Tests For Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Research Articles

Evaluating the Diagnostic Utility of the Flexion-Compression Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

BackgroundWe sought to determine the diagnostic utility of the flexion-compression (F-C) test for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Using electrodiagnostic testing as the gold standard, we hypothesized that the F-C test would be a better diagnostic test for CTS as compared to the wrist flexion (Phalen’s) or palmar compression (Durkan’s) tests alone. MethodsWe studied patients who presented with and without CTS symptoms, designated as study and control group patients, respectively. At the first clinic visit, all patients were evaluated using the CTS-6 score, and then the Phalen’s, Durkan’s, and F-C tests in a random order. Patients in the study group were then sent for electrodiagnostic testing. Results162 patients were included after power analysis, 81 each in the study and control groups. Among study group patients with electrodiagnostic evidence of CTS, the positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of the Phalen’s test (1.29) was higher than the Durkan’s (1.06) and F-C (0.95) tests, though less than the CTS-6 score (1.64). Performing any physical exam test in conjunction with the CTS-6 score was not more useful than the CTS-6 alone. As expected, all three physical exam maneuvers were more likely to be positive among study patients compared to control patients. ConclusionsNone of the physical exam maneuvers were highly predictive of electrophysiologically-positive CTS. The CTS-6 score alone better predicts electrodiagnostic evidence of CTS than physical exam, though it only very slightly increases the post-test probability of disease. Formal electrodiagnostic testing remains important in diagnosing CTS when compared to physical exam maneuvers and CTS-6.

The Role of Confirmatory Testing in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Electrodiagnostic Study, Ultrasound and CTS-6.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common upper extremity compressive neuropathy. The reference standard for the diagnosis of CTS remains an area of controversy. The diagnosis can be established clinically, but options for confirmatory testing include electrodiagnostic studies, ultrasound and diagnostic aids such as the CTS-6 score. This review article summarises the current evidence for each confirmatory testing modality, contrasts their advantages and disadvantages and discusses future directions for investigation. Level of Evidence: Level V (Diagnostic).

Diagnostic Accuracy of Neuromuscular Ultrasound vs. Electrodiagnostic Studies for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Paired Accuracy Studies.

This systematic review with meta-analysis compared the diagnostic accuracy of neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS) and electrodiagnostic studies (EDX) as confirmatory tests for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) diagnosis. We used bivariate random-effects models to estimate pooled sensitivity and specificity and generate hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic curves to assess diagnostic test accuracy. Nine paired accuracy studies were included, representing 1751 hands (743 clinically diagnosed CTS; 1008 without CTS) that underwent NMUS and EDX. Compared to the clinical diagnosis reference standard, the pooled sensitivity was 86.4% for NMUS and 91.6% for EDX. Pooled specificity was 79.3% for NMUS and 81.9% for EDX. The positive likelihood ratios were 4.2 and 5.1 for NMUS and EDX, respectively, and the negative likelihood ratios were 0.17 and 0.10, respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio was 24 for NMUS and 49 for EDX. No statistically significant differences were identified between NMUS and EDX for sensitivity, specificity, or overall diagnostic accuracy. Overall, the diagnostic accuracy of NMUS is similar to that of EDX for CTS diagnosis, with high sensitivity and moderate specificity for each. The choice between these confirmatory diagnostic tests should incorporate shared decision-making between patients and providers that weighs diagnostic accuracy as well as factors such as patient preferences, test availability, cost, and tolerability.

Variation in Interpretation of Provocative Tests for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

We studied variation in interpretation of specific symptoms during clinical tests for carpal tunnel syndrome to estimate the degree to which surgeons consider pain without paresthesia characteristic of median neuropathy. We invited all upper-extremity surgeon members of the Science of Variation Group to complete a scenario-based experiment. Surgeons read 5-10 clinical vignettes of patients with variation in patient demographics and random variation in symptoms and signs as follows: primary symptoms (nighttime numbness and tingling, constant numbness and loss of sensibility, pain with activity), symptoms elicited by a provocative test (Phalen, Durkan, or Tinel) (tingling, pain), and location of symptoms elicited by the provocative test (index and middle fingers, thumb and index fingers, little and ring fingers, entire hand). Patient factors associated with surgeon interpretation of provocative tests as negative included pain rather than paresthesia during the Phalen, Durkan, or Tinel test and location of symptoms in the entire hand rather than the median nerve distribution. Specialists do not consider pain without paresthesia or a noncharacteristic symptom distribution as characteristic of carpal tunnel syndrome. Awareness that elicitation of pain with Phalen, Durkan, and Tinel tests is regarded by specialists as relatively uncharacteristic of median neuropathy can help limit the potential for both overdiagnosis and overtreatment of median neuropathy as well as underdiagnosis and undertreatment of mental and social health contributions to illness (notable correlates of the intensity and distribution of pain).

