Testicular Tumours In Dogs Research Articles

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The aim of this research paper was to review the literature on testicular tumors in dogs, as the future of diagnostics and choice of therapy for oncological patients lies in tumor markers and proteomics research. Older dogs are prone to developing testicular tumors, which are usually benign, but in some cases can be malignant. The suspicion of a testicular tumor often arises incidentally during the clinical examination of a patient for another problem or during a systematic examination. It occurs most frequently in non-castrated individuals over the age of 10 years, and only very rarely do patients with testicular tumors show any symptoms. Histopathological examination is considered an objective diagnostic method for differentiating the types of testicular tumors in dogs. A testicular biopsy is also possible but does not guarantee a therapeutic effect. Histologically, testicular tumors in dogs are divided into germ cell tumors, testicular stromal tumors and mixed testicular tumors. Previous research determined serum and immunohistochemical markers for testicular tumors in dogs, and it has been found that there is a significant difference in the expression of anti-Müllerian hormone, testosterone and 17-beta-estradiol in the serum and tissue of testicular tumors in dogs, which is useful for diagnosis and treatment decisions. Recent research has focused on proteomics, which analyzes the entire protein component, and biomedical research has already begun to use it for diagnostic and prognostic markers of testicular tumors. To date, no proteomic studies have been performed on testicular tumors in dogs, but the expression of various proteins associated with oncogenic effects has been determined in dogs with different tumors compared to healthy dogs.

Pathomorphological features of neoplasms of the testes of dogs

 The research was conducted to study the morphological, clinical, and macroscopic characteristics of the different histological types of canine testicular tumors. The material was obtained during a routine surgery for the removal of testicular tumors in dogs in clinics of veterinary medicine in Kyiv. Tumors were divided into sex cord-stromal tumors and germ cell tumors. Among the sex-cord stromal tumors recorded Leydig (interstitial) and Sertoli cell tumors. Macroscopic and histologic characteristics of canine interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor are described. It comprises 12% of all testicular tumors. Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor has a slower growth compared to other testicular tumors, metastases are not observed. Half of the animals had no clinical signs. Most interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor go together with the pathology of adnexal structures. This is because Leydig cell tumor leads to increased levels of androgens. This fact may cause the pathology of adnexal structures. Neoplasms are recorded both on the right and the left testis. Leydig cell tumor was not related to the cryptorchid testicles. Mostly, tumors are regular oval, brown or gray color, different texture, and size with no signs of necrosis or ulceration. Macroscopic and histologic characteristics of malignant tumors of the testicle are described. A macroscopic picture was different and did not have clear meaning with the histological type of tumors. Microscopically a seminoma was characterized by the presence of layers of oval cells with the expressed grainy cytoplasm, surrounded by connective tissue, in which there was significant lymphoid infiltration. Leydig cell tumor is composed of cells that resemble Leydig cells and that are arranged into islands or tubular structures. The polygonal eosinophilic cells with granular or vacuolated, which contains lipids, were detected. Nuclei were a round mesh of chromatin and distinct nucleolus. Sometimes the large cells with 1, 2, or more nucleoli were noted. In Sertoli cell, tumor marked the various spectrum of cages from polygonal to prismatic sustenocytes.

Testicular Interstitial Cell Tumor with Disseminated Cutaneous Metastasis in a Dog

