Jump Test Research Articles

The influence of leg muscle power, waist flexibility and self-confidence on soccer long passing ability

The problem in this study is the low ability of Long Passing soccer school players Buah Hati. This study aims to see the effect of leg muscle strength, waist flexibility and self-confidence on long passing ability, both directly and indirectly and simultaneously. This type of research is quantitative with a path analysis approach. the sample in this study were all 30 players of Buah Hati Football School. Sample withdrawal using saturated sampling technique. The leg muscle power instrument uses the Vetical Jump Test, waist flexibility using the Sit and reach test, confidence using a Likert scale model questionnaire and long passing ability with the Aerial Pass for Accuaracy test. The results showed that, (1) there is a direct effect of leg muscle power on long passing ability with ρz1 = 0.337 or 11.35%, (2) there is a direct effect of waist flexibility on long passing ability, with ρz2 = 0.458 or 20.97%, (3) there is a direct effect of self-confidence on long passing ability, with ρz3 = 0.225 or 5.06%, (4) there is an indirect effect of leg muscle power on Long Passing ability through self-confidence, with ρz31 = 0.1131 or 11.31%, (5) there is an indirect effect of waist flexibility on Long Passing ability through self-confidence, with ρz32 = 0.0893 or 8.93% and (6) there is an effect of leg muscle power, waist flexibility and self-confidence simultaneously on three point shooting ability, with ρz123 = 0.942 or 94.2%.

Age-Related Differences and Reliability of a Field-Based Fitness Test Battery in Young Trained Footballers: The Role of Biological Age

Background: the purpose of this study was to analyze the reliability of a field-based fitness test battery in young trained football players, according to biological age. Methods: 197 young trained football players (12–19 years old) participated in the study. We measured anthropometric measurements (i.e., height, sitting height, length leg, and body mass), a bilateral vertical jumping test (CMJ), a progressive loading test of squats and hip thrust, acceleration and speed tests (10 m and 30 m sprint tests), a change-of-direction ability test (V–cut test), and a cardiorespiratory fitness test (30–15 intermittent fitness test). Statistical data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation by PHV group in tests and retests. Test reliability was assessed through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with an ICC above 0.9 being considered high. To evaluate accuracy and repeatability, standard error of measurement, coefficient of variation, and minimum detectable change at 90% were determined and Bland–Altman diagrams were used, establishing a statistical significance of p < 0.05. Results: All of the tests showed non-significant differences between the test and retest in the pooled sample (p > 0.05). Furthermore, all of them presented a trivial effect size (<0.2) and high intraclass correlation coefficients (>0.9), which indicates the high reproducibility of the tests, despite some of them presenting a significant difference between trials (i.e., the CMJ, 10 m sprint, V–cut, and squat tests). Low measurement errors were found for all tests (coefficient of variation [CV] = 4.39–9.39), except for the CMJ and the progressive loading test for squat and hip thrust exercises (CV = 12.2–21.11). Similar results were found irrespective of biological age group. Conclusions: All tests were reliable for the pooled sample as well as for the biological age groups.

Analysis of the relationship between upper body speed capacity and lower body strength of elite handball players specialized in winger position

