Test-retest Stability Research Articles

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Psy-Flex Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

This research aimed to translate the original English version of the Psy-Flex, a scale of psychological flexibility, into Chinese and to test its psychometric properties among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Two phases were conducted: (1) translation from English to Chinese (Psy-Flex-C), followed by a semantic equivalence evaluation between two versions, a pre-test, and an evaluation of the Psy-Flex-C in terms of face validity with 20 parents of autistic children, and content validity of the Psy-Flex-C with eight experts. (2) A cross-sectional study with 248 parents of autistic children was conducted for validation, and a subgroup of 50 participants was randomly selected to assess the test-retest reliability at a 2-week interval. The Psy-Flex-C showed satisfactory semantic equivalence with the original version and demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.84) and test-retest stability (weighted kappa statistic = 0.88). Concurrent validity was supported by a moderate correlation between the Psy-Flex-C and the Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes (Pearson's r = 0.54, p < 0.01). The Psy-Flex-C showed a significant mean score difference between parents with high and low parenting stress (t = 5.43, p < 0.001). Similar to the original scale, confirmatory factor analysis showed the best fitting one-factor structure of the Psy-Flex-C (X2/df = 1.62, p = 0.13, RMSEA = 0.05, GFI = 0.99, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, SRMR = 0.023). The Psy-Flex-C can be a reliable and valid instrument to self-report psychological flexibility in parents of children with ASD. Future research is recommended to test the Psy-Flex-C using diverse samples from different cultures and contexts to enhance its generalizability.

The Chinese version of the Nursing Student Academic Resilience Inventory: A validity and reliability study

AimTo translate and adapt the Nursing Student Academic Resilience Inventory (NSARI) into Chinese and assess its validity and reliability among Chinese nursing students. BackgroundNursing students frequently encounter stress during their clinical education and academic resilience is an important skill to help students withstand stress. The NSARI is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the level of academic resilience of nursing students during clinical practice. Currently, there is no valid and reliable measurement tool to assess academic resilience for nursing students in China. DesignA descriptive, methodological and cross-sectional design was used. MethodThis study was conducted on 600 nursing students in Northeast China. A socio-demographic form, the Chinese version of the NSARI and the nurse resilience scale were used for data collection between May to November 2023. The exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis samples comprised 300 students, respectively, to test the structural validity of the inventory. In addition, internal consistency and invariance analyses were conducted to assess the reliability of the inventory. ResultsThe Chinese version of NSARI comprises 24 items separated into six dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis extracted six factors, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 71.908%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a satisfactory fit. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the internal consistency of the total inventory was 0.939 with a test-retest stability reliability value of 0.957. ConclusionThe Chinese version of NSARI is a valid and reliable measurement tool for assessing the level of academic resilience of nursing students during clinical placement.

The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the innovation support inventory (ISI-12) in clinical nurses: a methodological cross-sectional study

BackgroundInnovation in nursing involves applying new knowledge to create novel ideas, methods, or technologies, resulting in higher-quality care and improved patient outcomes. Adequate support for innovation is crucial for progress in nursing. This study aimed to translate the Innovation Support Inventory (ISI-12) into Persian and assess its psychometric properties specifically among clinical nurses.MethodsA methodological cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to July 2023 to evaluate the face, content, and construct validity of the ISI-12. Construct validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and convergent and discriminant validity evaluation using data obtained from 321 clinical nurses. The test–retest stability and internal consistency of the ISI-12 were also evaluated to assess its reliability.ResultsThe Persian version of the ISI-12 validation through confirmatory factor analysis has confirmed its fit with the proposed three-factor model. The ISI-12 demonstrated high reliability, as evidenced by a Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.969), McDonald's omega coefficient (ω = 0.922), coefficient H (H = 0.979), and mean inter-item correlation (ρ = 0.418). Additionally, the stability of the ISI-12 during two weeks among 40 clinical nurses was found to be excellent, with an ICC of 0.951.ConclusionThe Persian version of the ISI-12 is a valid inventory for evaluating the innovation Support of clinical nurses.

