Test-retest Reliability Of Scale Research Articles

Technology which Makes You Think

Reflection is widely regarded as a key design goal for technologies for well-being. Yet, recent research shows that technologies for reflection may have negative consequences, in the form of rumination, i.e. negative thought cycles. Understanding how technologies support thinking about oneself, which can take the form of rumination and reflection, is key for future well-being technologies. To address this research gap, we developed the Reflection, Rumination and Thought in Technology (R2T2) scale. Contrary to past research, R2T2 addresses ways of self-focused thinking beyond reflection. This scale can quantify how a technology supports self-focused thinking and the rumination and reflection aspects of that thinking. We developed the scale through a systematic scale development process. We then evaluated the scale's test-retest reliability along with its concurrent and discriminant validity. R2T2 enables designers and researchers to compare technologies which embrace self-focused thinking and its facets as a design goal.

Development of the ‘Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale on Activities Supporting Motor Development (MSS-S)’ in Preschool Education

The main aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive scale to assess preschool teachers' self-efficacy to facilitate motor development activities. Scale validation was assessed through content, construct, and criterion validity, while reliability was determined through Cronbach's alpha and test-retest analyses. It was found that the content validity ratio of the items exceeded the threshold of 0.56 after content validity analysis. In addition, the content validity index for the scale was calculated to be a robust 0.903. A sample of 361 preschool teachers were then administered the scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on the data obtained. The results of the EFA showed that the factor loading values ranged from 0.52 to 0.83. Following the EFA, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out, which resulted in a χ2/df value of 1.657. Other goodness of fit indices were as follows: GFI=0.90, TLI=0.94, IFI=0.95, CFI=0.95, RMSEA=0.043, SRMR=0.052. Overall, the scale explained 51.242% of the total variance. Consequently, the initial form was refined into a 27-item, 3-factor structure as a result of factor analysis. In terms of the criterion validity analysis, a significant positive relationship emerged between the scale and a comparable instrument measuring a related construct. Furthermore, regarding reliability analysis, the scale showed a high Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.88. The scale's test-retest reliability was confirmed with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.77. In conclusion, this study provided a scale that can be deemed both valid and reliable for the assessment of the self-efficacy of preschool teachers in implementing motor development activities.

Psychometric properties of trust in trauma care in an emergency department tool.

In emergency cases, lack of other treatment alternatives may affect a person's decision, but it does not render that decision involuntary. Being able to make choices is a crucial (but not necessary) element of trust. We aimed to develop a tool to evaluate the Trust in Trauma Care in an Emergency Department (TTC-ED) among traumatic patients. This psychometric studywas carried out on 498 trauma patients who referred to the Imam Reza hospital in Tabriz, Iran, 2022. Patient-focused interviews, expert/key informants' opinions, and literature reviews were used to generate the items. Several statistical techniques were used to evaluate the TTC-ED trust tool's content validity, reliability, and construct validity, including the modified Kappa (k*), the Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) coefficient, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 and STATA 14 statistical software packages. A tool with 22 items was developed. As a measure of content validity assessment, the k* coefficient was 0.97. Regarding the evaluation of reliability, a good level of internal consistency was noted with a Cronbach's α0.93, and the scale's test-retest reliability (as measured by ICC) was 0.96. The results ofexploratory factor analysis indicated that the TTC-ED had a two-component tool fitted the data. Factor 1 includes 13 itemscovered 43.0% of the variance (eigenvalue = 9.47) and factor 2 consisted of nine items which accounted for 5.64% of thevariance (eigenvalue: 1.24). The Trust in TTC-ED has been shown to be a valid and reliable test for assessing patients' trust in emergency room settings delivering trauma care. Future research may examine the validity in other contexts and create a TTC-ED instrument with a shorter version.