Background and Study Aim. The physical demands of the winger position in elite handball require a unique combination of upper body speed and lower body strength. Therefore, identifying the optimal relationship between these two physical characteristics could improve performance for players in this role. This study aims to analyze the relationship between upper body speed capacity and lower body strength in elite handball players specializing in the winger position. Material and Methods. The study included 16 elite handball players specializing in the winger position from various teams in the National Handball League (Liga Zimbrilor). Four of these players were members of the Dinamo Bucharest team. Tests for evaluating the explosive strength of the lower limbs included the Squat Jump (SJ), Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), Counter Movement Jump with Free Arms (CMJb), and the maximum strength test (1RM) in squats. Specific technical training tests included triangular movement, a 30-meter sprint, and long-distance handball throws, focusing on speed and execution technique. Data analysis was conducted using KyPlot 6.0 software. Statistical indicators included median, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and non-parametric Spearman correlation tests. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results. The results show no statistically significant differences in lower limb strength between high-performance handball players (HPHP) and those specialized in the winger position (PSW) across various jump and squat tests (p > 0.05). The Countermovement Jump (CMJ) test approached statistical significance (p = 0.084), while the CMJ with free arms (CMJb) and squat strength test did not show significant differences (p = 0.231 and p = 0.789, respectively). In the specific fitness tests, no significant differences were observed in the Triangle Movement test (p = 0.826), the 30-meter sprint (p = 0.404), or the handball throw test (p = 0.147). Correlation analysis indicated that squats and CMJb had positive correlations with improved performance in speed and distance tests, while CMJ showed a negative correlation with technical performance in agility tests. Conclusions. The findings suggest that lower limb strength and technical fitness are similar between elite handball players, regardless of specialization. This supports a unified training approach across player roles. However, targeted exercises like squats and CMJb may enhance specific performance aspects. These exercises improve dynamic strength and stability, which can benefit wingers' technical execution and speed.

Long-term effects of different number of botulinum toxin injections into the gastrocnemius muscle on function and muscle morphology in children with cerebral palsy

BackgroundBotulinum toxin (BoNT) injections are used to reduce spasticity, and sometimes repeated injections of the toxin are required. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the number of injections of BoNT into the gastrocnemius muscle on function, muscle morphology, muscle stiffness and muscle vascularization in children with cerebral palsy (CP). MethodsThe study included 22 children with unilateral or bilateral spastic type CP aged 5-13 years who had previously received one, two, or three BoNT injections into the gastrocnemius muscle. A total of 29 gastrocnemius muscles were evaluated. Gastrocnemius muscle morphology (muscle cross-sectional area, thickness, fascicle length and pennation angle) was examined by ultrasonography, muscle stiffness by shear wave ultrasound elastography and muscle vascularization by Superb Microvascular Imaging. The functional status of the children was evaluated by the Gross Motor Function Measurement, the Timed-Up-and-Go Test, the Squat Test, the Vertical Jumping Test and the Sit-and-Reach Test. ResultsIn the motor functions and muscle morphology values were similar in all three groups (p>0.05). Muscle stiffness values were higher (p=0.035) and vascularization values were lower (p=0.03) in the group that received three injections compared to the groups that received one injection. There was a moderate positive correlation of the number of BoNTs with muscle stiffness (p<0.05, r=0.454) and a moderate negative correlation with muscle vascularization (p<0.05, r=-0.497). ConclusionsRepeated BoNT applications have no effect on motor functions and muscle morphology in children with CP, whereas BoNT injections administered three times increase muscle stiffness and decrease vascularization.

Autograft Choice and Jumping Performance After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Comparative Study on Professional Athletes.

The extensor apparatus of the knee is of paramount importance in generating the torque needed for a countermovement jump (CMJ), especially in jumping athletes. In anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) procedures, graft harvesting from the extensor apparatus may dramatically affect extensor strength and jumping performance. The focused jump training of professional jumping athletes would increase the likelihood of restoring jumping performance after ACLR, despite the graft choice (autologous bone-patellar tendon-bone [BPTB] or hamstring [HS] tendon). Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. A retrospective evaluation of prospectively collected data was carried out. Only professional athletes were included, and all surgical procedures were performed by a single experienced surgeon. Data collection considered the type of surgery, sports activity, and functional evaluation at 3 months after surgery. From the functional evaluation, data on single-leg hop (SLH) test, triple hop (TH) test, and CMJ were extracted. Limb symmetry index (LSI) for maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps and for each of the jumping tests was calculated. Multiple analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models were used to assess mean differences among groups for the LSI in CMJ, SLH, and TH and estimate the effect of confounders. From a subsequent series of 208 athletes, 44 professional athletes were included for data collection. Of these, 26 were male and 18 were female. A jumping sport (basketball, volleyball) was played by 17 athletes, while a running sport (soccer, judo, rugby, tennis, ski) was performed by 27 athletes. The mean time from injury to surgery was 17.8 ± 14.5 days. At 90 days from surgery, the overall mean LSI for CMJ was 85.3% ± 8.9%, for SLH was 92.2% ± 6.4%, and for TH was 90.8% ± 6.1%. When ANCOVA was fitted using the interaction term with BPTB autograft and jumping sport, a nonsignificant effect on LSI for CMJ (P = .56), SLH (P = .72), and TH (P = .98) was observed. The results of the present investigation on professional athletes showed that no difference occurred within the study cohort in overall jumping performance between jumping and running athletes undergoing ACLR either with BPTB or with HS tendon grafts. Although some evidence suggests that quadriceps strength may be dramatically affected by the harvesting of BPTB, the overall performance of the jump was not compromised.