Development and Psychometric Testing of the: Efficacy Perception Scale for Suicide Risk Management for Oncology Nurses

ObjectivesOncology patients are one of the groups with high suicide risk and it is emphasized that oncology nurses' suicide risk management knowledge and skills are insufficient. Several studies have underlined the need to create training programs specifically for oncology nurses to increase their level of awareness, knowledge, skill, and efficacy in recognizing and managing suicide risk. A valid and reliable scale is required to assess the efficacy of suicide risk management for oncology nurses. This study aimed to develop the Efficacy Perception Scale for Suicide Risk Management for Oncology Nurses and evaluate its psychometric properties. MethodsThis methodological study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the authors conducted a literature review and qualitative study and examined other efficacy scales to generate items. In the second stage, the validity and reliability of the 26 items were determined. The scale content was validated based on feedback from 10 experts. Exploratory analysis of the scale was conducted with the data of 234 oncology nurses. Internal consistency and 2-week test-retest stability measured reliability. ResultsThe scale's items met the required level of content validity (content validity rate = 0,62), were found to be understandable by 15 nurse (face validity), and all 26 items were retained in the item pool. The exploratory factor analysis extracted a unifactorial solution for the scale. The value of Cronbach's alpha for the scale was 0.96, and the inter-class reliability coefficient was 0.92. ConclusionThe scale is a valid and reliable scale that might be used to assess the efficacy perception of oncology nurses for suicide risk management. Implications for Nursing PracticeThe assessment of oncology nurses' perceptions of efficacy in suicide risk management may enable the identification of training needs and the development of the content of suicide prevention trainings in parallel with the needs of nurses.

Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) Is Also Relevant for Computer, Smartphone, and Tablet Use by Adults: Introducing the Brief Box Clicking Test.

Visual-motor integration (VMI) is typically examined in children to promote handwriting, but it may also be relevant for adults' capacity for technology use. To examine the reliability and validity of speed of completion of the box clicking test, a web-based test of VMI. Participants in the Understanding America Study completed online surveys on a regular basis, including a very brief (less than 30 s) self-administered box clicking test. For validity testing, we examined whether box clicking speed was associated with constructs relevant to visual-perceptual skills and motor coordination, the skills underlying VMI. Test-retest reliability was examined by computation of intraclass correlation coefficients. A total of 11,114 adults. Measures included the completion time for the box clicking task and measures relevant to visual perception (e.g., perceptual speed) and motor coordination (e.g., self-reported functional limitation). Results suggested that the box clicking test was a VMI task. Slower test performance was associated with lower visual-perceptual speed and a greater likelihood of reporting difficulties with dressing, a motor coordination relevant task. Box clicking tests taken within at least 2 yr of one another had moderate test-retest stability, but future studies are needed to examine test-retest reliabilities over brief (e.g., 2-wk) time intervals. The box clicking test may serve both as a tool for research and to clinically observe whether clients have VMI difficulties that interfere with computer, smartphone, or tablet use. Plain-Language Summary: Use of devices such as smartphones and computers is increasingly becoming integral for daily functioning. Visual-motor integration (VMI) has often been addressed by occupational therapists to support handwriting of children, but it may also be important for technology use by adults. Prior literature supports the relevance of VMI to technology use, and adults with various chronic conditions have been found to have decrements in VMI. We tested the psychometric properties of a brief box clicking test of VMI that could be used to examine VMI underlying technology use among adults. Overall, results suggested that the box clicking test was a VMI task. Just as speed of gait has been used as an index of functional mobility, speed on the box clicking task seemed serviceable as an index of VMI ability. The box clicking test may also be used for clinical observation of whether VMI interferes with technology use.

Validation of the Work-Related Quality of Life Scale in Rehabilitation Health Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Work-related quality of life (WRQoL) is a multidimensional concept related to life satisfaction. Evaluating WRQoL is essential in healthcare settings since employee satisfaction affects patient service quality. Only a few studies have focused on the quality of life of rehabilitation health workers. We aimed to validate the Italian version of the WRQoL scale on a population of rehabilitation health professionals; the secondary objective was to investigate the work-related quality of life of professionals concerning the work settings in which they operate. Participants were recruited from January 2022 to December 2023 according to specific inclusion criteria. Questionnaires were administered through an online survey requiring also personal employment data, and together with the SF-12 questionnaire, a test-retest was performed on 30 therapists. Reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alpha, test-retest stability through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and concurrent validity was calculated using Pearson's correlation. We enrolled 284 individuals. Internal consistency analysis showed statistically significant results: Cronbach's alpha was > 0.70; construct validity analyses revealed statistically significant data for total scores and subscales, compared to SF-12 scores. The WRQoL scale is a valid and reliable tool to assess the quality of working life of rehabilitation professionals.