5613177 AN INTERNATIONAL, LONGITUDINAL, OBSERVATIONAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF A DAILY DIARY FOR ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE

Background: Vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs) are a serious complication of sickle cell disease (SCD). The Sickle Cell Pain Diary – Self Report (SCPD-S) was developed to capture the impact of VOCs, which occur sporadically and unpredictably. The daily diary evaluates the severity of SCD-related pain during and outside of a VOC and the impact of pain on patient-relevant concepts. Aims: A longitudinal observational study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SCPD-S items that assess VOC impact. Methods: Participants were eligible for the study if they were ≥12 years old, had a verified diagnosis of SCD, experienced ≥1 VOC in the past 12 months, and lived in the United States, United Kingdom, or Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Participants completed the SCPD-S daily for at least 3 months through a mobile application and at pre-specified intervals, completed additional surveys which served as criterion measures. Factor analyses were conducted to examine the conceptual framework of the SCPD-S VOC impact items. Psychometric properties of 3 different VOC impact scores were evaluated. Analyses included tests of internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent/divergent validity, known-groups validity, and responsiveness. Results: The analytic sample included 299 participants (87% of enrolled participants) who had ≥1 VOC during the study period and missed ≤5 daily assessments in the month in which the VOC occurred. The median age was 30 (range: 12-67); participants were predominantly female (72%) and Black (83%). A unidimensional multi-level confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) yielded poor model fit, failing to support the hypothesized unidimensional construct of VOC impact (Table 1, Model 1). Multi-level exploratory factor analysis revealed a 2-factor model with sufficient model fit (Model 2), which was also supported by a CFA (Model 3). The 2 factors represent interference with general activities (Scale 1) and difficulty completing specific activities of daily living (Scale 2). Cronbach’s α was 0.87 for Scale 1 and 0.86 for Scale 2, indicating adequate internal consistency reliability. Tests of differential item function show that after controlling for VOC impact, participants’ responses to SCPD-S items do not depend on age or country of residence. Psychometric analyses were conducted on the Daily VOC Impact scores, which measure VOC impact over the past 24 hours. Test-retest reliability of Scale 1 Daily VOC Impact scores was satisfactory; results for Scale 2 were weaker (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.78 for Scale 1 and 0.66 for Scale 2). Scale 1 Daily VOC Impact scores were responsive to change; change scores were correlated with changes in symptom severity (ρ=0.41, P<0.001). Scale 2 was not responsive to change (ρ=0.27, P<0.001). Additional analyses provided support for scores that aggregate across days within a VOC, not for scores that aggregate across a fixed period.Conclusion: Findings support the use of the SCPD-S to characterize the daily impact of VOCs, confirming the need for a daily diary to capture variability in VOC impact across days. Compliance with the diary was high (87% completed ≥25 days in a month). While factor analyses supported a 2-factor model of VOC impact, Scale 1 performed consistently better than Scale 2 across analyses. As such, it is recommended that items comprising Scale 2 be dropped from the diary, leaving a single scale that is a reliable and valid measure of VOC impact. Reference 1. White et al, J Patient Rep Outcomes 2021; 5(1):1-12

Assessing survey response stability: A complementary quality assurance protocol for survey studies in the social sciences

Survey measurement scales are expected to be stable – to generate the same values across two timepoints and under unchanged conditions. In scale development, stability is assessed by calculating a scale's test-retest reliability – a prerequisite to validity. Yet, a systematic review shows that test-retest reliability values are reported for only 23% of newly developed scales and typically assessed only at aggregate level – based on scale-level or subscale level scores. This study (1) demonstrates how (sub)scale-level test-retest reliability indicators can conceal a lack of response stability at item level and (2) proposes a complementary protocol for assessing item-level response stability. Assessing stability at both item- and scale-level ensures that only stable items are included in a scale, which, in turn, increases the reliability and validity of the scale and contributes to the replicability of findings in the social sciences. • Scale-level test-retest reliabilities are an insufficient indicator of reliability. • They conceal a substantial amount of instability of survey responses at item level. • Item-level analysis assists in improving measurement scales. • We propose a new protocol for assessing test-retest reliability.

Burnout Syndrome Assessment Scale for Nurses Working in Intensive Care Units: Development and Validation.

Background:Stress at workplace keep individual at extreme pressure and leads to exhaustion and inability to deal with stressful situation which causes burnout. Continuous stress on workplace causes multiple physical as well as psychological manifestations. Due to more demanding job nurses are more prone to burnout syndrome at workplace. Early assessment and timely interventions to overcome burnout are key for more productive work output. The objective of the present study was to develop Burnout Syndrome Assessment Scale (BOSAS) for nurses.Materials and Methods:A methodological design was carried out to develop BOSAS in different phases. Modified Delphi technique used for content validity. Reliability was calculated in terms of internal stability and stability of scale. Validity was measured in terms of face, content, criterion, and construct validity.Results:There were a total of 20 items in the final draft. Internal consistency was checked by Cronbach’s alpha which was 0.94. Test-retest reliability of scale was found 0.93. Pearson’s correlation was used to check inter-item correlation which was found between 0.20 and 0.40. The content validity index was 0.93. Concurrent criterion validity of scale was 0.82. Construct validity was analyzed by factor analysis, all items were loaded in 5 factors and accounted for 64.95% of variance.Conclusion:BOSAS has good validity and reliability and it can be used to assess and identify burnout among nurses.