Validity and Reliability of OpenPose-Based Motion Analysis in Measuring Knee Valgus during Drop Vertical Jump Test.

OpenPose-based motion analysis (OpenPose-MA), utilizing deep learning methods, has emerged as a compelling technique for estimating human motion. It addresses the drawbacks associated with conventional three-dimensional motion analysis (3D-MA) and human visual detection-based motion analysis (Human-MA), including costly equipment, time-consuming analysis, and restricted experimental settings. This study aims to assess the precision of OpenPose-MA in comparison to Human-MA, using 3D-MA as the reference standard. The study involved a cohort of 21 young and healthy adults. OpenPose-MA employed the OpenPose algorithm, a deep learning-based open-source two-dimensional (2D) pose estimation method. Human-MA was conducted by a skilled physiotherapist. The knee valgus angle during a drop vertical jump task was computed by OpenPose-MA and Human-MA using the same frontal-plane video image, with 3D-MA serving as the reference standard. Various metrics were utilized to assess the reproducibility, accuracy and similarity of the knee valgus angle between the different methods, including the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (1, 3), mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC) for waveform pattern similarity, and Pearson's correlation coefficients (OpenPose-MA vs. 3D-MA, Human-MA vs. 3D-MA). Unpaired t-tests were conducted to compare MAEs and CMCs between OpenPose-MA and Human-MA. The ICCs (1,3) for OpenPose-MA, Human-MA, and 3D-MA demonstrated excellent reproducibility in the DVJ trial. No significant difference between OpenPose-MA and Human-MA was observed in terms of the MAEs (OpenPose: 2.4° [95%CI: 1.9-3.0°], Human: 3.2° [95%CI: 2.1-4.4°]) or CMCs (OpenPose: 0.83 [range: 0.99-0.53], Human: 0.87 [range: 0.24-0.98]) of knee valgus angles. The Pearson's correlation coefficients of OpenPose-MA and Human-MA relative to that of 3D-MA were 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. This study demonstrated that OpenPose-MA achieved satisfactory reproducibility, accuracy and exhibited waveform similarity comparable to 3D-MA, similar to Human-MA. Both OpenPose-MA and Human-MA showed a strong correlation with 3D-MA in terms of knee valgus angle excursion.

Concurrent Validity and Reliability of a Free Smartphone Application for Evaluation of Jump Height.

Background/Objectives: Jump test assessment is commonly used for physical tests, with different type of devices used for its evaluation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of a freely accessible mobile application (VertVision, version 2.0.5) for measuring jump performance. Methods: With that intent, thirty-eight college age recreationally active subjects underwent test assessment after a specific warm-up, performing countermovement jumps (CMJs) and squat jumps (SJs) on a contact platform while being recorded with a smartphone camera. Jump height was the criterion variable, with the same formula being used for both methods. Data analysis was performed by two experienced observers. Results: The results showed strong correlations with the contact platform (ICC > 0.9) for both jumps. Furthermore, between-observer reliability was also high (ICC > 0.9; CV ≤ 2.19), with lower values for smallest worthwhile change (≤0.23) and typical error of measurement (≤0.14). Estimation error varied when accounting for both observers, with the SJ accounting for bigger differences (4.1-6.03%), when compared to the CMJ (0.73-3.09%). Conclusions: The study suggests that VertVision is a suitable and handy method for evaluating jump performance. However, it presents a slight estimation error when compared to the contact platform.

