Test Retest Research Articles

Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire: VioScreen-Allergy

Background/Objectives: An adapted version of an online pictorial food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), VioScreen-Allergy, assesses total dietary intake and intake of allergens and foods in the maternal diet index (MDI), linked to offspring allergy. This study assessed intermethod reliability, test–retest reliability, and external validity of the VioScreen-Allergy. Methods: Females of childbearing age were recruited at Denver Health and Children’s Hospital, Colorado, USA, and were asked to complete four 24 h recalls and two VioScreen-Allergy FFQs over the course of a month. All those with at least two 24 h dietary recalls and both VioScreen-Allergy assessments were analyzed. Energy-adjusted and non-adjusted linear mixed models (1) compared MDI scores and intake of nutrients and allergens as measures of intermethod reliability; (2) evaluated VioScreen-Allergy test–retest reliability as differences between repeated measurements; and (3) assessed external validity by modeling associations between VioScreen-Allergy-derived intake of beta-carotene and orange vegetables and Veggie Meter®-assessed skin carotenoids. Bonferroni corrections controlled multiple comparisons within the assessment. Results: Of 53 participants enrolled, 25 demographically dissimilar participants were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences between 24 h recall and VioScreen-Allergy mean intakes of macronutrients, micronutrients, allergens, or MDI, except for Vitamin C, niacin, and cashew allergen protein. There were no significant differences between repeated measurements of VioScreen-Allergy, either energy-adjusted or unadjusted. Both beta-carotene and orange vegetable servings were significantly associated with Veggie Meter®. Conclusions: Although non-significance could have been due to low power, clinical as well as statistical assessments of intermethod reliability, test–retest reliability, and external validity suggest that VioScreen-Allergy has reasonable utility for trials assessing food allergens and MDI in the context of overall intake. The VioScreen questionnaire can also be used in future studies to assess macro- and micronutrient intake. Additional validation studies assessing different portion sizes and foods eaten by infants and young children are currently undergoing.

Voluntary Attention Assessing Tests in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders Using Eye Tracking

Background/Objectives: The development of techniques for assessing cognitive functions using eye tracking is particularly important for children with developmental disabilities. In this paper, we present pilot results from the validation of two methods for assessing voluntary attention based on eye tracking. Methods: The study involved 80 children aged 3 to 8 years with neurodevelopmental disorders. Children performed two eye-tracking tests in which they had to ‘catch’ a stimulus by looking at it. They also completed the Attention Sustained subtest of the Leiter-3 International Performance Scale. In the first test, the stimuli were presented at different locations on the screen in subtests with stimuli onset asynchrony of 2 s and 1 s. A translucent blue marker marked the position of the gaze on the screen. The number of trials in which the gaze marker approached the stimulus was determined. In the second test, the location of the stimuli on the screen was changed based on gaze fixation in the ROI area. The time taken to complete the task was evaluated. Results: The results of both eye-tracking tests showed significant correlations with scores on the Attention Sustained Leiter-3 subtest and significant test–retest reliability. Conclusions: The results indicate that the present eye-tracking tests can be used for assessing voluntary attention in children with some neurodevelopmental disorders, and further research is warranted to assess the feasibility of these tests for a broader range of developmental disorders. Our findings could have practical implications for the early intervention and ongoing monitoring of attention-related issues.

Creation and Validation of the MMQ-9: A Short Version of the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire for Middle-Aged and Older Adults

ABSTRACT Objectives Memory concerns are common among older adults. The Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) is a well-validated participant-reported measure consisting of 57 items across three subscales assessing satisfaction with memory, self-perceived memory ability, and memory strategy use, respectively. Because short scales are often desired to accommodate clinical time constraints and reduce respondent burden, we created and evaluated 9-item versions of each subscale (MMQ-9). Methods In Study 1, we used an optimization strategy to identify subsets of items that maximized subscale reliability in a sample of 560 adults ages 50–90. In Study 2, we examined psychometric properties of the MMQ-9 in an independent sample of 638 adults ages 51–95. Results Internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity of each subscale met published criteria for good measurement properties. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the original factor structure. A hierarchical series of invariance models showed excellent fit, confirming robust measurement invariance across age, gender, and education. Conclusions The shortened MMQ-9 is a reliable, valid, and invariant measure of metamemory in middle-aged and older adults. Clinical Implications The MMQ-9 is a reasonable instrument of choice when brief yet psychometrically strong measures of participant-reported memory are required for clinical assessment of patients with memory concerns.