FETOS: A Self-Questionnaire for Functional Evaluation in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

Thoracic outlet syndrome is caused by the compression of blood vessels and nerves leading to the upper limbs; the level of functional discomfort in activities of daily living can be significant. This discomfort has been evaluated using a variety of nonspecific scales, prompting the development a specific self-questionnaire ("Functional Evaluation in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome). Here, the scale's test-retest reliability, sensitivity to change, and criterion validity were assessed. Between May 2015 and July 2017, a total of 37 patients were assessed during an intensive rehabilitation program. The Functional Evaluation in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome self-questionnaire comprises 16 items rated on a 4-point scale: impossible, major discomfort, moderate discomfort, or no difficulty. A total score is then calculated and the usual level of discomfort is rated on a numerical scale. The questionnaire was completed on day (D)1, D2, and the day of discharge. The questionnaire showed very good test-retest reliability, with an overall correlation coefficient above 0.91. The overall score was highly sensitive to change, with a significant median improvement (-5.89) between D1 and discharge (P < 0.001). Of the 16 items, 9 showed significant scalability in their individual sensitivity to change. The criterion validity was moderate: the coefficient for the correlation with the numerical scale was 0.68 on D1 (P < 0.001), 0.55 on D2 (P < 0.001), and 0.69 at discharge (P < 0.001). The Functional Evaluation in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome self-questionnaire is a quick, simple way of assessing the impact of thoracic outlet syndrome on activities of daily living. The overall score and most of the items displayed good reproducibility and sensitivity to change.

Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale and Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale–Brief: Item and Scale Test–Retest Reliability and Concordance of Original and Brief Forms

We conducted 2 studies examining the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS) and the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale–Brief (MSS–B). These studies offered the first examination of the scales’ test–retest reliability (dependability), impact of testing interval on test–retest reliability, and concordance of the 2 versions. The MSS and MSS–B contain positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy subscales that reflect current models of schizotypy. In Study 1, MTurk participants (n = 245) completed the scales at 2 assessments across a 7-week time interval. Test–retest reliabilities (intraclass correlations) ranged from .84 to .90 for the MSS subscales and from .77 to .85 for the MSS–B subscales, and were unaffected by the interval length between administrations. The association between the same subscales of the MSS and MSS–B across the 2 assessments ranged from .79 to .87, indicating good correspondence between the MSS and MSS–B. Scores on the MSS–B subscales in Study 1 were derived from the full-length MSS. Therefore, we replicated the findings using the actual MSS–B subscales in Study 2 in 3 samples (total n = 339). The results indicated that the MSS and MSS–B have good internal consistency and test–retest reliabilities (dependability), and that there is high concordance between the full-length and brief versions.

Evaluation of Turkish Validity and Reliability of The Depression Stigma Scale (DSS)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Depression Stigma Scale (DSS), which assesses the level of stigmatization of people with depression. The study is a methodological study conducted with Eskisehir Osmangazi University students. In order to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the scale, the scale was applied to 37 students from the Faculty of Medicine with a two-week interval. In the analyzes, it was seen that the scope validity of the scale was provided. Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help (SSRPH) was used to evaluate the equivalence validity of the DSS. The analyzes were performed with IBM SPSS (Version 15.0) and LISREL (Student Version) programs. Validity and reliability analyzes of the scale were performed. In the Exploratory Factor Analysis, the factor loadings of the scale items were found to be greater than 0.30. In Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the fit indexes of the two-factor structure of the scale were found at acceptable intervals. It was found that the scores of the scale did not change according to age groups and gender. There was a positive correlation between DSS and SSRPH and equivalent criterion validity was found. The Cronbach's alpha values of the DSS were 0.64 in the Personal Stamping sub-dimension, 0.85 in the Perceived Stamping sub-dimension and 0.80 in the whole scale. The scale's test-retest reliability was found in the correlation analysis. As a result, it was seen that DSS was valid and reliable in measuring depression-related stigma.