Background: Although testicular tumors commonly develop in the genital tract of dogs, only few studies have reported about metastatic testicular tumors in dogs to date. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the gross, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings in a dog with metastatic interstitial cell tumor.Case: A 6-year-old male Beagle underwent clinical examination due to enlargement of the left testicle and nodules in the skin of the left inguinal region and of the scrotum. The left testicle was cryptorchid (inguinal), and the right testicle was intrascrotal. Both testicles and affected skin fragments were surgically removed. The right testicle was normal in size and did not exhibit gross changes. However, the left testicular parenchyma had been completely replaced by a firm, grayish-to-white neoplastic mass with an irregular surface. The inguinal and scrotal skin fragments were thickened by the neoplastic masses. Histologically, the left testicular parenchyma was completely obliterated by a neoplastic mass consisting of round-to-oval and polygonal cells. The neoplastic cells generally had abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm with indistinct cell limits. The nuclei were round and small, with aggregated chromatin. However, some cells exhibited high degrees of atypia and pleomorphism and large nuclei with granular chromatin. Mitotic figures were observed at high frequencies of up to 11 per high-power field (400×). The mass in the left testicle was diagnosed as malignant interstitial cell tumor. The sections of the inguinal skin and scrotum presented with neoplastic cells similar to those observed in the left testicle, which is consistent with the metastasis of the malignant testicular interstitial cell tumor. On the basis of necropsy, multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules were randomly distributed throughout the body, primarily in the prepuce, head, and limbs. Histological evaluations of the skin nodules, internal iliac lymph nodes, and abdominal skeletal muscles also revealed metastases of the testicular interstitial cell tumor.Discussion: The histopathological findings associated with the immunohistochemical results observed in the present case helped in establishing the diagnosis of malignant interstitial cell tumor. Regarding the histological evaluations, although most neoplastic cells exhibited appearances that are characteristic of Leydig cells, several features indicative of malignancy were also observed. In dogs, malignant interstitial cell tumors are rare, and multiple organ metastases have been described. Among the immunohistochemical markers that were examined (calretinin, vimentin, cytokeratin, placental alkaline phosphatase, and octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4), only vimentin staining produced a positive result. In one study, the antibody against vimentin stained both normal Sertoli and Leydig cells and tumors arising from these cells, but not seminomas, which is an important differential diagnosis in the case described in this study. The negativity for placental alkaline phosphatase also allowed to rule out seminoma in the differential diagnosis of the primary tumor. The skin sections (distant metastases) were negative for T and B lymphocytes and macrophages, thereby ruling out possible differential diagnoses, such as lymphomas or histiocytic tumors, among the cutaneous neoplasms. Therefore, this case report described a malignant testicular interstitial cell tumor with an uncommon disseminated pattern of metastases to the skin in a dog.

Coincidence of Persistent M\xfcllerian duct syndrome and testicular tumors in dogs

BackgroundPersistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS), a rare form of male pseudohermaphroditism in dogs, is an abnormal sexual phenotype in males that is characterized by the existence of a hypoplastic oviduct, uterus, and cranial part of the vagina. Dogs suffering from PMDS are often accompanied by cryptorchidism. To date, it has been mainly found in the Miniature Schnauzer breed.Case presentationIn this report, two cases of PMDS with a malignant testicular tumor originating from cryptorchidism in breeds other than the Miniature Schnauzer breed are described. The patients were a seven-year-old male Maltese dog and a 17-year-old male mixed-breed dog weighing 3.8 kg. They also exhibited an enlarged prostate with or without abscess and an elevated serum estradiol level and were surgically treated to remove the testicular tumor and Müllerian duct derivatives.ConclusionsIt is recommended that PMDS should be differentially diagnosed by ultrasonography and that orchiectomy be performed at an early age in patients suspected to have cryptorchidism to prevent the ectopic testes from becoming tumorous.

ПАТОМОРФОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЛЕЙДИГОМИ СОБАК

The research for the study of morphological, clinical and macroscopic characteristics of the different histological types of canine testicular tumors. Material was obtained during a routine surgery for the removal of testicular tumors in dogs in clinics of veterinary medicine in Kiev. Tumors were divided into sex-cord stromal tumors and germ cell tumors. Among the sex-cord stromal tumors recorded leydig (interstitial) and sertoli cell tumors. Macroscopical and histologic characteristics of canine interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor are described. It is 12.5% of all testicular tumors. The average age of dogs is 9 years. Largest share is breeds dog such as foxterriers and toyterriers. Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor has a slower growth compared to other tumors the testicle, no metastases. Half the animals had no clinical signs. Mostinterstitial (Leydig) cell tumor go together with the pathology of adnexal structures. This is because Leydig cell tumor lead to increased levels of androgens. This fact may cause pathology of adnexal structures. Neoplasms are recorded both on the right and the left testis. Leydig cell tumor was not related to the cryptorchid testicles. Most tumors regular oval, brown or gray color, different texture and size with no signs of necrosis or ulceration. The average volume of tumors ranged from 2 to 20 cm2. Microscopically, the tumor is composed of cells that resemble Leydig cells and that are arranged into islands or tubular structures. Find polygonal eosinophilic cells with granular or vacuolated, which contains lipids. Nuclei were round mesh of chromatin and distinct nucleolus. Sometimes noted the large cells with 1, 2 or more nucleoli. In some cases, found elongated fusiform cells with small nuclei and granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. Tumor stroma characterized by calcification. Note mitotically active cells. Cysts lined by tumor cells are present in some tumors. Distinction between benign and malignant forms on purely histological criteria, in the absence of metastasis, often is difficult. Studies on the features of histological structure of testicular tumors will optimize the histological diagnosis of neoplasms.