Measuring Emotional Self-Efficacy of Students in Online Synchronous Teaching Environments in India

ABSTRACT Emotional self-efficacy of students has been found to be associated with their overall performance in different contexts. The exponential growth of online education and increased use of online synchronous teaching-learning environments presents an opportunity to assess the emotional self-efficacy of students in this unique context. Although there has been research in the area of technological self-efficacy, the unique demands of real-time online teaching in synchronous environments necessitate a deeper understanding of emotional self-efficacy. Grounded in Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory (1982) and Mayer and Salovey’s Emotional Intelligence model (1997), this study aims to develop and validate a standardized scale to measure the emotional self-efficacy of students in online synchronous teaching environments in India. The study was conducted on a diverse sample of 480 students from two universities in India. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on the first draft of the scale, which initially included 19 items scored on a 5-point Likert Scale. Two items were dropped from the scale model, with the final version containing 17 items. The four factors identified are “Perceiving emotions,” “Using emotions to facilitate thinking,” “Regulating emotions,” and “Recognizing classmates’ emotions.” The identified factors aligned with the adopted theoretical framework, and the cumulative proportion of variance in the rotated solution was 61.9%. The test–retest reliability of the scale was 0.752. The research has significant implications for designing online courses and programs, as well as for creating policies and practices to capitalize on the emotional gains of students through a well-planned strategy. The study calls for further research in the area of cross-cultural applications of the scale and the relationship between emotional self-efficacy and educational outcomes.

Reliability, reference values and factors related to maximum bite force measured by the Innobyte system in healthy adults with natural dentitions

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the predictors of maximum bite force (MBF), as measured with the Innobyte system, and to assess the reliability and reference values for MBF in young adults with natural dentitions.MethodsThis cross-sectional test–retest study included 101 dental students with natural dentitions. Participants had their dental occlusion examined and completed three questionnaires: the Temporomandibular disorders Pain Screener, Oral Behavior Checklist, and Jaw Functional Limitation Scale. Body mass index and muscle mass percentage were determined, and handgrip strength was measured with a dynamometer. The MBF was measured with Innobyte, with reliability assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient, expressing reference values as MBF percentiles. Bivariate tests and multiple linear regression models were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficient for the MBF was 0.90, with 10th to 90th percentiles of 487–876 N for females and 529–1003 N for males. A positive relationship existed between the MBF and male sex, muscle mass percentage, overbite, handgrip strength, and possible sleep/awake bruxism. Stepwise regression showed that overbite, handgrip strength, and possible sleep/awake bruxism had the greatest effect on the MBF, explaining 27% of the variation.ConclusionsThis study provides reference values for MBF when using the Innobyte system and shows excellent reliability. Overbite, general strength, and self-reported bruxism appear to be important predictors of MBF.Clinical relevanceInnobyte is a reliable device that can be used to measure MBF bilaterally. Self-reported bruxism is associated with an 8%–10% increase in MBF.

Human capital development practices and performance of business organizations in imo state

The study examined human capital development practices and performance of business organizations in Imo State. It specifically focused on the influence of developmental human capital development and collaborative human capital development practices on market share and customers’ satisfaction of business organizations. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study was 96 (ninety-six) registered business organizations in Imo State. The entire population of the study was used due to its manageable size. Data was collected with a structured questionnaire designed by the researchers. The questionnaire was validated by two professionals in the field of measurement and evaluation of the principal researcher’s institution, and the reliability of the instrument was determined with test re-test which yielded a coefficient of 0.87. Data was collected through physical contact with the respondents. Data collected was analyzed with mean and standard deviation. Analysis of the data collected revealed that both developmental and collaborative human capital development practices have positive influence on both market share and customers’ satisfaction of business organizations. Thus, it was recommended that: management of organizations should prioritize the use of developmental human capital development approaches like training and development, performance appraisal, and performance counseling to prepare their employees for higher performance; and management of organization should encourage the use of collaborative human capital development practices like goal setting, role-clarification, and interpersonal relations to increase the productivity of their employees.