Adaptation of the quiet quitting scale for teachers to Turkish culture: An empirical psychometric investigation

The study aims to introduce to the Turkish culture a measurement tool that has proven validity and reliability in determining the level of quiet quitting among teachers. It involves the analysis of the validity and reliability of the Quiet Quitting Scale, as the scale is adapted to the Turkish culture. The scale, originally developed in English, was adapted to Turkish using data from teachers employed in public schools who were selected through convenience sampling. Confirmatory factor analysis was initially used to assess the construct validity of the original structure of the scale within the Turkish context. The findings indicated a good fit to the four-factor model, supported by adequate factor loadings and fit indices, thus confirming the scale’s validity within the Turkish culture. Reliability evaluation included internal consistency coefficients, test-retest stability, and composite reliability, all exceeding the threshold values. The test-retest analysis confirmed the stability of the scale, while the composite reliability analysis further supported its reliability. Measurement invariance across gender and tenure was examined, confirming that the scale can provide reliable comparisons across these demographic groups. Overall, these results demonstrate the successful adaptation of the Quiet Quitting Scale to Turkish culture and are supported by strong evidence of its validity and reliability.

Baseline Normative and Test-Retest Reliability Data for Sideline Concussion Assessment Measures in Youth.

Tools used for the identification, evaluation, and monitoring of concussion have not been sufficiently studied in youth or real-world settings. Normative and reliability data on sideline concussion assessment measures in the youth athlete population is needed. Pre-season normative data for 515 athletes (93.5% male) aged 5 to 16 on the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC/SAC-Child), modified Balance Errors Scoring System (mBESS), Timed Tandem Gait (TTG), and the King-Devick Test (KDT) are provided. A total of 212 non-injured athletes repeated the measures post-season to assess test-retest reliability. Mean performance on the SAC-C, mBESS, TTG, and KDT tended to improve with age. KDT was the only measure that demonstrated good to excellent stability across age ranges (ICC = 0.758 to 0.941). Concentration was the only SAC/SAC-C subtest to demonstrate moderate test-retest stability (ICC = 0.503 to 0.706). TTG demonstrated moderate to good (ICC = 0.666 to 0.811) reliability. mBESS demonstrated poor to moderate reliability (ICC = -0.309 to 0.651). Commonly used measures of concussion vary regarding test-retest reliability in youth. The data support the use of at least annual sport concussion baseline assessments in the pediatric population to account for the evolution in performance as the child ages. Understanding the variation in the stability and the evolution of baseline performance will enable improved identification of possible injury.

Psychometric properties of the arabic version of occupational value with pre-defined ítems

Background Perceived occupational value is closely linked with well-being and there is need worldwide for assessment tools that target this phenomenon. The Occupational Value with pre-defined items (OVal-pd), measuring three dimensions of occupational value; concrete, socio-symbolic and self-rewarding, was designed for that purpose. Aim To pilot an Arabic version of OVal-pd and evaluate its psychometric properties in terms of content validity, factor structure, homogeneity, construct validity, test-retest stability, floor and ceiling effects, and measurement error. Methods Snowball sampling was used to recruit Arabic-speaking persons living in Sweden (n = 55). They completed the OVal-pd and questionnaires addressing background factors, content validity and feasibility. Confirmatory factor analysis, Spearman’s rank correlation, Cronbach’s α, intraclass correlation coefficients, and minimum detectable change were calculated. Results A 22-item version of the Arabic OVal-pd was found to have acceptable content validity and feasibility and the proposed three occupational value dimensions were confirmed. Good properties in terms of construct validity, internal consistency and test-retest stability were also established. No floor or ceiling effects were observed. Conclusion The Arabic OVal-pd showed good validity and reliability on various psychometric aspects. Significance In today’s multicultural societies, the Arabic OVal-pd can be an important tool for occupational therapists working with Arabic-speaking clients.