An Analysis on the Innovations between Physical Exercise Group and Yoga Group with Flamingo Balance and Standing Broad Jump Test

Yoga is a multifaceted spiritual tool with enhanced health and well-being as one of its positive effects. The components of yoga which are very commonly applied for health benefits are asanas (physical postures), pranayama (regulated breathing) and meditation. In this article we have discussed about the Standing Broad Jump test, Flamingo Balance Test, innovations between physical exercise group and yoga group.

Principal Component Approach and Relationship between Nomination Scale for Identification of Football Talent and Physical Fitness in Young Soccer Players

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the physical capabilities of young soccer players and their performance in game-related variables as assessed through the Nomination Scale for Identifying Football Talent (NSIFT) questionnaire. A total of 80 young soccer players, with an average age of 10.70 ± 1.02 years, participated in the research. Each player underwent a comprehensive assessment session that included the 5-0-5 Change of Direction (COD) test, the Illinois Agility Test, and the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) test. These assessments were selected to evaluate critical physical attributes essential for soccer performance such as agility, explosive strength, and the ability to change direction rapidly. To analyze the data, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a statistical technique that reduces the dimensionality of large datasets while retaining as much variance as possible, was employed. The PCA results indicated strong sample validity as confirmed by the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measurement index, which assesses the adequacy of the sample size for factor analysis. The analysis revealed two principal components: development and disposition, which together accounted for 73% of the total variance in the data. The development component encompasses various physical attributes that contribute to a player’s growth and improvement, including strength, speed, and agility. Conversely, the disposition component reflects innate qualities and cognitive skills that predispose players to excel in soccer such as decision making and game awareness. This research highlights the importance of incorporating physical assessments into talent identification processes, providing objective measures that complement subjective evaluations. This study contributed to the literature on talent identification in soccer, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to nurture young athletes effectively. Future research should continue to explore the interplay between physical and cognitive skills in soccer to enhance player development and success in competitive environments.

"Effect of Progressive Structured Neuromuscular Training Program on Balance, Performance and Injury Risk Prediction in Amateur Futsal Team Players: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial"

"Neuromuscular training improves neuromuscular control and balance, consequently enhancing joint stability. This study aims to assess the impact of a structured neuromuscular training program on balance and performance among university amateur male futsal team players and to analyze biomechanical factors pertinent to injury risk assessments. Thirty athletes aged between 18 and 25, participating in the university male futsal team, will be enrolled in this study. At the outset, all athletes will undergo evaluation using the Korebalance® System, Countermovement Jump, Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test, Shot on Goal Test, Sit and Reach Test, Shuttle, Y Balance-Lower Quadrant, and The Tuck Jump test. Subsequently, they will maintain their regular training regimen of classical training twice a week for eight weeks and undergo reassessment using the same battery of tests after 8 weeks of period. Following this initial phase, the athletes will be randomly assigned to two groups: Control Group (n = 15) and Neuromuscular Training Group (n = 15). The Control Group (CG) will continue with their classical futsal training twice a week for eight weeks, while the Neuromuscular Training Group (NMEG) will engage in progressive structured neuromuscular training in addition to their regular futsal training, also twice a week for eight weeks. At the conclusion of the eight-week intervention period, both groups will undergo reevaluation using the same assessment methods. The study commenced in October 2023 and is anticipated to conclude by August 2024. It is anticipated that the integration of progressive structured neuromuscular training into futsal team training programs will yield positive outcomes."