Seminoma, Sertolioma, and Leydigoma in Dogs: Clinical and Morphological Correlations

Abstract The study aimed at presenting the most frequent male gonadal tumours in dogs, their clinical and histopathological aspects, at outlining aetiopathogenesis and differential diagnosis of the tumours. As examples of the most frequently manifested testicular tumours, three clinical cases were presented, involving tumour of interstitial (Leydig) cells, tumour of Sertoli cells, and seminoma. Respective clinical diagnosis employed USG, X-ray patterns, and morphological and biochemical tests. The surgically sampled material was stained with H+E and an attempt was made to establish expression of E-cadherin, calretinin, and Ki-67. It was shown that histopathological diagnosis of testicular tumours in dogs is frequently very difficult and complex and requires multidirectional studies.

Evaluation of preputial cytology in diagnosing oestrogen producing testicular tumours in dogs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of preputial cytology in oestrogen producing testicular tumours in dogs. Forty-five dogs with palpable testicular masses and 30 healthy control dogs were included. Dogs were evaluated for signs of alopecia and/or feminisation. Analyses of preputial cytology, haematology and serum oestradiol were performed. Dogs with testicular masses were neutered and the testes were submitted for histopathological examination. The dogs were divided into three groups (1) control dogs (n=30), (2) dogs with a testicular mass and serum oestradiol concentration <40 pmol/L (n=35), (3) dogs with a testicular mass and serum oestradiol concentration >40 pmol/L (n=10). More than 20% superficial cells in preputial smear was significantly associated with serum oestradiol concentration >40 pmol/L (P<0·001). The number of superficial cells was significantly increased (P<0·001) in preputial smears from dogs with alopecia. It appears that the preputial cytology has a high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of oestrogen producing testicular tumours in dogs.

Evaluation of Preputial Cytology in Diagnosing Oestrogen-Producing Testicular Tumours in Dogs

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of preputial cytology in oestrogen producing testicular tumours in dogs. Methods Forty-five dogs with palpable testicular masses and 30 healthy control dogs were included. Dogs were evaluated for signs of alopecia and/or feminisation. Analyses of preputial cytology, haematology and serum oestradiol were performed. Dogs with testicular masses were neutered and the testes were submitted for histopathological examination. The dogs were divided into three groups (1) control dogs (n=30), (2) dogs with a testicular mass and serum oestradiol concentration 40 pmol/L (n=10). Results More than 20% superficial cells in preputial smear was significantly associated with serum oestradiol concentration >40 pmol/L (P<0·001). The number of superficial cells was significantly increased (P<0·001) in preputial smears from dogs with alopecia. Clinical Significance It appears that the preputial cytology has a high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of oestrogen producing testicular tumours in dogs.