Development and reliability of the width depth strength tool for assessing the structural quality of paper-based concept maps: WiDeST

Drawing a paper-based concept map gives students more freedom to express their mental model than digital concept mapping tools. However, this freedom can hinder a uniform structure and make determining the structural quality of students’ mental models more difficult. In this dual-study paper, we develop and determine the reliability of our Width, Depth and Strength Tool (WiDeST) for assessing paper-based concept maps in secondary and tertiary education. In the first study, 157 secondary education students created 1377 concept maps in a longitudinal design over 24 weeks. The first study's results indicate that WiDeST is reliable, with an Omega Total of 0.81. Test-retest stability (ICCk2) ranges between 0.72 and 0.84. To test whether WiDeST remained reliable in tertiary education, we undertook a second study in which 80 students created 80 concept maps. The second study's results show that WiDeST is reliable with an Omega total of 0.70. WiDeST remained reliable while the structural complexity of the mental models increased from secondary education to tertiary education.

The Chinese version of the multidimensional psychological flexibility inventory short form (MPFI-24): Assessment of psychometric properties using classical test theory and network analysis

The purpose of this study was to validate the Chinese version of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (C-MPFI-24) for use in China, taking into account cultural differences, using classical test theory and network analysis. Participants were Chinese university students, middle school students, university teachers, and medical professionals, totaling 3568 valid respondents from an initial pool of 3800. A retest was conducted one month later with 350 university students. The inventory was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, linear regression, and network analysis. Results showed that the two higher-order factors of the C-MPFI-24, psychological flexibility and inflexibility, fit well (χ2 = 1726.36, df = 239, CFI = 0.936, RMSEA = 0.067), with a significant negative correlation between them (−0.72). Correlation with related scales confirmed good convergent validity, and network analysis supported the robustness of the model. Linear regression indicated that the subscales of the C-MPFI-24 significantly explained variance in well-being and distress beyond that of the AAQ-II. The inventory demonstrated good reliability, test-retest stability, and measurement invariance across groups and genders, establishing its reliability and applicability for assessing psychological flexibility and inflexibility in a Chinese context. Further research is encouraged to examine its cross-cultural stability and applicability.

Exploring Compersion: A Study on Polish Consensually Non-Monogamous Individuals and Adaptation of the COMPERSe Questionnaire

Compersion is a positive emotion experienced in relation to one’s partner’s relationship(s) with other partner(s). Experiencing it is highly desired in communities practicing consensual non-monogamy (CNM), especially polyamory. This article presents the results of a study on compersion on Polish CNM individuals. The main goal of the study was to adapt to the Polish-speaking population the COMPERSe (Classifying Our Metamour/Partner Emotional Response Scale; Flicker et al., 2021), the first standardized quantitative scale designed to measure compersion. The analyses were performed on data obtained from 211 individuals in CNM relationships and on a comparative group of 169 people in monogamous relationships. The results of the confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the three-factor model of the original COMPERSe version did not fit well, leading to further revisions that resulted in a 7-item, two-factor solution with excellent fit, excellent internal consistency, strong divergent and convergent validity, and excellent test–retest stability. The CNM individuals were found to have higher scores on compersion and cognitive empathy and were also less jealous than the monogamous participants. Furthermore, polyamorous individuals experienced more compersion and less aversion to partner’s autonomy than people in open relationships. It was also revealed that compersion indirectly predicted relationship satisfaction by decreasing jealousy and that compersion was, in turn, predicted by cognitive empathy. However, when polyamorous and open relationships were analyzed separately, compersion predicted relationship satisfaction directly, but only in polyamorous relationships; meanwhile, in open relationships, satisfaction was directly predicted by cognitive empathy.

Global brain connectivity: Test-retest stability and association with biological and neurocognitive variables

BackgroundGlobal brain connectivity (GBC) enables measuring brain regions’ functional connectivity strength at rest by computing the average correlation between each brain voxel’s time-series and that of all other voxels. New methodWe used resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data of young adult participants from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset to explore the test-retest stability of GBC, the brain regions with higher or lower GBC, as well as the associations of this measure with age, sex, and fluid intelligence. GBC was computed by considering separately the positive and negative correlation coefficients (positive GBC and negative GBC). ResultsTest-retest stability was higher for positive compared to negative GBC. Areas with higher GBC were located in the default mode network, insula, and visual areas, while regions with lower GBC were in subcortical regions, temporal cortex, and cerebellum. Higher age was related to global reduction of positive GBC. Males displayed higher positive GBC in the whole brain. Fluid intelligence was associated to increased positive GBC in fronto-parietal, occipital and temporal regions. Comparison with Existing MethodCompared to previous works, this study adopted a larger sample size and tested GBC stability using data from different rs-fMRI sessions. Moreover, these associations were examined by testing positive and negative GBC separately. ConclusionsLower stability for negative compared to positive GBC suggests that negative correlations may reflect less stable couplings between brain regions. Our findings indicate a greater importance of positive compared to negative GBC for the associations of functional connectivity strength with biological and neurocognitive variables.