Detecting anomalous WM/reuters fixes using Trailing Contextual Anomaly Detection

We propose a Trailing Contextual Anomaly Detection (TCAD) model to detect abnormal movements in the WM/Reuters foreign exchange benchmark setting. By leveraging the high correlation levels among currencey pairs, we demonstrate that the TCAD model outperforms ARIMA, Jump Test, and CAD methods in detecting idiosyncratic cross-sectional anomalies. Additionally, we find that adjusting for intraday seasonality enhances the models' ability to predict on market close manipulation. Furthermore, we quantify and identify abnormal fix movements as high-impact events.

Digital video analysis reveals gait parameters that predict performance in the jumping test phase of three-day eventing

In international equestrian sport, visual inspections assess gait and lameness to protect the welfare of performance horses during competition. Horses competing internationally in three-day eventing must pass two mandatory inspections (pre-competition and post-cross country) before attempting the final phase: the jumping test (JT). We hypothesized that digitally quantifying objective gait parameters captured during the two mandatory inspections will identify locomotor characteristics that predict success during the jumping test. Utilizing the DeepLabCut (DLC) software package for labeling of anatomical landmarks and a custom analysis pipeline we calculated gait parameters for 194 competition horses at the trot. During the pre-competition inspection, relative trot speed was significantly associated (P = 0.0060, GLMM), and the forelimb travel trended towards significance (P =0.0800, GLMM), with achieving a clear round in the later jumping test. Post-cross country, the forelimb travel significantly predicted JT results (P = 0.0188, GLMM). As our parameters are scaled for body size, these parameters may indicate conformational characteristics for superior jumping ability and overall athletic fitness. Within each competitive effort, comparisons of the post-cross country and pre-competition observations revealed that the change in speed and duty factor were significantly different in the group that accrued jumping faults (P = 0.00376 and P = 0.02430, GLMM), perhaps capturing locomotor signs of exercise fatigue. Further work employing these approaches to better understand competition performance will encourage the use of objective measures to protect sport horse welfare, as well as provide an advantageous tool for gait evaluation in the horse.

Correlation of anthropometric characteristics and movement behavior with lower extremity muscle power and dynamic knee valgus in adolescent basketball athletes.

The anthropometric characteristics of adolescent basketball athletes can determine their ability to produce muscle power. Lack of physical activity (PA) level or an increased sedentary life seem to be associated with the overall health status and the occurrence of knee injuries. The aim of this paper was to identify possible correlations between anthropometric characteristics, body composition, exposure time to electronic devices or screen time (ST), and PA level along with muscle power and dynamic knee valgus (DKV) in young basketball athletes. Anthropometric and demographic characteristics were recorded. PA level was assessed through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and ST was assessed through a single question from the HELENA study. The Counter Movement Jump test was used for the evaluation of the lower limb muscle power, while the Single Leg Drop Jump test was used for the evaluation of the DKV via two-dimensional (2D) kinematic analysis. One hundred twenty-five adolescent basketball athletes (66.4% boys), 12 to 17 years old (13.94±1.58 years) participated. The Pearson index showed a statistically significant positive correlation between muscle power and height (r=0.788, P<0.001), while the Spearman Index showed a more minor but equally statistically significant positive correlation with Body Mass Index (rs=0.651, P<0.001) and age (rs=0.579, P<0.001). The ST (rs= -0.194, P=0.03) showed a weak negative correlation with DKV, while PA (r=0.85, P<0.001) showed a high, statistically significant, positive correlation. A high level of PA could play a key role in compensating and thus reducing the negative effects of high exposure to ST on the DKV.

Velocity-Load Jump Testing Predicts Acceleration Performance in Elite Speed Skaters: But Does Movement Specificity Matter?

