Tests Of Standard Model Research Articles

Uncertainty analysis method of high-speed wind tunnel standard model test results based on GUM and MCM

Abstract The standard model is a standard calibration model that has a well-known geometric shape and can represent the aerodynamic layout characteristics of a certain type of aircraft. It has many functions, including evaluating the accuracy of wind tunnel test data, verifying the integrity of the wind tunnel flow field and measurement system, and developing and verifying wind tunnel test technology. Conducting wind tunnel tests using standard models is a key step in realizing the functions of standard models. However, all existing literature on standard model tests has not effectively evaluated the uncertainty of the test results, which makes it impossible to evaluate the reliability of the test results. Based on the GUM and MCM uncertainty analysis methods, this paper establishes a method for quantitatively evaluating the uncertainty of the test results of high-speed wind tunnel standard model tests through rigorous mathematical derivation, providing technical support for precisely quantifying the uncertainty of standard model test results.

Influence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment in the masticatory efficiency of patients with craniofacial disorders

This study evaluates masticatory efficiency in orthodontic patients with craniofacial disorders compared to controls without, considering the effect of an orthodontic appliance and malocclusion. A total of 119 participants (7–21 years), divided into a craniofacial disorder and control group (n = 42 and n = 77; mean age 13.5 ± 5.2 and 14.2 ± 3.3 years) were included. Masticatory efficiency was evaluated using a standard food model test, where masticated test food bodies were analyzed, and parameters like particle number (n) and area (mm2) were recorded. This study newly introduced the masticatory efficiency index (MEI), which encompasses the above terms (number and area), with a high MEI being an indicator of high masticatory ability. Younger orthodontic patients with a craniofacial disorder had a significantly decreased MEI (0.50 ± 0.25 n/mm2) compared to patients without (1.10 ± 0.48 n/mm2; p = 0.02). The presence of a crossbite significantly decreased masticatory efficiency, particularly in craniofacial disorder patients (0.69 ± 1.44 n/mm2) versus controls (0.89 ± 1.00 n/mm2, p = 0.04). As treatment progressed with age and fixed appliances, mastication group differences became non-significant, suggesting that patients with a craniofacial disorder were catching up to healthy controls in the rehabilitation of their masticatory function. Considering an early diagnosis of malocclusion during orthodontic therapy in combination with speech therapy can avoid negative malocclusion effects with growth, caused by muscle imbalances.

Application of Minimum Bayes Factor to A Balanced Two-Way ANOVA With Random Effects

It is a common practice in statistical analysis to draw conclusions based on significance. P-values often reflect the probability of incorrectly concluding that a null hypothesized model is true; they do not provide information about other types of error that are also important for interpreting statistical results. Standard model selection criteria and test procedures are often inappropriate for comparing models with different numbers of random effects, due to constraints on the parameter space of the variance components. In this paper, we focused on a minimum Bayes factor proposed by Held and Ott (2018) and applied it to a balanced two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with random effects under three cases namely: Case 1: both factors are fixed; Case 2: both factors are random; Case 3: factor A is fixed and factor B is random. We realized that in all the three cases, considered the Bayes factor indicates weak evidence against the null hypothesis of zero variability in the effects of the levels of the factors as well as the interactions. This result is due to the conservative nature of the minimum Bayes factor

Application of Minimum Bayes Factor to a Balanced Two-Way Anova with Random Effects

It is a common practice in statistical analysis to draw conclusions based on significance. P-values often reflect the probability of incorrectly concluding that a null hypothesized model is true; they do not provide information about other types of error that are also important for interpreting statistical results. Standard model selection criteria and test procedures are often inappropriate for comparing models with different numbers of random effects, due to constraints on the parameter space of the variance components. In this paper, we focused on a minimum Bayes factor proposed by Held and Ott (2018) and applied it to a balanced two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with random effects under three cases namely: Case 1: both factors are fixed; Case 2: both factors are random; Case 3: factor A is fixed and factor B is random. We realized that in all the three cases, considered the Bayes factor indicates weak evidence against the null hypothesis of zero variability in the effects of the levels of the factors as well as the interactions. This result is due to the conservative nature of the minimum Bayes factor.

