corrections were performed.ResultsLevels of CSF t‐tau, p‐tau, GAP43 and α‐synuclein were significantly higher in accelerated aging females compared to males (q‐values = 0.030, 0.031, 0.022, 0.041, respectively) [Figure 1C]. These differences were not observed when comparing the whole sample of women and men. Intra sex‐specific differences showed that the cytokine CCL2 was significantly higher in men at accelerated aging compared to men at decelerated aging (p‐value = 0.028) [Figure 1D].ConclusionsAccelerated aging women present higher levels of CSF biomarkers for tau‐pathology and synaptic dysfunction compared to their male counterparts. Accelerated biological aging could be associated with neuroinflammatory processes in cognitively unimpaired men at risk of AD. Biological aging based on TL determination could provide useful insights in tracking sex‐specific patterns of disease progression across the AD continuum.

A comparative investigation of the activity of superoxide dismutase in patients with leukoplakia and healthy controls.

Oral leukoplakia has recently been re-defined as "a predominantly white lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be characterised as any other definable lesion". Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the enzymatic anti-oxidants which form the first line of defence in the cell. There are very limited data available on the analysis of SOD in leukoplakia patients. Therefore, the present study was planned to analyse anti-oxidant SOD levels in leukoplakia patients. The study group consisted of 29 subjects of oral leukoplakia, and the control group consisted of 25 healthy individuals. All the subjects were evaluated for SOD enzyme in plasma. The results for each determinant were calculated using one-way ANOVA test, Student 't' test, Pearson Chi square test, and 't' test for equality of means wherever applicable. The study revealed that among the different clinical entities of oral leukoplakia, the enzymatic anti-oxidant SOD is shown to have decreased in all forms of oral leukoplakia, but without any statistical significance. A statistically highly significant decrease (at P < 0.0001) of SOD in oral leukoplakia patients compared to normal healthy patients was observed in the present study. The study revealed a difference in the free-radical activity and oxidative stress in blood of leukoplakia patients compared to healthy patients, which is reflected by the variation in the levels of blood SOD, thus showing vulnerability to cellular damage and tendency towards further malignant changes.

The COVID-19 Pandemic: Capital Importation to Banking Business

This paper investigated the decline of capital importation to Nigeria and specifically banking business in Nigeria in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era and during the COVID-19 pandemic era. The investigation became necessary considering the high prevalence of the COVID-19 pandemic in most of the top countries with capital exportation into Nigeria and the sharp decline in the importation of capital. Bringing, liquidity and stability of the banking business into concern. Data on capital importation were extracted from the CBN Statistical Bulletin and analyzed using a test for equality of means with both the Anova and Welch F-tests. We found that there is statistically significant difference in the averages of the capital importation to the banking business and Nigeria as a whole between the two periods of concern. We recommend that this [the reduction in the capital importation] should be monitored intermittently to ensure survival, stability, liquidity and enhanced share premiums of the banks. Also, the regulating authorities should regulate towards promotion of liquidity and stability in the financial system by permitting certain policies to take effect, such as transforming from Plc. to HoldCo structure.

Manifold valued data analysis of samples of networks, with applications in corpus linguistics

Networks arise in many applications, such as in the analysis of text documents, social interactions and brain activity. We develop a general framework for extrinsic statistical analysis of samples of networks, motivated by networks representing text documents in corpus linguistics. We identify networks with their graph Laplacian matrices for which we define metrics, embeddings, tangent spaces and a projection from Euclidean space to the space of graph Laplacians. This framework provides a way of computing means, performing principal component analysis, regression, and carrying out hypothesis tests, such as for testing for equality of means between two samples of networks. We apply the methodology to the set of novels by Jane Austen and Charles Dickens.

Testing for equality of means with equal and unequal variances

In this paper, we are interested in comparing the conventional t –test with the proposed t – test for testing equality of means with unequal and equal variances. Here, we proposed harmonic mean of variances as an alternative to the pooled sample variance when there is heterogeneity of variances. Two sets of secondary data were obtained from Agricultural Development Project (KWADP) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Ilorin, Kwara State to demonstrate the two test statistics used and the results show that the proposed t – test statistic is found to be appropriate than the conventional t – test statistic when we have unequal variances but the conventional t – test perform better when we have equal variances.

Analyzing partially paired data: when can the unpaired portion(s) be safely ignored?

Partially paired data, either with incompleteness in one or both arms, are common in practice. For testing equality of means of two arms, practitioners often use only the portion of data with complete pairs and perform paired tests. Although such tests (referred as ‘naive paired tests’) are legitimate, their powers might be low as only partial data are utilized. The recently proposed ‘P-value pooling methods’, based on combining P-values from two tests, use all data, have reasonable type-I error control and good power property. While it is generally believed that ‘P-value pooling methods’ are superior to ‘naive paired tests’ in terms of power as the former use more data than the latter, no detailed power comparison has been done. This paper aims to compare powers of ‘naive paired tests’ and ‘P-value pooling methods’ analytically and our findings are counterintuitive, i.e. the ‘P-value pooling methods’ do not always outperform the naive paired tests in terms of power. Based on these results, we present guidance on how to select the best test for testing equality of means with partially paired data.

