Test-retest Correlation Research Articles

Family Functioning and Cohesion Scale: Validation of a Short Instrument for the Assessment of Intrafamily Relations.

Most available scales for assessing family relationships are lengthy. Our aim was to develop and validate the Family Functioning and Cohesion Scale (FFCS), a self-reported, short instrument consisting of 14 items. The FFCS was validated through its administration to 481 subjects via an online platform. Cronbach's alpha was 0.85 (ranging from 0.83 to 0.86 if any one item was deleted), signifying high internal consistency. The scale can be considered as a sole factor based on its high consistency, while factor analysis produced three factors corresponding to "communication", "anger/resentment/aggression", and "values and beliefs". The test-retest reliability correlation coefficient was found to be 0.88 at a 2-week interval. Regarding external validity, the correlation coefficient of the FFCS with the general functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) was 0.83. The high measures of consistency, reliability, and validity of the FFCS, combined with its short length, make it a most valuable tool for use by researchers as well as by professionals dealing with families in psychiatry, psychology, social work, or other related fields.

Development and validation of Parents’ Health Literacy Scale on Preventing Road Traffic Injuries for children aged 0–6 years in China

BackgroundRoad traffic injuries are the leading cause of death in children. Parents’ health literacy (HL) is closely related to child safety, especially for the young children. This study aimed to...

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the contraceptive knowledge assessment scale in college students

ObjectivesTo translate and revise the Contraceptive Knowledge Assessment (CKA) scale and apply it to Chinese college male/female students. After cross-cultural adjustment of the source scale, the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the scale were tested.Study designThis study utilized a cross-sectional research design. Translation, cognitive interviews and a psychometric evaluation were carried out. A survey was then conducted among 388 college students in Shanghai to test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the CKA scale.ResultsThere were 22 items in the Chinese version. Factor analysis extracted 8 common factors, with a cumulative contribution rate of 58.923%, and 3 items were eliminated. The Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.793, and the test-retest reliability Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.743.ConclusionThe Chinese version of the CKA scale has good reliability and validity and is suitable for assessing the level of contraceptive knowledge.

Design and Psychometrics of the Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns Scale of Iranian Never-Married Women Over 35.

The purpose of the present study was to design the Farsi Scale of Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns of never-married women over 35 and to assess its psychometric properties. This mixed method research had two phases. The first phase was qualitative (Conventional Content Analysis). We interviewed never-married Iranian women over 35; from their responses, we extracted specific statements which to be used as questionnaire items. To validate the questionnaire psychometrically, we tested its validity (face, content, and structure) and reliability (internal consistency and stability). For qualitative face validity, 15 never-married women and 5 experts commented on the style of sentences. For quantitative face validity, we used the impact score. For qualitative content validity, 15 experts commented on the items based on their appropriateness, and for quantitative content validity, we performed the Content Validity Ratio and Content Validity Index. Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to Construct Validity. To evaluate structural validity, a cross-sectional sample of 240 never-married women over the age of 35 completed the questionnaire. Cronbach's Alpha was used for internal consistency. In addition, the test-retest method and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were used to ensure stability. The Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns Scale of Iranian Never-Married Women over 35 was developed with 15 items and three dimensions (Emotional burden; Sexual needs; Stigma). Cronbach's alpha for the instrument was 0.81 and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.98. The results of the study showed that the developed scale has acceptable validity and reliability, and thus can be used to assess the sexual-reproductive needs and concerns of never-married Iranian women of 35 and over.

Development and validation of a questionnaire (QSPC-Q) for assessment of quality and strengthening of primary care in Brazil.