Validity, Reliability, and Cultural Adaptability of the Arabic Cognitive Flexibility Scale (Ar-CFS) Among Saudi Arabians: A Two-Cohort Investigation

Background/objectives: Cognitive flexibility is the mental skill that allows a person to shift between different ideas or concepts and think about several concepts simultaneously. A commonly used tool to assess cognitive flexibility is the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS). This study focused on translating and validating the CFS into Arabic, given the lack of existing Arabic tools for assessing cognitive flexibility. Methods: Conducted at King Saud University, Riyadh, between April and June 2024, the study employed random sampling and involved 529 participants, including 419 students and 110 patients. Results: The average participant age was 25.8 years, with females making up 56.9% of the sample. Participants completed the Arabic CFS, along with the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), at two time points 3–6 weeks apart. Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.8) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.82). Item analysis indicated that removing any single item did not significantly impact overall reliability, and inter-item correlations were strongest between items 4 and 6 (0.55) and items 6 and 7 (0.51). Validity was assessed through face, content, and construct validity, with factor analysis revealing a dominant single component accounting for 34.4% of the variance, confirming the scale’s unidimensionality. Content validity indices for all items exceeded 0.9 in terms of relevance, importance, simplicity, and clarity. The Arabic CFS demonstrated good construct validity, showing significant correlations with the ERQ’s reappraisal and suppression dimensions and the PSS. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Arabic version of the CFS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing cognitive flexibility in Arabic-speaking populations. This tool will be valuable in both clinical and research settings within Saudi Arabia, offering a robust instrument for evaluating cognitive flexibility.

Reliability and Accuracy of Portable Devices for Measuring Countermovement Jump Height in Physically Active Adults: A Comparison of Force Platforms, Contact Mats, and Video-Based Software

Measuring countermovement jump (CMJ) height accurately is essential for evaluating lower-body explosive power in athletes and other active populations. With technological advancements, various portable tools have been developed for this purpose, including force platforms, contact mats, and video-based software. This study aimed to (a) investigate the test–retest reliability of the KINVENT K-Deltas force platform for CMJ height measurement and (b) compare its accuracy with a contact mat (Chronojump, Spain) and a video-based software (My Jump app, version 3). Twenty-two physically active collegiate athletes (mean age of 19.7 ± 1.2 years) from various sports backgrounds completed five CMJ trials with simultaneous height measurements using all three tools. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), Cronbach’s alpha, and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated to assess reliability. In contrast, Pearson correlations and Bland–Altman plots were used to compare device results. The K-Deltas force platform exhibited high test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.981), closely matching the contact mat (ICC = 0.987) and the My Jump app (ICC = 0.986). Correlations between the instruments were strong (force platform vs. contact mat: r = 0.987; force platform vs. My Jump: r = 0.987; contact mat vs. My Jump: r = 0.996), with no between-instrument differences (t-test p = 0.203–0.935, effect size ≤ 0.01–0.16), demonstrating the interchangeability of these tools for practical purposes. However, Bland–Altman analysis revealed limits of agreement between the devices, indicating small but consistent measurement differences. While all instruments were reliable, discrepancies in the absolute values suggest practitioners should consider device-specific variations when comparing CMJ data. These findings highlight the reliability of the K-Deltas force platform as a viable alternative for measuring CMJ height, though differences between devices should be accounted for in applied settings. Therefore, the portable force plates can monitor training, predict injury risk, assess neuromuscular fatigue, and lead to informed decision-making.

Measuring health-related quality of life in a Chinese Mainland adolescent population: psychometric properties of the Mandarin Chinese self-reported KIDSCREEN-27 and KIDSCREEN-10 index