In this study, we compared the influence of movement specificity during velocity-load jump testing to predict on-ice acceleration performance in elite speed skaters. Elite long-track speed skaters (N = 27) performed velocity-load testing with 3 external loads during unilateral horizontal jumping, lateral jumping, and bilateral vertical countermovement jumping. For the unilateral tests, external load conditions were set to 10N, 7.5% and 15% of external load relative to body weight. For the countermovement jumping, load conditions were body weight and 30% and 60% of external load relative to body weight. On-ice performance measures were obtained during maximal 50-m accelerations from a standing start, including maximal skating speed, maximal acceleration capacity, and maximum horizontal power. The 100-m split time from a 500-m race was also obtained. Regularized regression models were used to identify the most important predictors of on-ice acceleration performance. In addition to regularized regression coefficients, Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated for all variables retained by the model to assess interrelationships between single predictors and on-ice performance measures. The countermovement jump with 30% of body mass demonstrated the strongest association with maximal skating speed, maximum horizontal power, and 100-m time (regularized regression coefficient = .16-.49, r = .84-.97, P < .001). Horizontal jump with 15% of body mass was the strongest predictor of maximal acceleration capacity performance (regularized regression coefficient = .08, r = .83, P < .001). The findings of this study suggest that mechanical specificity rather than movement specificity was more relevant for predicting on-ice acceleration performance.

Social jetlag affects jump skills in sub-elite volleyball players.

Social jetlag (SJL), resulting from misalignment between biological rhythms and social schedules, has emerged as a prevalent phenomenon in modern society, particularly among young athletes. However, the effect of SJL on performance is poorly studied. Jump and dynamic balance are two key skills in volleyball, as the first allows the player to perform better both during the offense and defense phase, and the second is fundamental in landing and in injury prevention. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effect of SJL on jump skill performance and balance in female volleyball players. Thirty female volleyball players (mean age: 17.3 ± 0.88 years) participated in the study. SJL was assessed using the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ), integrated with Jankowsky's sleep-corrected formula. Jump skill performance was evaluated using a standardized jump test, the Vertec Jump Test, while balance was assessed with the Y Balance Test. The tests were performed at 09:00 a.m. and at 06:00 p.m. The results revealed that players with greater SJL exhibited decreased jump performance, characterized by lower vertical jump height (p = 0.02). Furthermore, players with lower SJL showed the typical difference between morning and afternoon performance (p = 0.001), demonstrating their synchronization between biological rhythms and social commitments, while no statistically significant difference between the two sessions was shown in players with higher SJL. Regarding balance, no significant association with SJL was found, but the morning session yielded lower results than the afternoon one (p = 0.01). These findings highlight the detrimental impact of SJL on jump skill performance, underscoring the importance of optimizing sleep-wake schedules and circadian alignment to enhance athletic performance. Future research should explore targeted interventions, such as sleep hygiene education, to minimize social jetlag and promote optimal performance in adolescent athletes.

Effects of an Acute Dose of Zinc Monomethionine Asparate and Magnesium Asparate (ZMA) on Subsequent Sleep and Next-Day Morning Performance (Countermovement Jumps, Repeated Sprints and Stroop Test).

The goal of the present study was to determine whether an acute dose of a zinc-containing nutritional supplement (ZMA) has any effects on sleep and morning performance in recreationally trained males. Nineteen males participated in a repeated-measures within-subjects study to assess objective and subjective measures of sleep, completed counter-movement jumps (CMJ) and repeated sprint morning performance (RSP). Three days of baseline food intake showed no major deficiencies of zinc, magnesium or vitamin B6 for all participants (11.9 ± 3.4, 395 ± 103 and 2.7 ± 0.9 mg.day-1, respectively). Sleep (22:30-06:30 h) was assessed via actimetry, and either a control (no tablets, NoPill), dextrose placebo (PLAC) or ZMA was ingested 30-60 min before retiring to bed for two nights. The participants undertook the three conditions (NoPill, PLAC or ZMA) administered in a counterbalanced order. The data were analyzed using general linear models with repeated measures. In healthy active males who consume diets of adequate micronutrients, sleep normally and maintain good sleep hygiene (time to bed and wake times), ZMA supplementation had no beneficial effect on RSP or performance in the Stroop test (p > 0.05) but did improve CMJ height (p < 0.001) compared to that of PLAC but not NoPill (p > 0.05). Supplementation of ZMA for two nights had no effect on sleep, RSP or cognitive function. The NoPill condition elucidated the effects of the intervention under investigation.