The performance evaluation of services through instruments is relevant, as it can support thoughts, actions and political approaches to meet a social need. The objective of the article was to develop and validate the Quality and Strengthening of Primary Care Questionnaire (QSPC-Q) for professionals and users based on Starfield attributes and Donabedian pillars. A mixed sequential study was performed to develop the QSPC-Q. The test was applied to 149 doctors and 795 users of basic health units. Psychometric properties was assessed by testing internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analysis. Reproducibility od scale was assessed using intraclass cognitive and test-retest correlation. The final version of the follow-up consisted of 45 items aimed at physicians (Cronbach's alpha = 0.921) and 33 at users (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86); the intraclass respiratory capacity was 0.88. An exploratory factor analysis identified 13 factors associated with the pattern components. A short version with 29 items for professionals was also elaborated. Professional QSPC-Q (short and braided versions) and user QSPC-Q were valid.

Validity And Reliability Of The Central Kurdish Version Of The Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ-CK)

Background — The goal of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Central Kurdish version of the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ-CK). Initially, the THQ was translated into the central Kurdish language, resulting in the THQ-CK. Subsequently, a supplementary assessment was conducted to ascertain the reliability and validity of the THQ-CK. Methods — The original version of the THQ was translated into the Kurdish language and then offered to 275 tinnitus patients. The procedures were performed using published guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures. The Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ), the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire (TPFQ), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for tinnitus loudness and annoyance were offered to participants suffering from tinnitus. In addition, a pure-tone audiogram was obtained. Results — Our study encompassed a total of 275 patients (132 female, 143 male). Their mean age was 47.43±14.32 years. Of them, 43.6% previously worked in a noisy environment. The internal consistency of the THQ total score and its factors (Cronbach’s alpha of total scores: 0.833; factors: 0.949, 0.959, 0.960) suggested excellent reliability. The test-retest correlation coefficient demonstrated excellent reliability (0.9) for the total scores, and factors 1 and 2, but moderate reliability (0.66) for factor 3. The THQ-CK demonstrated good construct validity, as indicated by the strong correlation (r=0.757) between the THQ-CK and TPFQ scores. Conclusion — The evaluation of the validity and reliability of the THQ-CK suggests that it is a reliable instrument for assessing the impact of tinnitus on individuals in the central Kurdish-speaking population. The study contributes valuable information to the field of tinnitus research and opens up avenues for future cross-cultural studies.

Measuring differences in social touch: Development and validation of the short Touch Experiences and Attitudes Questionnaire (TEAQ-s)

Interpersonal touch is an essential part of human social life, impacting emotional and physical well-being. Variations in touch behavior and perception can be assessed by the Touch Experiences and Attitudes Questionnaire (TEAQ). Although comprehensive, the TEAQ appears lengthy with 57 items, limiting its usability for large surveys. Therefore, we developed a refined and shortened version of 16 items, tested in Germany and France. This manuscript presents three studies. In the first, we created the TEAQ-s (n = 313). In the second and third, we validated the TEAQ-s in German (n = 383) and French (n = 327), respectively. The resulting TEAQ-s showed strong reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.86 to 0.87; test-retest correlation: r = 0.85) and validity consistent with the original version. Analyses also revealed that being in a relationship, relationship satisfaction, mental health, and body appreciation were positively related to touch experiences and attitudes. A four-factor structure (4 items per scale) was confirmed through factor analysis. Final subscales are attitude to friendly touch, current intimate touch, childhood touch, and attitude to intimate touch. We hope that the TEAQ-s serves as a valuable tool for researchers in the field of touch and beyond, offering well-founded items in an efficient format.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Self-Efficacy Regarding Vaginal Birth Scale: A Methodological Study

Aim: The aim of the study was to test validity and reliability of the Self-efficacy Regarding Vaginal Birth Scale in Turkish. Material and Methods: The methodological study was conducted in a university hospital with 165 pregnant women. The data were collected using "Personal Information Form", "Self-Efficacy Regarding Vaginal Birth Scale and "Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory - Short Form". Language validity, content validity, confirmatory factor analyse and criterion-dependence validity and were performed to test the validity of the scale. The scale’s reliability was assessed using the item-total correlation, Cronbach’s alpha, split-half test method and test-retest analysis. Results: The scale content validity index was found above 0.80. In the confirmatory factor analysis, all the goodness of fit indexes had acceptable values. Item-total correlations ranged between 0.167 and 0.809 for each item and were positively correlated with the scale total. In line with the recommendations of experts, no items were removed from the scale. It was determined that the scale was collected under one factor as 9 items. The correlation between the two halves of the scale is 0.76, the Spearman-Brown coefficient is 0.86, and the Gutmann Split-Half coefficient is 0.85. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient calculated for the overall scale was 0.87. The total correlation of the items and the test-retest correlation showed high reliability with 0.924 (p

Which Gait Tasks Produce Reliable Outcome Measures of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease?