BackgroundThe self-reported KIDSCREEN questionnaires are ideal for capturing children’s and adolescents’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and have gained worldwide popularity. Responding to demands for the concise nature of KIDSCREEN among Chinese Mainland researchers and practitioners, this study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Mandarin Chinese self-reported KIDSCREEN-27 (KS-27) and KIDSCREEN-10 index (KS-10), which are short versions of the self-reported KIDSCREEN-52 (KS-52).MethodsThis study reanalyzed the validation dataset of the Mandarin Chinese self-reported KS-52. The dataset originated from a cross-sectional survey conducted in Weifang City, the Chinese Mainland, from October to November 2016. Adolescents aged 11–17 years (N = 4385) were surveyed, and sub-samples (N = 841) were retested. Statistical analyses were conducted on the feasibility, item and dimension properties, reliability, and validity of the Mandarin Chinese self-reported KS-27 and KS-10.ResultsIndirect evidence from the Small Group Pilot Survey indicated that the Mandarin Chinese self-reported KS-27 and KS-10 can be completed on average in less than 12.33 mins. Their response rate exceeded 90% regardless of the unit- and item (dimension)-level. The psychometric properties of items and dimensions were likewise found to be satisfactory. Internal consistency was robust with inter-item and item-total correlations (0.173–0.873, 0.422–0.786), Cronbach’s alpha (0.786–0.881), Guttman’s lambda-2 and - 6 (0.807–0.889, 0.829–0.896), and McDonald’s omega (0.725–0.886). Test–retest reliability at both item- and dimension-level was excellent, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of (0.590–0.696, 0.785–0.842); standard error of measurements (SEMs) of (0.352–0.635, 0.949–1.949). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed their five- and one-dimensional structures, albeit with slight modifications. Moreover, the multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) substantiated their configural and metric invariance across gender and grade groups. Convergent validity was robust, with stronger correlations observed with comparable dimensions of the Mandarin Chinese self-reported PedsQL™ 4.0, while discriminant validity was evident with low correlations observed with less comparable dimensions. The known-group validity was mainly supported by medium to large effect sizes concerning differences in socioeconomic status (η2 = 0.07–0.17, Cohen’s d = 0.55–1.03) and mental health status (η2 = 0.09–0.40, Cohen’s d = 0.73–1.83). The Mandarin Chinese self-reported KS-52 served as the criterion; the ICCs between the Mandarin Chinese self-reported KS-27 and KS-10 and their comparable dimensions were stronger, indicating robust criterion validity.ConclusionsThe Mandarin Chinese self-reported KS-27 and KS-10 demonstrated excellent psychometric properties, indicating their good potential for measuring HRQoL for children and adolescents in the Chinese Mainland.

AUDIT‐C shows reliability when used online in patient portals

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption (AUDIT‐C) is a validated screen, but until recently has not been evaluated in routine conditions for adult primary care patients. A new study has found that AUDIT‐C screens have “excellent” test‐retest reliability, which assesses the consistency of results when given at two different times. Excellent test‐retest reliability means that there are similar results across separate test administrations, and the study, supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), shows that the AUDIT‐C can be used reliably in adult primary care patients. The study, led by Claire B. Simon, M.D., of the University of Washington in Seattle, used electronic health record (EHR) data from Kaiser Permanente. For the study, more than 18,000 adult primary care patients completed two AUDIT‐C screens at 1 to 21 days apart as part of routine care in 2021. Screen results were reliable whether completed in person or online through patient portals. However, reliability was higher when the patient completed both screens using online patient portals, compared to completing both screens in the clinic or one in the clinic and one online. Therefore, completing two screens may be a better option than just doing one. The study, High test–retest reliability of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption (AUDIT‐C) questionnaire completed by primary care patients in routine care, is published in the February 2024 issue of Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research. The researchers also found that reliability was lower for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) patients and multiracial patients.

Validity and reliability of trunk and lower-limb kinematics during squatting, hopping, jumping and side-stepping using OpenCap markerless motion capture application

ABSTRACT OpenCap is a web-based markerless motion capture platform that estimates 3D kinematics from videos recorded from at least two iOS devices. This study aimed to determine the concurrent validity and inter-session reliability of OpenCap for measuring trunk and lower-limb kinematics during squatting, hopping, countermovement jumping, and cutting. Nineteen participants (10 males, 9 females; age 27.7 ± 4.1 years) were included. Countermovement jump, single-leg triple vertical hop, single-leg squat, sidestep cutting and side hop tasks were assessed. For validity, OpenCap was compared to a marker-based motion capture system using root-mean-square error. Test–retest reliability of OpenCap was determined using intraclass correlations and minimum detectable change (MDC) from two testing sessions. The squat had the lowest RMSE across joint angles (mean = 7.0°, range = 2.9° to 13.6°). For peak angles, the countermovement jump (jump phase) (ICC = 0.62–0.93) and the squat (ICC = 0.60–0.92) had the best reliability across all joints. For initial contact, the side hop had the best inter-session reliability (ICC = 0.70–0.94) across all joint angles. As such, OpenCap validity and reliability are joint and task specific.