A 12-Year Retrospective Study of Canine Testicular Tumors

To provide up-to-date information on the incidence and risk factors of canine testicular tumors, 476 pathological reports of male canine tumors from two institutes of veterinary medicine in Taiwan over a period of 12 years were reviewed. The detection rate of testicular tumors was 16.8% (80/476) in male canine tumors, and 94.1% (80/85) in male genital tumors. Ninety-six testicular tumors from 80 dogs were identified in this study, including 33 (34.4%) seminomas (SEMs), 25 (26%) interstitial cell tumors (ICTs), 22 (22.9%) mixed germ cell-stromal cell tumors (MGCSCTs), and 16 (16.6%) Sertoli cell tumors (SCTs). Of the 96 testicular tumors, 52 (54.2%) tumors developed from cryptorchid testes in 45 dogs (56.3%), and 44 (45.8%) tumors developed from scrotal testes in 35 dogs (44.7%). Cryptorchidism was significantly associated with development of MGCSCTs, SCTs, and SEMs, but not ICTs (p<0.01). The detection rate of testicular tumors in the dog younger than 10-years-old was significantly associated with cryptorchidism (p<0.01). Except for mixed breed dogs, the Maltese breed had high detection rate of testicular tumors, and may have high risk in cryptorchidism in this study. In conclusion, our results indicate that cryptorchidism alone or in addition to age will significantly affect the incidence and type of canine testicular tumors, and a high detection rate of testicular tumors in Maltese dogs is documented for the first time.

Comparative immunohistochemical characterization of canine seminomas and Sertoli cell tumors

Primary testicular tumors are the most common causes of cancer in male dogs. Overall, the majority of canine patients should be cured by testicular surgery. However, tumor markers are not well-known in veterinary medicine. We sought to determine using immunohistochemistry whether the combined human testicular tumor markers (placental alkaline phosphatase, OCT3/4, CD30, alpha-fetoprotein, inhibin-alpha, vimentin, c-KIT, and desmin) are expressed in canine seminomas and Sertoli cell tumors (SCTs). We examined 35 canine testicular tumors, 20 seminomas and 15 SCTs. c-KIT was expressed markedly in canine seminomas. Both inhibin-alpha and vimentin were expressed significantly in canine SCTs. The results of this study demonstrate differences and similarities between tumor marker expression of testicular tumors in dogs and humans. All the main markers in current routine use are discussed as well as potential useful markers for benign and malignant tumors, and tumor progression.

Evidence of testicular dysgenesis syndrome in the dog

Human male reproductive disorders comprising testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) have become more prevalent during the last 50 years. These disorders include cryptorchidism, hypospadias, decreased semen quality, and the development of seminomas. Based on experimental evidence, it has been suggested that environmental pollutants with oestrogen-like or anti-androgenic activities play a role in the pathogenesis of TDS. In humans, histological lesions associated with TDS have been well characterized; this includes seminomas as well as their precursors, carcinoma in situ (CIS) lesions. CIS are seminiferous tubules lined by gonocytes and are a sign of testicular maldevelopment. Such CIS have recently been described in canine species, and an increased frequency of testicular tumours in dogs has also been reported. In this study, we investigated the presence of TDS lesions in canine testes submitted to routine histological examination. Histological features considered typical of human TDS were observed in 8/38 dogs examined; as in humans, individual dogs presented with various TDS features with a range of severity. In all eight dogs, CIS and at least one of the histological feature of TDS was observed in combination with seminoma. These findings suggest that as in humans, TDS may predispose canines to develop testicular cancer. A larger study is needed to better evaluate the actual incidence of TDS in canines, its clinical consequences, and the possible underlying pathogenic factors.

Canine Testicular Tumours: a Study on 232 Dogs

The aim of this study was to provide an up-to-date estimate of the prevalence of canine testicular tumours, an earlier study (reported in 1962) having found a prevalence of 16%. Histological examination of both testes collected at necropsy from 232 dogs revealed that 62 (27%) had one or more testicular tumours, the total number of tumours identified being 110. Of these, 55 were interstitial cell tumours, 46 were seminomas, and nine were Sertoli cell tumours. The results suggest that, as reported in man, testicular tumours in dogs have increased during the past 40 years. Further studies should investigate the possible causative role of environmental pollutants.