Measurement of freezing of gait (FOG) relies on the sensitivity and reliability of tasks to provoke FOG. It is currently unclear which tasks provide the best outcomes and how medication state plays into this. To establish the sensitivity and test-retest reliability of various FOG-provoking tasks for presence and severity of FOG, with (ON) and without (OFF) dopaminergic medication. FOG-presence and percentage time frozen (% TF) were derived from video annotations of a home-based FOG-provoking protocol performed in OFF and ON. This included: the four meter walk (4MW), Timed Up and Go (TUG) single (ST) and dual task (DT), 360° turns in ST and DT, a doorway condition, and a personalized condition. Sensitivity was tested at baseline in 63 definite freezers. Test-retest reliability was evaluated over 5 weeks in 26 freezers. Sensitivity and test-retest reliability were highest for 360° turns and higher in OFF than ON. Test-retest intra-class correlation coefficients of % TF varied between 0.63-0.90 in OFF and 0.18-0.87 in ON, and minimal detectable changes (MDCs) were high. The optimal protocol included TUG ST, 360° turns ST, 360° turns DT and a doorway condition, provoking FOG in all freezers in OFF and 91.9% in ON and this could be done reliably in 95.8% (OFF) and 84.0% (ON) of the sample. Combining OFF and ON further improved outcomes. The highest sensitivity and reliability was achieved with a multi-trigger protocol performed in OFF + ON. However, the high MDCs for % TF underscore the need for further optimization of FOG measurement.

Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Osteoarthritis Knowledge Scale Into Turkish.

The Osteoarthritis Knowledge Scale (OAKS) is a validated tool for assessing knowledge about hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, to date, there has been no translation and adaptation of the OAKS for the Turkish population. To translate and cross-culturally adapt the OAKS into Turkish and to assess its psychometric properties in the Turkish population with and without hip or knee OA. The OAKS was translated following accepted guidelines. A validation study assessed internal consistency, test-retest reliability and measurement error. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to assess the factor structure. A total of 278 participants (n=70 with hip OA, n=105 with knee OA, and n=103 without OA) were included. Internal consistency was 0.72, 0.79 and 0.79 for participants with hip OA, knee OA, and no OA, respectively. The test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.72 (95% CI; 0.45-0.85), 0.89 (95% CI; 0.82-0.93) and 0.88 (95% CI; 0.79-0.93) for participants with hip OA, knee OA and no OA, respectively. It had three principal components accounting for 57.2% of the total variance. The Turkish version of the OAKS is a reliable and valid tool for measuring OA knowledge in the Turkish population, including those with and without hip and knee OA. Test-retest reliability was below acceptable levels in the population with hip OA only. Therefore, we recommend that the ICC be interpreted with caution when used in this population.

Measuring Public Attitudes Toward Stuttering: Test-retest Reliability Revisited

Purpose: Previous studies of the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering (POSHA-S), using test and retest designs in modest-sized samples, have reported satisfactory test-retest reliability, i.e., correlations of about 0.80. Simultaneously, lower but moderate correlations between different first and second test respondents were observed and hypothesized to represent unspecified “societal” influences on stuttering attitudes. This study sought to clarify this and other potential relationships between first and second tests with the POSHA-S in a large, geographically and linguistically diverse sample.Methods: POSHA-S Overall Stuttering Scores (OSSs) of 345 respondents from 12 test-retest samples from four countries and languages, with no intervening interventions, were analyzed with correlations and by grouping respondents according to whose stuttering attitudes improved, remained the same, or worsened from test to retest.Results: Test and retest OSSs generally conformed to normal distributions and were not significantly different. Correlations between first versus second tests replicated earlier research. However, when the degree and direction of change from test to retest was considered, both in other correlations and in sorts of respondents, unexpected results emerged. Respondents with intermediate attitudes changed minimally, while those with most and least positive attitudes at the first test changed in opposite directions past the overall mean at second test.Conclusions: While demonstrating adequate test-retest reliability correlations on the POSHA-S, public attitudes were found to be less stable than previously assumed.