Development of a checklist of short-term and long-term psychological symptoms associated with ketamine use.

BackgroundKetamine is an increasingly popular drug of abuse in China but there is currently no method for classifying the psychological effects of ketamine in individuals with ketamine dependence.AimDevelop a scale that characterizes the acute and long-term psychological effects of ketamine use among persons with ketamine dependence.MethodsWe developed a preliminary symptom checklist with 35 dichotomous (‘yes’ or ‘no’) items about subjective feelings immediately after ketamine use and about perceived long-term effects of ketamine use that was administered to 187 inpatients with ketamine dependence recruited from two large hospitals in Guangzhou, China. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on a randomly selected half of thesample to reduce the items and to identify underlying constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on the second half of the sample to assess the robustness of the identified factor structure.ResultsAmong the 35 symptoms, the most-reported acute effects were ‘floating or circling’ (94%), ‘euphoric when listening to rousing music’ (86%), and ‘feeling excited, talkative, and full of energy’ (67%). The mostreported long-term symptoms were ‘memory impairment’ (93%), ‘personality changes’ (86%), and ‘slowed reactions’ (81%). EFA resulted in a final 22-item scale best modelled by a four-factor model: two factors representing chronic symptoms (social withdrawal and sleep disturbances), one about acute psychoticlike symptoms, and one that combined acute drug-related euphoria and longer-term decreased libido. CFA showed that these 4 factors accounted for 50% of the total variance of the final 22-item scale and that the model fit was fair (Goodness of Fit Index, GIF=83.3%; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, RMSEA=0.072).ConclusionA four-factor model including social withdrawal, sleep disturbance, psychotic-like symptoms, and euphoria at the time of drug use provides a fair description of the short-term and long-term psychological symptoms associated with ketamine use. Future work on the 22-item version of the scale with larger samples is needed to confirm the validity of this 4-factor structure, to assess the scale’s test-retest reliability, and to determine whether or not it can be useful in the differential diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of individuals with ketamine dependence.

The reliability and validity of Chinese version of communication and sharing of information Scale

Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese Version of Communication and Sharing of Information Scale(CSI) in the the assessment of the efficacy and quality of collaboration of the physician and nursing related staffs. Methods All the sample enrolled from 10 hospitals of Tianjin, all the subjects voluntarily signed the informed consent. Totally 600 subjects were tested by CSI. Exploration and confirmation factor analysis were used to examine the construct validity. Cronbach’s α was applied for examining internal consistency of the scales, the correlation analysis was used to examining the test-retest reliability of the scales. Results Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed that Communication and Sharing of Information Scale included 3 factors: Communication with nursing related staff, Communication with physician, Medical information sharing. Confirmation Factor analysis revealed that χ2/df was 5.760, NNFI 0.900, GFI 0.945, AGFI 0.923, REMEA was 0.06, all reached the correction criteria of the scale, indicated that this scale had good construction validity. Cronbach’sαof the total scale was 0.870, the Cronbach’s α of the 3 factors were 0.780, 0.788, 0.815 respectively, indicated this scale had good inner-consistency. The total scale test-retest reliability was 0.870 after 1 week in 100 subjects randomly enrolled from all the previous subjects, indicated this scale had good reliability. Conclusion CSI has good reliability and validity and is suitable to assess the efficacy and quality of the collaboration of the physician and nursing related staffs. Key words: Communication and sharing of information scale; Collaboration of physician and nursing related staffs; Reliability; Validity

Compilation and evaluation of perioperative nursing quality assessment scale

To compile and evaluate the Chinese version of perioperative nursing quality assessment scale, detect and verify the reliability and validity of evaluation scale, and establish a scientific evaluation system. We applied Tuija Leinonene and Helena Leino-kilpi scales as the theoretical framework, and established perioperative nursing quality assessment scale by translation, language study, and expert consultation. The questionnaire survey population was 276 patients who had surgery and 200 nurses working in the operating rooms at the 3 Affiliated Hospitals of Central South University. The scale was tested validity and reliability. Perioperative nurse quality evaluation scale consisted of 32 items and 7 dimensions, including body care, receive information, support, respect, medical staff characteristics, environment and nursing process. The test-retest reliability of scale was 0.977 for patients and 0.997 for nurses. The split half reliability of scale was 0.761 for patients and 0.887 for nurses. The Cronbach's α of total scale for the patients was 0.918, and the Cronbach's α of factors was 0.658- 0.838. The Cronbach's α of total scale for the nurses was 0.932, and the Cronbach's α of factors was 0.650-0.836. The correlation coefficient of scale for the patients was 0.363-0.603; the factors and the total correlation coefficient was 0.535-0.788. The correlation coefficient of scale for the nurses was 0.410-0.700; the factors and the total correlation coefficient was 0.743-0.902. The Chinese version of the perioperative nursing quality assessment scale is a measurement instrument with a high level of validity and reliability for Chinese society and can be used to determine the quality of perioperative nursing care in our country.