Occurrence of Testicular Tumours in Dogs

ABSTRACTIn the Department of Physiology and Pathology we examined the testes of 40 dogs. They were examined grossly and for histological examination they were fixed with Bouin's solution, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with haematoxylineosin stains. PAS reaction and imunohistological assays were performed.The dogs were divided into three groups considering their age: </= 5 years of age, from 6 to 9 and from 10 to 16 years of age. There were 19(47%) mongrels amongst these dogs. From 40 examined dogs the most common pathologies were tumours (42%) and degenerations (29%). The highest level of the tumours was found in the 7, 8 and 10 year old dogs. In 10 cases we found testicular tumours in the 10 years and older dogs, in 7 cases—in the 6–9 year old dogs, and there were no testicular tumours in dogs aged 5 years and younger. The most common occurrence of testicular tumours were seminomas (52%). Seminomas were mostly found in the 10-year and older dogs testes, also in cryptorchidic testes. Leydig-cell and Sertoli-cell tumours were diagnosed in 24% of dogs. In two cases we found Leydig-cell tumours with intratubular seminomas, both within one testis and in one case—different types of Leydig-cell tumour in one dog's testes. We found both types of Sertoli-cell tumours in the cryptorchidic testes and in the one testis they were found together with seminoma. We didn't find any signs of the feminization syndrome in these dogs.

Use of antibodies against LH receptor, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and vimentin to characterize different types of testicular tumour in dogs

Testicular tumours in dogs are of Sertoli cell, Leydig cell or germinal origin and mixed tumours are also frequently observed. The cellular components of mixed tumours are usually identified by histological examination but sometimes this is difficult. In this study, a panel of specific antibodies was used to identify the different cell types in testicular tumours by immunohistochemistry. Leydig cells were identified using an antibody against the LH receptor and an antibody against the steroidogenic enzyme 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD), both of which are characteristic of Leydig cells in testes. Sertoli cells were identified using an antibody against the intermediate filament vimentin. Seminoma cells did not stain with any of these antibodies. Vimentin was used only in histologically complex cases. Eighty-six tumours, diagnosed histologically as 29 Sertoli cell tumours, 25 Leydig cell tumours, 19 seminomas and 13 mixed tumours, were studied. Feminization was observed in 17 dogs. Leydig cell tumours stained positively with the antibodies against the LH receptor and 3beta-HSD, whereas seminomas and Sertoli cell tumours were negative (unstained). The antibody against vimentin stained both Sertoli and Leydig cells, and tumours arising from these cells, but not seminomas. Immunohistochemistry revealed that three tumours identified histologically as Sertoli cell tumours were actually Leydig cell tumours. In 14 dogs the histological diagnosis appeared to be incomplete, as mixed tumours instead of pure types of tumours were identified in 11 dogs, and in three dogs mixed tumours appeared to be pure types. Hence, the histological diagnosis was insufficient in approximately 20% of dogs. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of testis tumours revealed that feminization occurred in dogs with Sertoli cell tumours or Leydig cell tumours and their combinations, but not in dogs with a seminoma. In conclusion, incubation with antibodies against LH receptor and 3beta-HSD proved to be a consistently reliable method for identification of Leydig cell tumours in dogs. Vimentin can be used to discriminate between Sertoli cell tumours and seminomas. Overall, this panel of antibodies can be very useful for determination of the identity of testicular tumours in which histological characterization is complicated and the pathogenesis of feminization is not clear.

Testicular tumors in dogs: frequency and age distribution

Estudaram-se a ocorrencia e a predisposicao etaria de neoplasias testiculares em caes. Em 497 caes necropsiados, 47 apresentaram tumores testiculares, correspondendo a frequencia de 9,45% (47/497). Houve aumento significativo na frequencia de tumores testiculares em animais velhos.

Testicular tumours in dogs

Testicular tumours in dogs

Estrogenic Leydig-cell tumor with multiple metastases in a dog; the problem of bisexual hormone production by gonadal cells.

Testicular tumors in dogs are of interest because of their high incidence (1–5) and the light they shed on the hormonal activity of the various cell types occurring in the testes of man. Proof has been amassed within recent years that the Sertoli cells and their respective tumors can produce estrogenic hormone (6–9). The outstanding feature described in this report is that a canine Leydigcell tumor can: (a) produce estrogenic hormone, as does the canine Sertolicell tumor, (b) induce excessive feminization, and (c) give ise to metastases in the brain.

Testicular Tumors in Dogs

Testicular Tumors in Dogs