The effects of knee brace use on landing error, balance, and crossover hop test in healthy athletes

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of knee brace use on landing error after jumping, balance and crossover hop test (CHT) in healthy athletes. Methods: After recording the descriptive information of the healthy volunteer athletes and measuring the lower extremity joint range of motion, and the Q angle at the knee, participants were randomized. During the study, randomization was carried out as follows: those who did not use knee braces (GroupNon), those who used simple knee braces (GroupBasic) and those who used ligament-supported knee braces (GroupLig). Y-balance test of lower extremity (YBTL), CHT, and landing error scoring after jumping were applied to the participants. Results: A total of 56 professional athletes (GroupNon, n=19; GroupBasic, n=19; GroupLig, n=18) participated in the study. Characteristics of the participants did not reveal any difference (p&gt;0.05). Compared with the other two groups, lower hip extension range of motion was observed in GroupNon (p˂0.05), and no difference was observed in other lower extremity descriptive data (p&gt;0.05). Furthermore, comparing to the other two groups, a significant (p=0.014) increase was observed only in the velocity of CHT applied to the non-dominant extremity of GroupBasic. No significant difference was observed in the other evaluated parameters (p&gt;0.05). As a result of intra-group correlation analyses, different levels of relationship were determined between the landing results after the jumping and various biomechanical properties according to the choice of knee brace (p˂0.05). Conclusion: It would be appropriate to choose the knee brace to be used in healthy athletes by taking into account the biomechanical defining characteristics of the athlete.

Determining the Relation of Lower Limbs Strength Indices in 12-13-Year Old Soccer Players

The paper aims to determine the relation of the indices of lower limbs strength in 12-13-year-old soccer players. Methods. Therefore, exploratory research was conducted within the CS Otopeni, soccer department, with a group of 26 children aged 12-13 years. The strength of lower limbs was tested by means of Opto Jump Next system. Specific tests used: Test 1, CMJ (flight time and height), test 2, Squat jumps (SJ) (flight time, height) and test 3, Jumps 15 sec (number of jumps, contact time, flight time, power, pace and RSI). The relation between the measured indices was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (KyPlot). Determining the relation between lower limbs strength indices of soccer players aged 12-13 highlights differences between the evaluated parameters and their degree of correlation.

Probabilistic Models and Statistics for Electronic Financial Markets in the Digital Age

The scope of this manuscript is to review some recent developments in statistics for discretely observed semimartingales which are motivated by applications for financial markets. Our journey through this area stops to take closer looks at a few selected topics discussing recent literature. We moreover highlight and explain the important role played by some classical concepts of probability and statistics. We focus on three main aspects: Testing for jumps; rough fractional stochastic volatility; and limit order microstructure noise. We review jump tests based on extreme value theory and complement the literature proposing new statistical methods. They are based on asymptotic theory of order statistics and the Rényi representation. The second stage of our journey visits a recent strand of research showing that volatility is rough. We further investigate this and establish a minimax lower bound exploring frontiers to what extent the regularity of latent volatility can be recovered in a more general framework. Finally, we discuss a stochastic boundary model with one-sided microstructure noise for high-frequency limit order prices and its probabilistic and statistical foundation.