Validity and reliability of questionnaires measuring physical activity self-efficacy, enjoyment, social support among Hong Kong Chinese children

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) correlates have not been extensively studied in Hong Kong children. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to assess the validity and reliability of translated scales to measure PA related self-efficacy, enjoyment and social support in Hong Kong Chinese children. MethodsSample 1 (n=273, aged 8–12years) was recruited (May–June, 2013) from two primary schools. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to assess factorial validity. Criterion validity was assessed by correlating measured constructs with self-reported PA. Cronbach's alpha was computed to assess scale internal consistency. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was performed to assess scale test–retest reliability. Criterion validity was further examined in Sample 2 (n=84, aged 8–12years) from a third school by correlating measured constructs with objectively measured PA collected in September 2013 and February 2014. ResultsThe CFA results supported the one-factor structure of the scales. All PA correlates were significantly (p<0.01) associated with self-reported PA in Sample 1. Self-efficacy and enjoyment were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with objectively measured PA in Sample 2. All the scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. All ICC values of the scales suggested acceptable test–retest reliability. ConclusionThe results provide psychometric support for using the scales to measure PA correlates among Hong Kong Chinese children.

Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: the portuguese version

BACKGROUND: The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale is one of the most world widely used measures of perfectionism. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. METHODS: Two hundred and seventeen (178 females) students from two Portuguese Universities filled in the scale, and a subgroup (n = 166) completed a retest with a four weeks interval. RESULTS: The scale reliability was good (Cronbach alpha = .857). Corrected item-total correlations ranged from .019 to .548. The scale test-retest reliability suggested a good temporal stability with a test-retest correlation of .765. A principal component analysis with Varimax rotation was performed and based on the Scree plot, two robust factorial structures were found (four and six factors). The principal component analyses, using Monte Carlo PCA for parallel analyses confirmed the six factor solution. The concurrent validity with Hewitt and Flett MPS was high, as well as the discriminant validity of positive and negative affect (Profile of Mood Stats-POMS). DISCUSSION: The two factorial structures (of four and six dimensions) of the Portuguese version of Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale replicate the results from different authors, with different samples and cultures. This suggests this scale is a robust instrument to assess perfectionism, in several clinical and research settings as well as in transcultural studies.

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Translation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)

The present study examined the reliability and validity of a Chinese translation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Three questionnaires, the MAAS, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the brief version of the World Health Organization's Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF), were completed by 263 Chinese undergraduates (207 males, 56 females). Seventy of these students were assessed again with the MAAS after 20 days to evaluate the scale's test–retest reliability. Results from confirmatory factory analysis indicated that a one-factor solution fit the MAAS data satisfactorily. Reliability coefficients, including Cronbach's alpha, Guttman split-half, item–total correlations, and test–retest, were also satisfactory. Addressing validity, the MAAS was negatively correlated with PANAS negative affect and positively associated with PANAS positive affect as well as with the quality of life indexed by the WHOQOL-BREF. The Chinese version of the MAAS appears to be a reliable and valid instrument to assess levels of mindfulness in a Chinese college population.

Test–retest reliability and discriminant validity of the SWAP‐200 in a psychoanalytic treatment sample

To assess the test-retest reliability of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200) personality disorder, high functioning, and Q-factor (trait/symptom) scales, we correlated the reports of 47 psychoanalysts describing a patient at the beginning of analysis and at 6 months of analysis. Since the length of psychoanalysis averages almost 6 years, and since personality disorders change slowly, we hypothesized that the test-retest reliabilities of the personality disorder scale scores would be higher than those of the Q-factor scales, which should change more quickly. The average personality disorder scale test-retest reliability was r = .82 and the average Q-factor scale test-retest reliability was r = .64. The values for mismatched cases were .02 and -.05, respectively. Analysts also provided a clinical Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) diagnosis for each of 77 patients. The SWAP-200 scores for patients with an Axis I diagnosis of depression and for four of the five Axis II diagnoses with four or more cases provide support for the validity of the SWAP-200.