The forearm elevation-compression test: a novel test for carpal tunnel syndrome.

As the time available to spend with patients decreases, a rapid test for bedside diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) could be useful. We describe the forearm elevation-compression test (FECT) in this context. The FECT was assessed in 40 patients with clinically suspected carpal tunnel syndrome and compared to Tinel's and Phalen's signs. Routine electromyography and nerve conduction tests (EMG/NCT) were performed in all cases. In addition, 85 healthy controls were examined by FECT and compared to the patient group. All three provocative tests, particularly FECT were frequently positive in suspected CTS. Neurophysiological tests were normal in 5 of 40 cases of clinically suspected CTS and the FECT was positive in all of these suggesting a positive predictive value of 87.5% if one accepts EMG/NCT as the reference. Amongst the healthy controls 18 of 85 (21.2%) were positive on the FECT suggestive of a high false positive rate or subclinical disease. It is proposed that the FECT is a useful addition to the clinical examination of suspected CTS. Although the positive rate may be falsely elevated this is offset by restricting the latency for tingling onset to 10 seconds or less (FECT2).

Accuracy of Ultrasonography Diagnostic Tests in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (Electromyography-Nerve Conduction Velocity as Gold Standard)

Accuracy of Ultrasonography Diagnostic Tests in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (Electromyography-Nerve Conduction Velocity as Gold Standard)

Characteristics of Patients with Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome but Negative Diagnostic Testing.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a clinical diagnosis involving numerous confirmatory diagnostic tools, including patient questionnaires, ultrasound (US), and electrodiagnostic studies (EDX.) Patients may experience clinical symptoms of CTS with false negative diagnostic testing. The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of patients with clinical symptoms of CTS with negative diagnostic testing. An existing database of 295 hands containing the six-item CTS-6, US of the median nerve, and EDX was queried. Patients with symptoms of carpal tunnel scoring 12.5 or higher on CTS-6 were sorted into those with all positive testing or negative testing. In 60 patients, 103 hands had both positive US and EDX and a CTS-6 of 12.5 or higher. Twenty-nine hands in 25 patients had a CTS-6 of 12.5 or higher and both negative ultrasound and EDX. There was a significantly younger average age of 43 (P = 0.007) and lower average BMI of 28 (P < 0.0001) of patients in the negative diagnostic study group, compared with the average age of 53, and a body mass index (BMI) of 34 in the positive diagnostic study. In this series, patients with symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome and negative diagnostic studies were on average younger and had a lower BMI. These patients may warrant more careful consideration of CTS clinical diagnosis and counseling regarding a higher risk of false-negative confirmatory testing. Further studies are needed to determine possible effects of age and BMI on electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound testing in CTS.

Occupational Risk Factor for Carpel Tunnel Syndrome Related to Computer Usage: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is triggered by compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist's carpal tunnel. CTS is also more likely to occur if you work in certain occupations such as Related with clerical and administrative work on Computer. Objective: To identify the frequency and pattern of CTS among clerical and administrative workers using computer. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was started from October 2021 to January 2022 between 20-50 years of age at five Private colleges in Lahore city. The participants fulfilling the inclusion criterion were using computer for more than 6 hours a day, having co-operative attitude, weren’t taking any analgesics and had no associated co-morbidities. After informed consent 200 participants were enrolled using convenient sampling method. Sample size was calculated by taking average from previous research publications. A designed questionnaire was given among the participants to obtain information about demographics and Phalen’s test for CTS. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS version 21.0. Results: The Results shows that 5 participants have Positive CTS in 20-30, 10 in 31-40, 14 in 41-50 age group. Positive CTS was considered positive via Phalen’s Test. Males have higher frequency of CTS as 21 Males and 8 Females with Positive Phalen’s test. Conclusions: CTS is related with an occupational factor in terms of computer usage. It is common in males because of excess workload and job duties