The instrumental practice goal realization inventory: from intention to evaluation

ABSTRACT This article reports on the development and validation of the Instrumental Practice Goal Realization Inventory (IPGRI) designed to assess the process of self-directed study, beginning with setting the intention to practice and ending with the evaluation of one’s performance. This new tool is based on the theoretical model of action phases. The IPGRI consists of 12 items and four scales delineating the phases of goal realization: Practice Intention, Planning, Acting, and Evaluating Practice. We describe the conceptualization and development of the measure. The evaluation of its psychometric properties is based on two samples: 171 piano students and 235 students learning various instruments. They participated in three measurements, each spaced two weeks apart. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses performed on the two samples indicate that the four-factor structure of the IPGRI is a good representation of the realization of instrumental practice goals. A high reliability (internal consistency and test-retest stability) of the scales was observed. We also provide evidence for convergent, discriminant, construct, and known-group validity. The IPGRI is a short and multidimensional measure with good psychometric properties. Therefore, it may be used both in research and practice in the psychology of music and music education.

Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory.

The Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R) is a measurement tool for assessing an individual's willingness to engage in uncommitted sexual relations. Despite its widespread use in various contexts, no studies have validated the use of this instrument in China. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of an existing Chinese translation of the SOI-R. A total of 2,209 participants were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: exploratory factor analysis was conducted on one group and confirmatory factor analysis on the other, with 161 participants from the total sample recruited to assess the test-retest reliability. Criterion validity was measured by testing the correlations between sociosexuality and sexual desire, mate value, sexual attitudes, and personality traits. The results confirmed a three-factor structure (sociosexual behaviors, attitudes, and desire) for the SOI-R. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated good reliability (internal consistency and test-retest stability) and validity (criterion validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity) of the SOI-R, supporting its suitability as an assessment tool for sociosexual orientation in China.

Translation and Evaluation of Psychometric Properties of the Persian 8-Item Internalized Transphobia (IT) Scale in Iranian Transgenders.

Internalized transphobia (IT) is influenced by societal norms and expectations, and it can have significant negative effects on the well-being and mental health of transgender individuals. The aim of this study was to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian 8-item IT scale among Iranian transgender individuals in order to enhance the quality and quantity of research in this field. This cross-sectional and methodological study utilized convenience sampling to recruit 119 transgender individuals in Mashhad, the second most populous city in Iran, in 2021. The Persian translation of the IT scale was developed using the backward-forward translation method. Subsequently, various types of validity and reliability were assessed, including content validity using the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR), face validity based on the impact score, construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest stability analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The CVR ranged from 0.600 to 1, the CVI ranged from 0.800 to 1, and the impact score exceeded 1.5, indicating the appropriate content and face validity of the 8-item IT scale. The construct validity analysis revealed that the questionnaire is one-dimensional. The internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.917, and the ICC for test-retest stability was 0.871. The Persian version of the IT scale demonstrated high and acceptable psychometric properties. The brevity of this scale facilitates its dissemination and utilization in clinical settings.

Psychometric evaluation of the Bengali brief pain inventory in a sample of Bangladeshi cancer patients

Pain is a common complain among oncology patients, and success of its management requires accurate assessment. However, the status of pain treatment in Bangladesh is largely undocumented. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Bengali version of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-Bengali) in a Bangladeshi sample of cancer patients. BPI-Bengali and the Questionnaire on Stress in Cancer Patients Revised (QSC-R 23) were administered to a convenience sample of 60 adult oncology patients receiving pain treatment. Cronbach alpha coefficients were 0.89 and 0.94 for the severity and interference items respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the test-retest stability were 0.65 (p&lt;0.01) for the pain intensity scale and 0.88 (p&lt;0.01) for the pain interference scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) yielded two components, indicating pain severity and interference clusters by explaining 75% of the variance. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated the model as moderate fit to the data (CFI=0.89, RMSEA=0.16). Convergent validity of the pain severity and interference was demonstrated by significant correlations with stress level (r=0.67, p&lt;0.01), (r=0.66, p&lt;0.01). The findings of this study support the psychometric properties of Bengali BPI among cancer population in terms of validity, reliability and factor structure. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 33(1): 99-108, 2024 (January)