Preliminary validation of an ultra‐brief version of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire

The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) is widely regarded as the gold standard self-report questionnaire for pathological worry. However, the factorial structure of the scale remains contentious. We sought to determine whether a psychometrically sound brief version of the PSWQ, which avoids contentious items and yet incorporates the essential features of pathological worry, could be derived from the existing PSWQ item pool. After inspecting items of the PSWQ and the findings of previous factor analytic studies, three items were selected that capture the essence of pathological worry (i.e., high frequency, perceived uncontrollability and multiple domains of worry), according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). We then compared the psychometric properties of the 3-item PSWQ with the full PSWQ in a sample of 225 clients attending an anxiety disorders clinic. Despite its brevity, the 3-item PSWQ had internal consistency comparable with that of the standard PSWQ, and performed equally well with regards to convergent and discriminant validity, in screening for a generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis and in detecting change with treatment. The 3-item ultra-brief version of the PSWQ is quick to administer, simple to score and possesses psychometric properties very similar to the 16-item version. Further research should confirm the psychometric properties of the 3-item version when administered independently of the other items and assess the scale's test-retest reliability.

The Early Childhood Generalized Trust Belief Scale

Abstract The study was designed to develop and evaluate the Early Childhood Generalized Trust Belief Scale (ECGTBS) as a method of assessing 5–8-year-olds’ generalized trust. Two hundred and eleven (103 male and 108 female) children (mean age 6 years and 2 months at Time 1) completed the ECGTBS twice over a year. A subsample of participants completed the ECGTBS after two weeks to assess the scale's test–retest reliability. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed that the ECGTBS assessed the expected three factors: reliability, emotional trust, and honesty with item-pairs loading most strongly on their corresponding factor. However, the ECGTBS demonstrated low to modest internal consistency and test–retest reliability which indicates a need for further development of this instrument. As evidence for the convergent validity of the ECGTBS, the reliability and emotional trust items were associated with the children's trust in classmates at Time 2. Concurrent asymmetric quadratic relationships indicated the importance of midrange generalized trust. Specifically, children with very high generalized trust experienced greater loneliness and children with very low generalized trust had fewer friendships than children with midrange trust.

Factor Structure and Reliability of the Brain Impairment Behavior Scale

Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability because of its physical and cognitive consequences. Cognitive changes are important contributors to family caregivers' experiences of emotional distress. To date, measures to assess cognition treat it as a global construct, but it is more likely that unique domains differentially affect family caregivers. The research objectives in this study were to: (1) identify the different domains of cognitive changes in the form of behavioral and psychological symptoms after stroke, and (2) establish the reliability of the Brain Impairment Behavior Scale (BIBS) in measuring cognitive domains. Family caregivers of stroke survivors (N = 300) completed the BIBS as part of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. A subsample of caregivers completed the BIBS twice, 2 weeks apart, to examine the scale's test-retest reliability. We used exploratory factor analysis to identify four domains of behavioral and psychological symptoms in the BIBS: apathy, depression/emotional distress, comprehension/memory problems, and irritability. Internal consistency for the subscales representing each identified domain ranged from .78 to .91, and the 2-week intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from .75 to .88. Future research and clinical use of this measure will increase our understanding of how specific domains of stroke survivors' behavioral and psychological symptoms affect the well-being of family caregivers.

A Validity and Reliability Study Investigating the Turkish Version of the Infant Colic Scale

The Infant Colic Scale is used to diagnose colic and to determine factors that cause colic. This study aimed to establish the validity and reliability of the Infant Colic Scale for the Turkish population. The research sample included mothers (N = 110) of 132 infants with colic registered at three public health clinics in the Denizli province. Language validity, content validity, and construct validity were examined. On the basis of the Infant Colic Scale's internal consistency reliability analysis, three items were removed. Factor analysis resulted in five subscales. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were .55 to .89 for the subscales, and .73 for the total scale. The scale's test-retest reliability was .65. The Infant Colic Scale was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for the Turkish population.