Study of micro-albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Recent studies showed that India has got large number of diabetic patients. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) develops in 30% to 40% of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in 10% to 20% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. An early sign of impending nephropathy is microalbuminuria. A total number of 90 samples were analyzed to study the microalbumin levels in 30 diabetic nephropathy patients, 30 diabetic patients without nephropathy and 30 healthy controls. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for all the parameters. The significance between the groups were determined using Student - test for Equality of means. The results show increase in mean concentration of microalbumin in diabetic nephropathy cases when compared to controls and was statistically highly significant (p Keywords: Micro albumin, Diabetic nephropathy, proteinuria, End Stage Renal Disease

Study of high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction: The Diabetes mellitus was characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The two broad categories of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes. The role of elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a risk marker for cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral arterial disease is well established through consistent results from a number of prospective studies. More recent data suggest that hs-CRP is superior to other markers of inflammation for risk evaluation. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted over a period of one year on outpatients attending the General Medicine Department at Narayana General Hospital, Nellore. The study was undertaken on 50 type 2 Diabetes mellitus and 50 normal healthy controls. Both male and females in the age group of 35 – 70 years were included. Results: Fasting blood glucose, post prandial blood glucose, and hs-CRP levels was measured in 50 T2DM cases and 50 age matched healthy controls. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for all the Biochemical parameters. The significance between the groups were determined using Student t- test for Equality of means. The p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Conclusion: This study concludes that there is increase in hs-CRP levels in T2DM cases compared with controls. hs-CRP is an inflammatory marker and has role in atherosclerosis. From this study it is observed that there is moderate correlation between hs-CRP levels and it increases the risk of atherosclerosis. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, hs-CRP, Hyperglycemia, Inflammation.

Inheritance and Susceptibility to Dental Caries: A Community-based Study.

ABSTRACTBackground:Effects of consanguineous marriage on human population are known. However, the inherited susceptibility to dental caries is unfortunately quite limited.Aim:This study aimed to assess the dental caries status (DMFT/deft [decayed-missed-filling teeth/decayed-extracted-filled teeth] index) in children born out of consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriages.Design:Household survey using a cross-sectional study design was planned, with a sample size of 2000 comprising (1600 non-consanguineous and 400 consanguineous) children, aged 6–9 years. Household survey was also planned using a systematic random sampling. Researcher conducted the study by visiting every 10th household of every 10th ward of Aligarh city, Uttar Pradesh, India. Information of risk factors for dental caries (sociodemographic, birth order, oral hygiene, feeding practices) was recorded on a pretested questionnaire with clinical examination of DMFT/deft index.Analysis:Student t test for equality of means and multivariate logistic regression were used.Results:By Student t test for equality of means, D component (P = 0.003), d component (P < 0.001), and deft score (P < 0.001) were statistically significant in the consanguineous group. Multivariate logistic regression did not deduce any association of either of the study groups, but a significant association of risk factors with dental caries was observed.Conclusion:Dental caries that has multifactorial etiology, both environment and genetic factors, had an influence on the causation of dental caries in this study.

Comparison of pectoralis plane blocks with ketamine-dexmedetomidine adjuncts and opioid-based general anaesthesia in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy

Background and Aims:Regional anaesthesia attenuates surgical stress-response, provides superior analgesia, reduces recovery time with early mobilisation and is opioid-sparing [addresses post-operative nausea vomiting (PONV), constipation, immunosuppression and cancer-progression concerns with opioids]. Hence, we studied pectoralis (PECS) blocks for modified radical mastectomy (MRM).Methods:A prospective, interventional, double-blind, randomised, parallel-arm, active-controlled study comparing two anaesthetic techniques for post-operative pain relief in70 adult American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I/II carcinoma breast patients undergoing MRM was conducted. Patients were randomised to Group-O (opioids, sevoflurane) and Group-P (PECS-block, pre-incisional intravenous (IV) ketamine (0.5 mg/kg), pre-incisional IVdexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg over 10 min, then 0.6 μg/kg/h). Data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version-23 and independent sample t-test/Welch test for equality of means and expressed as dotted box-whisker plots. Nominal categorical intergroup data was compared using Chi-squared test/Fisher's exact test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Clinical significance was calculated.Results:Higher Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)-scores were recorded in Group-O versus Group-P, immediately post-extubation [mean (SD) 3.6 ± 1.5 and 0.76 ± 0.6] and at 1h (3.1 ± 1.2 and1.4 ± 0.5), 2h (2.5 ± 0.9 and 1.2 ± 0.6) and 4h (2.2 ± 0.5 and 1.7 ± 0.9) respectively. At 8h and 24h post-surgery VAS was comparable. Cumulative-VAS was lower in Group-P. Intraoperative haemodynamics were comparable. Incidence of PONV and constipation was higher in Group-O where each patient received average 27.46 mg morphine-equivalents of opioids. Time to discharge from surgical intensive care unit was 2h shorter in Group-P.Conclusion:Pre-emptive PECS-blocks supplemented with low-dose ketamine and dexmedetomidine comprise a practical and useful alternative technique to the standard opioid-based general anaesthetic technique for MRM.