Application of Minimum Bayes Factor to a Balanced Two-Way Anova with Random Effects

It is a common practice in statistical analysis to draw conclusions based on significance. P-values often reflect the probability of incorrectly concluding that a null hypothesized model is true; they do not provide information about other types of error that are also important for interpreting statistical results. Standard model selection criteria and test procedures are often inappropriate for comparing models with different numbers of random effects, due to constraints on the parameter space of the variance components. In this paper, we focused on a minimum Bayes factor proposed by Held and Ott (2018) and applied it to a balanced two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with random effects under three cases namely: Case 1: both factors are fixed; Case 2: both factors are random; Case 3: factor A is fixed and factor B is random. We realized that in all the three cases, considered the Bayes factor indicates weak evidence against the null hypothesis of zero variability in the effects of the levels of the factors as well as the interactions. This result is due to the conservative nature of the minimum Bayes factor.

A precision relation between Γ(K → μ+μ−)(t) and mathcal{B}left({K}_Lto {mu}^{+}{mu}^{-}right)/mathcal{B}left({K}_Lto gamma gamma right)

We find that the phase appearing in the unitarity relation between mathcal{B}left({K}_Lto {mu}^{+}{mu}^{-}right) and mathcal{B}left({K}_Lto gamma gamma right) is equal to the phase shift in the interference term of the time- dependent K → μ+μ− decay. A probe of this relation at future kaon facilities constitutes a Standard Model test with a theory precision of about 2%. The phase has further importance for sensitivity studies regarding the measurement of the time-dependent K → μ+μ− decay rate to extract the CKM matrix element combination mid {V}_{ts}{V}_{td}sin left(beta +{beta}_sright)mid approx {A}^2{lambda}^5overline{eta} . We find a model-independent theoretically clean prediction, cos2φ0 = 0.96 ± 0.03. The quoted error is a combination of the theoretical and experimental errors, and both of them are expected to shrink in the future. Using input from the large-NC limit within chiral perturbation theory, we find a theory preference towards solutions with negative cos φ0, reducing a four-fold ambiguity in the angle φ0 to a two-fold one.

Masticatory Efficiency in Orthodontic Patients with Craniofacial Disorder

This study evaluates the masticatory efficiency in patients with craniofacial disorders (CD) compared to controls (C). A total of 119 participants (7-21 years), divided into CD group (n = 42, mean age 13.45 ± 5.2 years) and C group (n = 77, mean age 14.3 ± 3.27 years) under an orthodontic treatment were included. Masticatory efficiency was assessed using a standard food model test. The masticated food was examined according to its number of particles (n) and area (mm2), wherein a higher number of particles alongside a smaller area was an indication of better masticatory efficiency. Additionally, the influence of cleft formation, chewing side, dentition stage, age and sex were evaluated. Patients with CD chewed the standardized food in fewer particles (nCD = 61.76 vs. nC = 84.58), with a significantly higher amount of area than the controls (ACD = 192.91 mm2 vs. AC = 146.84 mm2; p = 0.04). In conclusion, patients with CD showed a significantly decreased mastication efficiency compared to healthy patients. Factors such as stage of cleft formation, chewing side, dentition stage and age showed an influence on masticatory efficiency, whereas no gender effect on the masticatory efficiency of CD patients was found.

The impact of previous extrapulmonary malignancies on survival of surgically treated primary lung cancer: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.

Whether a history of previous extrapulmonary malignancies had an impact on the survival of surgically treated primary lungcancer patients remains unknown. To better answer this question, we, therefore, conducted the first meta-analysis to compare the survival of lung cancer patients after surgical resection with previous extrapulmonary malignancies and those without. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies up to April 1, 2022. Data for analysis were obtained directly from the text results or calculated from the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, which mainly included 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed by the fixed-effect model test or standard random-effect model test depending on the heterogeneity of the included studies. The Q-test and I2-test were used to assess heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the stability of the pooled results. We finally included 7 retrospective studies consisting of 19,723 surgically treated primary lungcancer patients with (7.7%) or without (92.3%) previous extrapulmonary malignancies. The final results showed that lung patients with previous extrapulmonary malignancies had an inferior OS (HR 1.18, 95% CI [1.07, 1.31], P = 0.001) than those without, but no significant difference in RFS (HR 1.15, 95% CI [0.89-1.47], P = 0.29) was observed between the two groups. Moreover, when only focusing on stage-I primary lung cancer patients with or without previous extrapulmonary malignancies, the results still held true (OS: HR 1.39, 95% CI [1.04, 1.85], P = 0.02; RFS: HR 1.10, 95% CI [0.82-1.49], P = 0.51, respectively). No significant heterogeneities or publication bias were observed among these studies. Our meta-analysis showed that surgically treated primary lungcancer patients with a previous extrapulmonary cancer history had a worse overall survival than those without. However, a history of previous extrapulmonary cancer was not associated with postsurgical lung cancer recurrence, and more large-scale prospective studies should be encouraged to update our conclusions.