Psychometric Assessment of the Temporal Bisection Task with Discrete and Continuous Response Formats

Abstract The temporal bisection task has long been used to study time perception as well as measure individual differences in time perception ability. The task involves training participants on short and long reference durations before presenting intermediate durations and asking participants to classify them as ‘short’ or ‘long’. However, there is little information about how well the bisection task measures individual differences in timing ability. To bridge this gap, we assessed the psychometric properties of measures obtained from a classic temporal bisection task: Weber ratio and percent correct. Because measures with binary responses tend to require many trials to reach adequate reliability, we also assessed the psychometric properties of a modified bisection task which used a continuous response format. In this task, participants represented intermediate durations on a visual analogue scale. Estimation error was used as the outcome measure. Participants (n = 46) completed the classic and modified bisection tasks twice across two sessions approximately one week apart. The modified bisection task had excellent internal consistency and test–retest reliability, while the classic task had fair to good internal consistency and good test–retest reliability. Overall, estimation error had the highest reliability, followed by percent correct, and then Weber ratio. In terms of validity, there was excellent convergent validity between the classic and modified bisection tasks. As an exploratory analysis, we assessed how the number of trials affected the reliability of each outcome measure across the two tasks. Based on this, we make recommendations on how to optimize reliability for both tasks in future research.

Effects of mastery learning strategy on senior school students’ performance in mathematics in Osogbo, Nigeria

This study aimed to explore the effects of Mastery Learning Strategy (MLS) on senior school students’ performance in Mathematics in Osogbo, Nigeria. The quasi-experimental study’s goals were to investigate how MLS affected mathematics students' performance according to their gender and score levels. A purposive sampling technique was used to select two intact classes of 191 SS II students from two co-educational government senior secondary schools in Osogbo. The Geometric Constructions Test (GCT) which was made up of five theory questions adapted from WAEC mathematics past questions was used as the research instrument. GCT was revalidated by experts from the Department of Mathematics, University of Ilorin. The reliability index of 0.75 was obtained by test–retest method and Cronbach Alpha. Three research questions were raised from which three hypotheses were formulated. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that MLS significantly improved students’ performance (t(189) = 10.22, p < 0.05) while there was a significant difference in the performance of male and female students in favour of males (F(1, 94) = 33.06, p < 0.05). The strategy apparently helped to bridge the gap among students’ scoring levels (F(2, 94) = 6.72, p < 0.05). The study found that, in comparison to the conventional method, MLS greatly enhanced students performance in mathematics. Hence, it was recommended that mathematics teachers should endeavour to adopt MLS in teaching Mathematics, especially in the perceived difficult topics.

The mSQUASH is a feasible and valid measurement tool to uniformly assess daily physical activity in patients with rheumatic diseases

BackgroundThe modified Short QUestionnaire to ASsess Health-enhancing physical activity (mSQUASH) was originally developed and validated in Dutch patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). To support world-wide distribution, applicability and comparability of...

Fear of appearance discrimination and its influence on well‐being across cultures

AbstractLookism encompasses discrimination based on a person's physical appearance. In a society where lookism is prevalent, the question arises concerning the impact of the fear of lookism on one's well‐being. To address this issue, we assessed the fear of anticipated appearance discrimination by constructing a new Fear of Lookism Scale (FLS). By testing 400 Japanese participants, we developed a three‐factor seven‐item scale and confirmed its convergent validity by establishing significantly positive correlations among its subscales (exclusion/devaluation, romantic rejection and insult) and related measures (physical appearance perfectionism and social appearance anxiety) in Study 1. In Study 2a, we gathered data from 312 Japanese participants to assess the scale's test–retest reliability. In Study 2b, combining data from 401 American participants with data from Study 2a, we verified FLS measurement invariance in the United States and Japan. Japanese participants scored higher on the FLS than Americans, particularly for exclusion/devaluation and insult. Across cultures, romantic rejection and insult were positively associated with physical appearance perfectionism, which, in turn, decreased subjective happiness through impacting self‐esteem (or increased loneliness) and increased subjective happiness through impacting self‐esteem (or decreased loneliness) respectively.

Psychometric Properties of the Symptom Questionnaire-48 in Adults with Mild Intellectual Disability or Borderline Intellectual Functioning in Mental Health Care

ABSTRACT Introduction Increasingly more self-report measures of psychological distress are used as screening tools in mental health care for treatment planning and routing outcome monitoring. Research on the psychometric properties and utility of these measures in individuals with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning (MID-BIF) are limited, even though this target group accounts for a large proportion of individuals treated in mental health care services. The aim of the present study was to explore the psychometric properties of the SQ-48, a self-report on psychological distress, when used in adults with MID-BIF. Methods The SQ-48 was administered to 213 patients of two specialist mental health services for MID-BIF in the Netherlands. A second administration took place after three weeks in a test–retest design (N = 24). Results: The SQ-48 has adequate internal consistency, discriminant validity, test–retest reliability, and factor structure when used in adults with MID-BIF. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence that the limitations in intellectual and adaptive functioning in people with MID-BIF do not influence the reliability and validity of the SQ-48 and can be used reliably in this population.