Psychometric evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) over the course of the pandemic in a large German general population sample.

The Brief Resilience Coping Scale (BRCS) is a brief instrument suitable for epidemiological studies. The aims of this paper were to analyze changes in BRCS depending on time, sex, age group, relationship status, as well as risk of poverty, to test the psychometric properties including test-retest reliability and measurement invariance, and to determine associations with psychosocial stress, depressiveness, anxiety, social support, as well as subjective mental and physical health. As the data from this study was collected during the pandemic, an additional sensitivity analysis was performed with pre-pandemic data. A longitudinal study of resilience and distress in a large-sized community sample was performed at one pre-pandemic (T0) and three pandemic time points (T1-3). Resilient coping was assessed by the 4-Item short form of the BRCS, distress by the PHQ-9 and GAD-2. BRCS decreased between the first and the second and increased at the third pandemic time point. The scale had a good internal consistency. Test-retest correlation coefficients ranged from 0.527 to 0.589. Higher resilient coping was found in younger participants, participants not at-risk-of-poverty and in males. Stability was higher in those with a partner, and at-risk-of-poverty. Significant negative associations with psychosocial stress, loneliness, depressiveness, anxiety, social support, as well as subjective and physical health and SES underscored the construct validity. Overall, findings underscore that resilient coping is a dynamic construct with considerable stability. The scale showed good psychometric properties including test-retest reliability over four months to two years. We found that it is not only important to describe the level of resilient coping, but also its stability.

Perceived Halo Effect in Referee Evaluations in Sport: A Scale Development Study

This study was conducted to develop a scale that can measure the relationship between the Halo effect and the evaluations made by referees about athletes' performances, who should make subjective evaluations in sport competitions. The population of the study consisted of 247 referees who were on duty in various sports and in different classifications and who were registered for the year 2023. The items of the scale were produced by the researcher with the support of the literature and it was determined that the items provided content validity (CVI=0.925). After the pilot study, reliability analysis was performed and Alpha=0.970 was found. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to reveal the construct validity of the scale and Alpha=0.972 was found. The fit statistics calculated by confirmatory factor analysis were found to be compatible with the previously determined factor structure of the scale at an acceptable level. In the results of the analyses, it was determined that factor loadings were high, standard error values were low, t values were significant and the construct validity of the predetermined factor structure was confirmed. In addition, as a result of the item discrimination test, it was determined that the scale was able to make a sensitive discriminative measurement (p<0.05). It was found that the scale provided convergent and divergent validity (CR>AVE>0.5), ICC values related to the agreement between test-retest measurements were high, there was no difference between test-retest correlation values, and the scale made reliable measurements based on short time (p<0.05). As a result, it was concluded that the "Perceived Halo Effect Scale in Referee Evaluations in Sport" is a valid and reliable scale.

Psychometric Support and Measurement Invariance of a Turkish Version of the Transformational Parenting Questionnaire.

Our primary objective in this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Transformational Parenting Questionnaire (TPQ) within the Turkish context. Secondarily, we aimed to determine whether the questionnaire demonstrated measurement invariance across children's genders and grade levels. We included 950 participants, aged 11-18years (446 girls, 498 boys, 6 unspecified gender identity; Mage = 14.73, SD = 1.85years). Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the original 4-factor structure of the TPQ, and there was satisfactory criterion-related correlational validity between this instrument and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. The TPQ exhibited robust internal item reliability coefficients, and respondent's test-retest correlations over a 15-day interval suggested adequate item response consistency. Importantly, we confirmed measurement invariance of the scale across participants gender and educational grade levels. In summary, we found that the TPQ was a valid and reliable tool for assessing Turkish children's perceptions of transformative parenting behaviors.