Poster 383: The Orthopaedic Vital Sign: Feasibility and Capability of Smartphone-Based Kinematic Analysis in Clinic for Functional Movement Evaluation

Objectives: Rehabilitation progression and return-to-play (RTP) guidelines vary greatly and are predominantly based on expert opinion and subjective criteria. Evaluating joint acceleration and forces in a biomechanical laboratory setting require substantial resources and are not feasible within a clinical setting for a multitude of patients. Video motion capture systems on smartphone devices offer a modern and implementable biomechanical assessment capability. Our purpose is to (1) show the in-clinic practicality of an AI-driven smartphone motion capture system for analyzing human motion, (2) identify movements and biomechanical parameters best correlating with clinical evaluation, and lastly predicting rehabilitation progression and return-to-play. We hypothesize that the smartphone motion capture system OpenCap is easy implementable in clinic and can identify biomechanical movement parameters which will streamline rehabilitation progression and RTP following various sports injuries and surgeries. This study is part of the first phase of the financially supported AOSSM Playmaker Grant research project. Methods: Healthy controls and participants with various musculoskeletal conditions (e.g. nonoperative treated anterior knee pain, post ACL reconstruction, knee osteoarthritis) were recruited. Participants performed defined movements that were captured with the smartphone-based 3-camera video motion capture system OpenCap in the outpatient clinical setting. OpenCap is a smartphone-based open-source software for estimating the kinematics and kinetics of human movement. Patients were grouped into three categories, easy, intermediate, and hard, based on the quality of performed movements, as deemed by the research team, the patients’ self-assessments, and restrictions set by the treating physician. The advanced groups completed quantitatively more and qualitatively higher joint loading movements. All movements were performed three times and during analysis averaged. The easy testbattery consisted of the timed up-and-go test, five-second slow sit-to-stand test and a 10 second one-leg lift for balance. The intermediate group additionally performed 2-legged squats and 1-legged pistol squats. The hard group performed on top also single leg Romanian deadlifts, vertical hop tests for height, step-down tests and drop jumps. OpenCap recorded the movement and computed positions of anatomic landmarks, joint angles, and joint forces during the movements (Figure 1). The time of motion capture system setup and movement completion were recorded. Various biomechanical parameters were explored and compared between groups to identify the best biomechanical parameters and movements allowing group distinguishment. Results: 100 participants visiting a tertiary orthopaedic surgery clinic were included, consisting of 20 healthy controls and 80 patients with various nonoperative and surgical treated pathologies. The cohort consists of 51% females and has an average age of 41.4 years. All participants completed the easy test battery, 53% the intermediate test battery, and 22% the hard test battery. The average setup time was 5.3 minutes, including acquiring patients’ age, height, and weight necessary for the musculoskeletal model and calibration, but excluding obtaining an informed consent. The movement capturing time differed between testbattery groups and ranged from 3 to 17 minutes (average easy 3.6 min, intermediate 5.2 min, hard 11.3 min). Setup time was reduced during the continuation of the study from 9.2 min in the first 20 participants to 3.4min in the last 20 participants. No injuries occurred. In our exploratory analysis, hip flexion, hip adduction, and hip rotation most clearly displayed differences between the easy and intermediate classified groups from the hard motion participants. Comparing the minimum hip flexion between the groups during the slow sit-to-stand test, the easy and intermediate group showed a 5° increased hip flexion (easy p=0.000, intermediate p=0.004) compared to the hard group. During the single leg squat the maximum hip flexion was 15° less in the intermediate compared to the hard group (p=0.009). During the lateral step-down test, the intermediate group showed a minimum 17° decreased hip internal rotation in comparison to the hard group (p=0.015). The slow sit to stand test, timed up and go test, one leg lift, single leg squat and the lateral step-down test demonstrated best discrimination between the groups. Conclusions: The video motion capture system OpenCap can be easily implemented into a clinical setting due to the easy setup and expeditious manner in which the measurements are taken. Testing time is mostly dependent on the extent of measured movements. Moreover, biomechanical parameters as assessed by OpenCap allow differentiation between physical capability groups, compared to clinically assessed. The single-legged movements, the slow sit-to-stand test and the timed-up-and-go-test are most effective in revealing these biomechanical differences. The biomechanical parameters of the hip, including its flexion, adduction, and rotation, reveal these differences most clearly. The ultimate goal is to provide a clinically friendly, rapid, inexpensive, portable, and objective assessment tool to facilitate rehabilitation and return to sport following various injuries and surgeries.