The Thai Version of the Injury–Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport Scale (I-PRRS):Translation and Evaluation of Measurement Properties

ObjectivesThis study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the Injury–Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport scale (I-PRRS) into Thai and evaluate the measurement properties of the Thai version (TH-I-PRRS). MethodsThe I-PRRS was translated according to international guidelines. Athletes who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during the previous 6 months to 5 years were recruited to complete two sets of questionnaires. At baseline, participants filled out the TH-I-PRRS questionnaire and other relevant measures. After 2 weeks, they completed the TH-I-PRRS again, along with the Global Rating of Change scale. ResultsThe TH-I-PRRS was successfully translated from English. A total of 142 patients (mean age: 30.7 ± 8.9 years; 83.1% male) participated. Eight of nine predefined hypotheses (88.9%) regarding correlations between the TH-I-PRRS and other measures were confirmed, indicating good construct validity. The TH-I-PRRS exhibited excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.90–0.94) and high test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.66–0.90). No floor or ceiling effects were observed. ConclusionThe TH-I-PRRS is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the psychological readiness of athletes to return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Level of evidenceII

Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the hospital-acquired insomnia scale (HAIS) and analysis of influencing factors

BackgroundAdequate sleep and rest are essential for patient recovery; however, lack of sleep has become a common problem faced by Chinese patients during hospital stays. Reduced sleep is often associated with a higher risk of disease progression and is strongly associated with increased hospital stay. However, there is no specific tool in China to assess short-term insomnia caused by hospitalization. This study aimed to translate the Hospital-acquired Insomnia Scale (HAIS) into Chinese, test its applicability to Chinese inpatients through reliability and validity indicators, and investigate the potential influencing factors of hospital-acquired insomnia.MethodsPsychometric analysis from a sample of 679 hospitalized patients to whom the HAIS questionnaire was applied. The structural validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and the content validity of the scale was assessed using the content validity index. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, split-half reliability and test–retest reliability were calculated to evaluate the internal consistency of the scale. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the potential correlates of hospital-acquired insomnia.ResultsEFA supported a four-factor structure with factor loadings for all dimensions greater than 0.40. CFA showed good indicators of model fit. The content validity index of the scale was 0.94. the Cronbach’s alpha of the scale was 0.915, the split-half reliability coefficient was 0.819, and the retest reliability was 0.844. Gender, age, total hours of sleep during the night, medical insurance, length of hospital stay, perceived stress level, and perceptions about sleep explained 46.2% of the variance in hospital-acquired insomnia.ConclusionThe Chinese version of HAIS has good psychometric characteristics and is an effective instrument for evaluating hospital-acquired insomnia. In addition, hospital-acquired insomnia is more common in women, of younger age, less than 5 h of sleep a night, without medical insurance, stressed, and patients with more misconceptions about sleep.

Cross-cultural validation of the Spanish version of the Kidney AlloTransplant Immunosuppressive Therapy Adherence Questionnaire (KATITA-25)

The KATITA-25 (Kidney AlloTransplant Immunosuppressive Therapy Adherence) Questionnaire is a multidimensional self-administered scale developed in Brazilian Portuguese that measures the predisposition for non-adherence to immunosuppressive medication in candidate patients for kidney transplantation, in the pre-transplant setting. The aim of this study was the cross-cultural validation of the Spanish version of the KATITA-25 scale. The translation/back-translation method was used, followed by cognitive interviews and a pre-test. The Spanish version of KATITA-25 was administered to 163 candidate patients for kidney transplantation from 2 kidney transplant centres and 2 dialysis centres in Catalonia, Spain. The scale was re-administered to the first 79 patients included into the study, after a 2 to 4 weeks interval. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, test–retest reliability with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC); construct validity with goodness of fit indices after confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modelling. The Cronbach’s alpha of the Spanish version was 0.83, the ICC was 0.86. Confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate fit of the structural model. Overall, the analytical results closely resembled those obtained in the validation of the original scale. In conclusion, this cross-cultural validation study showed adequate reliability and construct validity of the Spanish version of the KATITA-25 questionnaire.

Development and validation of Parents’ Health Literacy Scale on Preventing Road Traffic Injuries for children aged 0–6 years in China

BackgroundRoad traffic injuries are the leading cause of death in children. Parents’ health literacy (HL) is closely related to child safety, especially for the young children. This study aimed to...