The Turkish version of the Skin Tear Knowledge Assessment Instrument (OASES): Validity and reliability study.

This study was conducted to adapt the Skin Tear Knowledge Assessment Instrument (OASES) into Turkish and to verify its validity and reliability. This study was conducted on 314 nurses in Türkiye between November 2023 and February 2024 to test the psychometric properties of OASES. The instrument consists of 20 items clustered into six domains. The cultural adaptation process was carried out according to the International Testing Commission guidelines: Turkish translation, expert panel, content validity, translation back to English, preliminary study and the final version of the instrument. To check the validity of the multiple-choice test, item difficulty and discriminating index were analysed. The reliability of the instrument was evaluated to the retest 14 days after the first test. Scale level content validity by 11 experts in wound care was 0,97 (I-CVI = 0.8-1.0). In the item analysed of the OASES, the item difficulty index was 0,51 (p-value = 0.34-0.76) and the discriminating index was 0.40 (D-value = 0.26-0.51). The 2-week test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient of the overall instrument was 0.90 (95% CI = 0.79-0.95). The Turkish version of OASES is a valid and reliable measurement instrument to evaluate nurses' knowledge levels regarding skin tears with acceptable psychometric properties. It can be applied in nursing education, research and practice to evaluate the knowledge of Turkish speaking nurses about skin tears.

Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of the Screening Index for Voice Disorder (SIVD-TR)

ObjectivesWe investigated the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Screening Index for Voice Disorder (SIVD-TR). MethodsThe original Screening Index for Voice Disorder (SIVD)1 translated into Turkish, followed by a translation back into English by a linguist. The text was finalized by an evaluation committee. This translated version was then administered to a cohort of 223 teachers in Ankara, Turkey, encompassing both those with and without voice disorders (WVD and WOVD). After a duration of 7-14 days, a random selection of 53 teachers underwent the questionnaire once more. Statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the reliability and validity of the index. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest methods were used to scale the reliability. A cutoff point was determined to decide the risk of a voice disorder, by using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The validation process is concluded by computing sensitivity and specificity values, comparing mean scores between with and without voice disorders (WVD and WOVD) subjects, finally examining correlations between SIVD-TR and the Turkish version of the Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10). ResultsThe internal consistency reliability exhibited high significance, with Cronbach's alpha measuring at 0.872. The test-retest correlation coefficient for the total scores was 0.80. The SIVD-TR consists of 12 symptoms, each accounting for 1 point on the scale. The identified cutoff for identifying the risk of a voice disorder is 4 (four) symptoms, with a sensitivity of 55.2%. A correlation of 69% was observed between SIVD-TR and VHI-TR. A significant association was noted between the risk of having a voice disorder and the actual presence of a voice disorder. Subjects with a voice disorder exhibited higher mean SIVD scores, providing further evidence of the questionnaire's discriminative validity. ConclusionThe Turkish adaptation of SIVD demonstrated both reliability and validity, establishing itself as a robust tool for identifying voice disorders.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Patient-Reported Impact of Spasticity Measure in Multiple Sclerosis.

We aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Patient-Reported Impact of Spasticity Measure (PRISM-TR). Expert opinions and the forward-back translation method were used for linguistic validation. Cronbach α and test-retest analysis were performed for reliability analysis. Correlations between the PRISM-TR and the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were assessed. A total of 206 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS; 139 women; mean age, 47.7 ± 11.3 years; mean EDSS score, 5.2 ± 1.5) who had not had a relapse in the previous 3 months were included in the study. Test-retest correlation coefficients were high for all subdimensions of the scale (0.95-0.99). All Cronbach α values for the PRISM-TR subdimensions, except for Positive Impact, were likewise quite high (0.85-0.94). PRISM-TR subscale scores were correlated with MAS, NRS, and EDSS scores (P < .001). PRISM-TR is a valid and reliable scale for use with Turkish individuals with MS. It is simple to use in the clinic and can be helpful in detecting patients' spasticity early in the disease course.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version of the Smombie Scale for Adolescents.