EBADIMEX: an empirical Bayes approach to detect joint differential expression and methylation and to classify samples.

DNA methylation and gene expression are interdependent and both implicated in cancer development and progression, with many individual biomarkers discovered. A joint analysis of the two data types can potentially lead to biological insights that are not discoverable with separate analyses. To optimally leverage the joint data for identifying perturbed genes and classifying clinical cancer samples, it is important to accurately model the interactions between the two data types. Here, we present EBADIMEX for jointly identifying differential expression and methylation and classifying samples. The moderated t-test widely used with empirical Bayes priors in current differential expression methods is generalised to a multivariate setting by developing: (1) a moderated Welch t-test for equality of means with unequal variances; (2) a moderated F-test for equality of variances; and (3) a multivariate test for equality of means with equal variances. This leads to parametric models with prior distributions for the parameters, which allow fast evaluation and robust analysis of small data sets. EBADIMEX is demonstrated on simulated data as well as a large breast cancer (BRCA) cohort from TCGA. We show that the use of empirical Bayes priors and moderated tests works particularly well on small data sets.

Being an outlier: a company non-prosperity sign?

Research background: The state of financial distress or imminent bankruptcy are very difficult situations that the management of every company wants to avoid. For these reasons, prediction of company bankruptcy or financial distress has been recently in a focus of economists and scientists in many countries over the world.&#x0D; Purpose of the article: Various financial indicators, mostly financial ratios, are usually used to predict the financial distress. In order to create a strong prediction model and a statistically significant prediction of bankruptcy, it is advisable to use a deep statistical analysis of the data. In this paper, we analysed the real financial ratios of Slovak companies from the year 2017. In the phase of data preparation for further analysis, we checked the existence of outliers and found that there are some companies that are multivariate outliers because are significantly different from other companies in the database. Thus, we deeply focused on these outlying companies and analysed whether to be an outlier is a sign of financial distress.&#x0D; Methods: We analysed whether there are much more non-prosperous companies in the set of outlier companies and if their financial indicators are significantly different from those of the prosperous companies. For these analyses, we used testing of the statistical hypotheses, such as the test for equality of means and chi-square test.&#x0D; Findings &amp; Value added: The ratio of non-prosperous companies between the outliers is significantly higher than 50 % and the attributes of non-prosperity and being an outlier are dependent. The means of almost all financial ratios of prosperous and non-prosperous companies among outliers are significantly different.

Study of Correlation between Age and Closure of Cranial Sutures-A Post-Mortem Observational Study

current study was undertaken at S.S.G. Hospital, Vadodara for a period of 1 year.Material & Method - All cases of known age coming for the postmortem examination in which the victimis between 21-40 years of age were taken for the study. Both ectocranial and endocranial state were takeninto consideration.Results - In female subjects, significant correlation was found in sagittal, coronal and lambdoid sutureclosure in both ectocranially and endocranially in 21-30 age group (Table 2). In 31-40 age group significantcorrelation was found in coronal suture right and left side ectocranially.Statistical Analysis - Spearman rank correlation coefficients, Levene’s test for equality of variances,Student’s t test for equality of means, STATAIC-13 software was used.Conclusion – Many of the findings of current study were correlated with earlier studies, while others werefound contradictory. Further detailed study with larger sample size is required.

Unintended Consequences After Postoperative Ileus in Spinal Fusion Patients

Postoperative ileus is not uncommon after spinal surgery. Although previous research has focused on the frequency of ileus formation, little has been done to investigate the clinical sequelae after development. We investigated the effect of postoperative ileus on patients' length of stay and rates of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) formation, myocardial infarction (MI), aspiration pneumonia, sepsis, and death. The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample was queried to identify adult patients who underwent any spinal fusion procedure. Patient characteristics and outcomes for discharges involving spinal fusion surgery were compared between patients with and without postoperative ileus. The Rao-Scott χ2 test of association was used for categorical variables, and a t test for equality of means was used for continuous variables. Among discharges with postoperative ileus, a multivariate linear regression model was used to assess how fusion approach and fusion length were associated with length of hospital stay, controlling for sex, age, and race. A total of 250,221 patients were included. The mean length of stay was 3.75 days for patients without postoperative ileus and 9.40 days for patients with postoperative ileus. Patients with postoperative ileus are more likely to have DVT (4.1% vs. 20.8%, P < 0.001), MI (2.5% vs. 7.1%, P < 0.001), aspiration pneumonia (6.6% vs. 34.3%, P < 0.001), sepsis (5.7% vs. 35.7%, P < 0.001), and death (2.6% vs. 11.4%, P < 0.001). This study demonstrates that patients with postoperative ileus are significantly more likely to have DVT, experience MI, acquire aspiration pneumonia, develop sepsis, and die.