Patients Prefer Ultrasound to Nerve Conduction Studies for the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

The net promoter score (NPS) allows analysis of patient satisfaction and preference between treatment and/or diagnostic testing. Electrodiagnostic testing (EDX) and ultrasound (US) are commonly used diagnostic tests for carpal tunnel syndrome. Although EDX is reliable for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), it can be uncomfortable and inconvenient for patients. We aimed to determine whether patients preferred US or EDX studies for the diagnosis of CTS, using the NPS. Seventy-five patients presenting to the clinic for evaluation of CTS complaints who had EDX were prospectively studied. US evaluation of the median nerve was then completed at time of evaluation. Patient satisfaction was determined by asking, "how likely are you to recommend this procedure to a friend or relative?" for both EDX and US. Patient demographics, comorbidities, CTS-6 questionnaire (CTS-6), and functionality assessed through patient-reported qDASH were also recorded. Sixty-five patients were included in the study. Most patients did not have any comorbidities and were nonsmokers. The gender composition was similar, and the average age of the enrolled patients was 58. The NPS for US was significantly higher than EDX (P < 0.0001). Patients with diabetes mellitus rated their EDX experience significantly lower than those without diabetes mellitus. Patients are more likely to recommend US instead of EDX in the evaluation of CTS complaints. This allows for shared decision-making between the patient and provider if ordering diagnostic testing for CTS.

Effectiveness of TECAR Therapy on Clinical Symptoms and Neurophysiological Parameters of Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most typical peripheral entrapment neuropathy. To date, various non-invasive methods have been used to manage CTS. This study investigates the effectiveness of Transfer Energy Capacitive and Resistive (TECAR), a new physical agent modality, on symptoms and neurophysiological parameters in patients with CTS. Methods: In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 29 patients with mild or moderate CTS were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 received TECAR therapy with a frequency of 500 Hz and an intensity of 30 to 50%, 2 sessions/week, in addition to wrist splints and vitamin B supplements for 4 weeks. Group 2 also received a wrist splint and vitamin B for 4 weeks without TECAR therapy. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ-SSS and FSS), as well as clinical and neurophysiological findings, were assessed before and 8 weeks after treatment. Within and between-group comparisons were made after the intervention period. Results: VAS and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (FSS and SSS) showed significant changes. Clinical CTS tests and electrophysiological parameters did not show significant differences before and after the study. From a clinical perspective (pain relief and functional improvement), the TECAR therapy group showed more definite changes. Conclusions: TECAR can be considered an effective non-invasive treatment for patients with mild to moderate CTS.

Diagnostic Test Accuracy of Provocative Maneuvers for the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The purpose of this study was to summarize and evaluate the research on the accuracy of provocative maneuvers to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched, and studies that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of at least 1 provocative test for CTS were selected. Study characteristics and data about the diagnostic accuracy of the provocative tests for CTS were extracted. A random-effects meta-analysis of the sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) of the Phalen test and Tinel sign was conducted. The risk of bias (ROB) was rated using the QUADAS-2 tool. Thirty-one studies that assessed 12 provocative maneuvers were included. The Phalen test and the Tinel sign were the 2 most assessed tests (in 22 and 20 studies, respectively). The ROB was unclear or low in 20 studies, and at least 1 item was rated as having high ROB in 11 studies. Based on a meta-analysis of 7 studies (604 patients), the Phalen test had a pooled Sn of 0.57 (95% CI = 0.44-0.68; range = 0.12-0.92) and a pooled Sp of 0.67 (95% CI = 0.52-0.79; range = 0.30-0.95). For the Tinel sign (7 studies, 748 patients), the pooled Sn was 0.45 (95% CI = 0.34-0.57; range = 0.17-0.97) and the pooled Sp was 0.78 (95% CI = 0.60-0.89; range = 0.40-0.92). Other provocative maneuvers were less frequently studied and had conflicting diagnostic accuracies. Meta-analyses are imprecise but suggest that the Phalen test has moderate Sn and Sp, whereas the Tinel test has low Sn and high Sp. Clinicians should combine provocative maneuvers with sensorimotor tests, hand diagrams, and diagnostic questionnaires to achieve better overall diagnostic accuracy rather than relying on individual clinical tests. Evidence of unclear and high ROB do not support the use of any single provocative maneuver for the diagnosis of CTS. Clinicians should consider a combination of noninvasive clinical diagnostic tests as the first choice for the diagnosis of CTS.