Spanish Adaptation of the Social Worries Questionnaire (SWQ): A Tool to Assess Social Anxiety in Preadolescent Children

Social anxiety may appear during preadolescence, causing children to worry and avoid situations where they may be evaluated by others. Previous studies have shown that about 4% of preadolescents present clinically elevated levels of social anxiety, which is related to the later onset of other problems. Therefore, it becomes necessary to have available screening measures, with few items, that assess the different social situations that elicit anxiety, as is the case of the Social Worries Questionnaire (SWQ). The objective of this study was to adapt and assess the psychometric properties of the SWQ in Spanish preadolescent children. The sample was composed of 218 children aged 8 to 12 years (54.1% boys). The SWQ, along with other measures of depression, anxiety and self-concept, were online administered to children. An item addressing videoconference anxiety was added to the SWQ. Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, a one-factor structure composed of 14 items demonstrated favorable fit indices. The results indicate evidence of concurrent and discriminant validity, good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.81; ordinal α = 0.87) and moderate-to-good test-retest stability. Despite some limitations, the Spanish adaptation of the SWQ shows good psychometric properties and enables the assessment of social anxiety generalization to several situations. The questionnaire can be a valuable self-reported tool for detecting risk cases and guiding the treatment in clinical settings.

A practical test for retronasal odor identification based on aromatized tablets

BackgroundOlfactory perceptions elicited by odors originating from within the body (retronasal olfaction) play a crucial role in well-being and are often disrupted in various medical conditions. However, the assessment of retronasal olfaction in research and the clinical practice is impeded by the lack of commercially available tests and limited standardization of existing testing materials. New MethodThe novel ThreeT retronasal odor identification test employs 20 flavored tablets that deliver a standardized amount of odorous stimuli. The items represent common food- and non-food-related odors. ResultsThe ThreeT test effectively distinguishes patients with olfactory dysfunction from healthy controls, achieving a specificity of 86% and sensitivity of 73%. Its scores remain stable for up to 3 months (r=.79). Comparison with existing methodThreeT test exhibits a strong correlation with “Tasteless powders” measure of retronasal olfaction (r=.78) and classifies people into healthy and patient groups with similar accuracy. Test-retest stability of ThreeT is slightly higher than the stability of “Tasteless powders” (r=.79 vs r=.74). ConclusionsThreeT is suitable for integration into scientific research and clinical practice to monitor retronasal odor identification abilities.

Human sensorimotor resting state beta events and aperiodic activity show good test–retest reliability

ObjectiveDiseases affecting sensorimotor function impair physical independence. Reliable functional clinical biomarkers allowing early diagnosis or targeting treatment and rehabilitation could reduce this burden. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) non-invasively measures brain rhythms such as the somatomotor ‘rolandic’ rhythm which shows intermittent high-amplitude beta (14–30 Hz) ‘events’ that predict behavior across tasks and species and are altered by sensorimotor neurological diseases. MethodsWe assessed test–retest stability, a prerequisite for biomarkers, of spontaneous sensorimotor aperiodic (1/f) signal and beta events in 50 healthy human controls across two MEG sessions using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Beta events were determined using an amplitude-thresholding approach on a narrow-band filtered amplitude envelope obtained using Morlet wavelet decomposition. ResultsResting sensorimotor characteristics showed good to excellent test–retest stability. Aperiodic component (ICC 0.77–0.88) and beta event amplitude (ICC 0.74–0.82) were very stable, whereas beta event duration was more variable (ICC 0.55–0.7). 2–3 minute recordings were sufficient to obtain stable results. Analysis automatization was successful in 86%. ConclusionsSensorimotor beta phenotype is a stable feature of an individual’s resting brain activity even for short recordings easily measured in patients. SignificanceSpontaneous sensorimotor beta phenotype has potential as a clinical biomarker of sensorimotor system integrity.