Smombie has become an important problem especially in terms of adolescent health. The aim of this study was to translate the Smombie Scale for Adolescents (SSA) into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. This study has a methodological design. The study was conducted between March and April 2024. The sample of the study consisted of 430 adolescents. The data were collected by using Personal Information Form and SSA. Content Validity Index, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), test-retest reliability, Cronbach's α coefficient, item-total score correlation, 27% upper-lower group item analysis and Hotelling T2 test were used in data analysis. The four-factor structure of the scale showed a good fit in CFA (chi-square minimum discrepancy [CMIN] = 187.463, degrees of freedo (DF) = 83, CMIN/DF = 2.259, root mean square error of approximation = 0.054, root mean square residual = 0.033, goodness of fit index = 0.947, adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.923, normed fit index = 0.930, tucker-lewis index = 0.949 and comparative fit index = 0.959). Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.86. The item-total score correlation of the scale was found between 0.212 and 0.721. The test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.876. This study shows that the scale is a reliable tool for assessing adolescents' smombie tendencies. It is thought that the scale will contribute to the protection and development of adolescent health.

Measurement properties of the Spanish COPM in older adult rehabilitation inpatients

Aims To analyse the measurement properties of the Spanish version of the COPM (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure) in older adult rehabilitation inpatients. Method A sample of 172 users from 17 inpatient care facilities for older adults (47% nursing homes) participated in a quantitative prospective study. We examined validity by correlating the COPM with the Barthel Index (BI), the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale (IADL), the EuroQol-five domains-three level questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L), and the Client-Centred Rehabilitation Questionnaire (CCRQ) and by examining associations with demographic variables. Reliability was evaluated through test-retest and responsiveness through differences in change scores in two types of care facilities. Results Participants prioritised 637 occupational performance problems, mainly in the area of self-care (70.5%). The COPM scale scores were significantly correlated with BI, IADL, EQ-5D-3L (except the pain dimension), and CCRQ (except the family involvement and continuity dimensions). COPM scores did not show statistically significant differences concerning educational level. Regarding reliability, high test-retest correlations were obtained (>.80). Nursing home users showed less responsiveness to rehabilitation than other users (change score < 2 vs. > 2 points). Conclusion and significance The Spanish COPM provides satisfactory measurement properties as a client-centred instrument in older adult rehabilitation inpatient.

The Ambiguous Cue Task: Measurement reliability of an experimental paradigm for the assessment of interpretation bias and associations with mental health

Interpretation biases in the processing of ambiguous affective information are assumed to play an important role in the onset and maintenance of emotional disorders. Reports of low reliability for experimental measures of cognitive biases have called into question previous findings on the association of these measures with markers of mental health and demonstrated the need to systematically evaluate measurement reliability for measures of cognitive biases. We evaluated reliability and correlations with self-report measures of mental health for interpretation bias scores derived from the Ambiguous Cue Task (ACT), an experimental paradigm for the assessment of approach-avoidance behavior towards ambiguous affective stimuli. For a non-clinical sample, the measurement of an interpretation bias with the ACT showed high internal consistency (rSB = .91 – .96, N = 354) and acceptable 2-week test–retest correlations (rPearson = .61 – .65, n = 109). Correlations between the ACT interpretation bias scores and mental health-related self-report measures of personality and well-being were generally small (r ≤ |.11|) and statistically not significant when correcting for multiple comparisons. These findings suggest that in non-clinical populations, individual differences in the interpretation of ambiguous affective information as assessed with the ACT do not show a clear association with self-report markers of mental health. However, in allowing for a highly reliable measurement of interpretation bias, the ACT provides a valuable tool for studies considering potentially small effect sizes in non-clinical populations by studying bigger samples as well as for work on clinical populations, for which potentially greater effects can be expected.