Diagnostic capability of the scratch collapse test compared with other clinical diagnostic tests for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective case-control study

Background: Diagnostic performance of the scratch collapse test for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is not clear. This study evaluated its diagnostic capability for CTS diagnosis in comparison with other widely used clinical CTS tests, including the Tinel’s sign, Phalen’s test, and Durkan’s test. Methods: In a prospective case-control study, 78 CTS patients and 78 group-matched healthy control subjects were included. The electrodiagnostic testing was regarded as a reference standard CTS diagnostic method. The tests were conducted separately for the case and control groups; the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of the tests were calculated. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of CTS diagnosis were 7.7%, 100%, 100%, 52% and 53.8% for the scratch collapse test; 91%, 97.4%, 97.3%, 91.6%, and 94.2% for the Tinel’s sign test; 84.6%, 100%,100%, 88.6%, and 93.6% for the Phalen’s test; and 87.2%, 100%, 100%, 88.6%, and 93.6% for the Durkan’s test, respectively. Conclusions: Scratch collapse test has a low sensitivity and accuracy for diagnosing CTS. These results do not support its routine use for the diagnosis of CTS. Level of Evidence: Level III

A Comparative Analysis Between Ultrasound and Electromyographic and Nerve Conduction Studies in Diagnosing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common upper extremity neuropathy. The disease initially manifests as a sensory disorderin the form of paresthesia, numbness, or tingling of the fingers. The diagnosisis usually made based on history and clinical symptoms, which are confirmed using nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography. More recently, ultrasound has gained more use in CTS diagnosis due to its advantages, which include patients' comfort during diagnosis, better visualization of anatomy and nerve forms directly, and cost-effectiveness. However, a literature review shows that the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound over NCS is still in question; therefore, the present systematic review was carried out to compare the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound to NCS and electromyography. A systematic literature search was performed on five electronic databases: PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar. The search strategy limited the retrieval of literature published between 2000 and 2022. Of the 1098 articles retrieved from the electronic databases, only 12 met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of outcomes from the included studies showed that thepooled sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasound were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.88) and 0.90 (0.83, 0.96), respectively. On the other hand, combing the outcomes of electromyography and NCS resulted in sensitivity and specificity values of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.95) and 0.77 (95% CI; 0.64, 0.90), respectively. The results show that ultrasound has comparable sensitivity and slightly higher specificity than NCS and electromyography; therefore, ultrasound can be used as an alternative diagnostic test for CTS. However, it cannot replace NCS and electromyography since more research needs to be done on doubtful and secondary cases of CTS.

Static and Dynamic Ultrasound Evaluation of the Median Nerve Morphopathology in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnosis.

Objective:The current study included a total of 10 patients, both males and females, who gave their consent to participate in the study and underwent clinical and ultrasound examinations. All patients had a history of carpal tunnel symptoms like tingling, numbness, nocturnal paraesthesia and weakness of the hand (loss of pinch and grip strength) for more than 12 months. Aim: The aim of our study was to investigate the morphopathology of the median nerve in clinically diagnosed carpal tunnel thought static and dynamic ultrasound assessment. Material and methods: The present study included a small group of 10 patients aged over 18, both males and females, who had a history of carpal tunnel symptoms for over 12 months and a positive Tinel's and reverse Phalen's tests during clinical examination. Ultrasound was performed by an experienced orthopaedic surgeon with musculoskeletal ultrasound training. Ultrasound evaluation was made using a standardized method and included transverse and longitudinal static examination and dynamic examination of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. Side-to-side evaluation was performed and differences of more than 10 mm width in the median nerve have been recorded, which was considered to be a positive test for carpal tunnel syndrome. Furthermore, the major advantage of the dynamic evaluation brought by performing the palmar hand and finger flexion test, while investigating the movement trajectory of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, provides superior imagistic documentation of this pathology. Results:Dynamic evaluation of the median nerve has shown a decreased mobility of the nerve in the carpal tunnel on the side that also had an increased area value of the median nerve width. If in the asymptomatic hand at the time of dynamic evaluation, the median nerve would suddenly slide under the flexor tendons; therefore, we noted results only of a slight translational movement of the nerve in the carpal tunnel on the affected side. A side-to-side difference in the median nerve area, with values ranging between 3 mm up to 9 mm, was found in our patients. Furthermore, thenar atrophy has been discovered in patients with pre-existing carpal tunnel symptoms for more than 24 months. Conclusion:The present study highlights the importance of ultrasound assessment as an accessible static and dynamic evaluation tool. Ultrasound can be used as an in-office imaging tool to complete the clinical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome by studying the morphology and morphopathology of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel through a bilateral standardized examination technique.

Utilization of Diagnostic Testing for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Survey of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand

In 2016, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) changed the clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, relaxing the recommendation for electrodiagnostic studies (EDS) prior to offering surgery. However, it is unknown how the updated guidelines changed the practice patterns of hand surgeons. A web-based multiple-choice survey was sent to the members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. We assessed the current diagnostic practice patterns of hand surgeons. The survey was pretested using expert review with content and survey methodology experts and cognitively tested to ensure readability and understandability. The final cohort consisted of 770 hand surgeons. Approximately 26% of respondents required EDS prior to seeing a patient in consultation, and 56% of members routinely ordered EDS after evaluating a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome if testing was not performed prior to evaluation. The top reasons for obtaining EDS were to provide additional information for unclear diagnoses (97% selected), for patients with worker's compensation (82% selected), for grading the severity (73% selected), and to provide a baseline examination in the event of persistent symptoms (72% selected). However, only 38% of respondents believed that the current AAOS CPGs were appropriate, and 43% of respondents did not know what the guidelines recommended. Despite the change in AAOS CPGs, EDS continues to be ubiquitously used for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Nevertheless, a substantial proportion of hand surgeons are unaware of the recommendations for EDS within the AAOS CPGs. These findings highlight the importance of explicitly defining which patients and which clinical scenarios would benefit from additional diagnostic testing and identifying strategies for more widespread dissemination of guidelines.

Efficiency of 90-Min Extended EMLA-Induced Stimulated Skin-Wrinkling Test in the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

Background:Previous researchers have used a 30-min eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) test, which assesses the sympathetically mediated vasomotor function, in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). However, its specificity was low, limiting its clinical diagnostic utility. In this study, we assessed the efficiency of 90-min extended EMLA-induced stimulated skin-wrinkling (SSW) test in CTS diagnosis.Methods:A cross-sectional study was designed among patients clinically diagnosed with CTS. Hands of healthy volunteers and the asymptomatic hands of selected patients served as control. The Boston symptom severity scale (SSS) and the neuropathic pain severity inventory (NPSI) were used to assess symptom severity, and nerve conduction study (NCS) was used to assess electrophysiological severity. EMLA-induced SSW was visually graded after 90 min of application and correlated with symptom and NCS severities.Results:Forty-two symptomatic hands and 30 asymptomatic hands were enrolled as cases and controls, respectively. The diagnostic efficiency of the extended EMLA test was found to be 83.4% for digit 2 and 87.3% for the lateral 4 digits (mean), whereas the diagnostic efficiency of standard NCS was 88.1%. Boston SSS and NPSI were better correlated with EMLA positivity than NCS positivity. A linear regression analysis showed negative correlation of wrinkling grade with NCS grade.Conclusion:With its improved diagnostic efficiency, the 90-min extended EMLA test can feasibly be used as an alternative to NCS, especially in general practice settings. Its potential clinical utility should be explored in a large population of CTS patients showing varying clinical and electrophysiological severities.

Electrodiagnostic Testing for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome When Routine Median Sensory and Thenar Motor Responses Are Absent.

The cardinal symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) include pain in the affected hand(s). The median/second lumbrical nerve (Med2ndL) seems relatively preserved in severe CTS, with previous small studies suggesting its value in electromyogram to localize a median neuropathy to the wrist when both initial routine sensory and thenar motor responses are absent. This is a retrospective analysis of 208 hands in 183 patients with electrophysiologically markedly severe CTS (absent routine sensory and thenar motor median responses) who underwent stimulation of both the Med2ndL and ulnar/second dorsal interosseous (Uln2ndDIn) motor nerves. A Med2ndL distal latency of ≥ 0.5 milliseconds when compared with the Uln2ndDIn supported the diagnosis of CTS. The presence or absence of hand pain was recorded if these data were available. Some 83.7% of hands (172/208) in 183 patients with markedly severe CTS had preservation of the Med2ndL meeting criteria for CTS. In those with pain data available, 77.1% (81/105) of hands had no pain. Of those 105 hands, 87 had preservation of the Med2ndL with 79.3% (69/87) demonstrating no pain. This is a large study that demonstrates the relative preservation of the Med2ndL response in markedly severe CTS. Assessment of the Med2ndL should be considered to electrophysiologically support CTS when routine sensory and thenar motor responses are absent. In addition, most patients with electrophysiologically markedly severe CTS had no pain.

Does Patient Sex Affect Ultrasound Cutoff Values for Severity Grading of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A growing body of evidence supports ultrasound (US) as an alternative first-line confirmatory test for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Recent studies have demonstrated a correlation of US cross-sectional area with electrodiagnostic (EDX)-determined severity; however, it is unclear whether patient sex affects the cutoff values used for determining severity. The purpose of this study was to determine if patient sex affects US graded severity when using EDX as the reference standard. A cohort of 367 women and 46 men, aged 18-90 years, from 1 orthopedic hand surgeon's practice underwent EDX and US. Distal motor latency and distal sensory latency of the median nerve were recorded. Severity was classified using a modified Bland severity scale. The US measurements of the cross-sectional area of the median nerve at the wrist crease were acquired by a fellowship-trained hand surgeon. Separate receiver operator characteristic curve analyses of the male and female groups were performed for US cutoff values. The cutoff value in both the female (F) and male (M) patients was 11 mm2 for mild (area under the curve= 0.76 F; 0.78 M), 12 mm2 for moderate (area under the curve= 0.75 F; 0.73 M), and 13 mm2 for severe (area under the curve= 0.75 F; 0.71 M) CTS. The sensitivity of the cutoffs for mild, moderate, and severe CTS in the female and male groups was 49% and 56%, 44% and 50%, and 49% and 44%, respectively. The specificity of the cutoffs for mild, moderate, and severe CTS in the female and male groups was 75% and 79%, 74% and 82%, and 83% and 78%, respectively. Patient sex does not appear to have a significant impact on the determination of CTS severity graded using US cutoff values. Ultrasound can be used to grade the severity of CTS with a 75% to 85% specificity but low sensitivity. A cutoff value of 13 mm2 can be used to classify CTS as severe. Prognostic II.

Role of ultrasound and electro-diagnostic studies in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: A comparative study

BACKGROUND: The current gold standard for the diagnosis of Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a topic of debate. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) traditionally have been used as the confirmatory test; however, ultrasound (USG) has garnered interest as an alternative diagnostic test for CTS. Ultrasound measurement of the cross sectional area of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel has been proposed as an alternative for confirmation of CTS.&#x0D; AIM: The aim of the study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity between Ultrasound and Electro-diagnostic Studies in the diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome with reference to a validated clinical diagnostic tool i.e. CTS- 6; that combines findings from the history and physical examination.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 (20 Cases and 20 controls) adult patients and adolescents of both sexes with complain of pain and paraesthesia in upper limb were included in this cross sectional study. All patients were evaluated using CTS-6 clinical diagnostic tool. Those patients with CTS score12 were considered as positive diagnosis for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (cases) (Main group). Those patients with CTS Score12 were taken as Controls. Ultrasound and Electro-diagnostic Studies were performed by individuals blinded to the results of the CTS-6 and ultrasound examination.&#x0D; RESULTS: We found that USG have sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 85%, and positive predictive value of 85.71% and negative predictive value of 89.47%. Whereas NCS have sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 80%, positive predictive value of 80.95% and negative predictive value of 84.21%.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Using CTS-6 clinical tool as a standard reference, the sensitivity and specificity of USG is more than that of NCS.

Is there an association between the Hand Diagram and Electrodiagnostic Testing for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Objective Verify if there is an association between the hand diagram of paresthesia (HDP) and the results of electroneuromyography (ENMG) in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods A total of 92 people filled in a schematic drawing of the hand with the exact location of the paresthesia (167 hands). The main author classified the diagrams according to the criteria of Katz et al. 5 The results of the HDP were crossed with the positive results of ENMG for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Results The possible pattern of the HDP was prevalent both in isolation and after crossing with the degrees of ENMG. Conclusion There was no association between the HDP and ENMG in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.