Refined Aerodynamic Test of Wide-Bodied Aircraft and Its Application

The large dual-channel wide-bodied aircraft has a long range and a high cruise Mach number. Therefore, its aerodynamic design requires a high level of wind tunnel test refinement. Based on the requirements of aerodynamic design for the future wide-bodied aircraft and the characteristics of high-speed wind tunnel tests, the error theory is introduced to analyze the factors affecting the accuracy of the test data. This study carries out a series of research on the improvement of refined aerodynamic test technology in an FL-26 wind tunnel, including design and optimization of the support system of wide-bodied aircraft, model attitude angle measurement, Mach number control accuracy, measurement and control system stability, test data correction and perfection, high-precision force balance and standard model development. In addition, the effect of the standard specification of the refined aerodynamic test is investigated to improve the data quality. The research findings have been applied in the standard model test and subsequent models of wide-bodied aircraft. The results show that when Mach numbers are less than 0.9, the control accuracy of Mach numbers in the FL-26 wind tunnel is smaller than 0.001 and the measurement error of attack angle is smaller than 0.01°. Therefore, it has the ability to correct the data influenced by factors, such as support/wall interference, model deformation, floating resistance and airflow deflection angle. The repeatability accuracy of the standard model’s comparison test shows that the lift coefficient is less than or equal to 0.0012, the drag coefficient is less than or equal to 0.00004, pitching moment coefficient is less than or equal to 0.0004. The bending resolution of the model’s deformation measurement is less than 0.2 mm, and the tensional deformation is smaller than 0.04°. The revised aerodynamic data and model deformation measurement results have good agreement with that of the ETW wind tunnel. The results demonstrate that the improved technology presented in this paper can significantly enhance the refined aerodynamic test of wide-bodied aircraft.

Tests of Lepton Universality Using B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} and B^{+}→K^{*+}ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} Decays.

Tests of lepton universality in B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} and B^{+}→K^{*+}ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} decays where ℓ is either an electron or a muon are presented. The differential branching fractions of B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}e^{+}e^{-} and B^{+}→K^{*+}e^{+}e^{-} decays are measured in intervals of the dilepton invariant mass squared. The measurements are performed using proton-proton collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb^{-1} . The results are consistent with the standard model and previous tests of lepton universality in related decay modes. The first observation of B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}e^{+}e^{-} and B^{+}→K^{*+}e^{+}e^{-} decays is reported.

Prospects of CKM elements |V_{cs}| and decay constant f_{D_{s}^+} in D_s^+rightarrow mu ^+nu _mu decay at STCF

We report a feasibility study of pure leptonic decay D_s^+rightarrow mu ^+nu _mu by using a fast simulation software package at STCF. With an expected luminosity of 1~mathrm {ab}^{-1} collected at STCF at a center-of-mass energy of 4.009 GeV, the statistical sensitivity of the branching fraction is determined to be 0.3%. Combining this result with the c rightarrow s quark mixing matrix element |V_{cs}| determined from the current global Standard Model fit, the statistical sensitivity of D_s^+ decay constant, f_{D_s^+}, is estimated to be 0.2%. Alternatively, combining the current results of f_{D_s^+} calculated by lattice QCD, the statistical sensitivity of |V_{cs}| is determined to be 0.2%, which helps probe possible new physics beyond Standard Model. The unprecedented precision to be achieved at STCF will provide a precise calibration of QCD and rigorous test of Standard Model.

Developing and applying Mach 4.5 nozzle in hypersonic wind tunnel

Mach 4.5 tests in a conventional trans-supersonic wind tunnel are often accompanied by the air liquefaction phenomenon, resulting in the low reliability of test data. The Mach 4.5 nozzle developed in a hypersonic wind tunnel is able to heat airflow and provide more accurate test data. At present, China does not have the capability to test the Mach 4.5 nozzle in the 0.5-meter hypersonic wind tunnel. This gap may be filled by developing the Mach 4.5 nozzle in the hypersonic wind tunnel. The axisymmetric nozzle profile was calculated by the inviscid flow calculation method, and the boundary layer was modified by the Sivells-Payne method. Then, the numerical simulation was carried out, and the simulation results prove that the nozzle profile thus calculated meets the design requirements of the Mach number. For its structural design, a three-section design method is adopted to ensure the continuity and smoothness of the inner surface so as to better calibrate the flow field. Standard model tests were also carried out. The test results show that the velocity field of the Mach 4.5 nozzle we developed meets technical requirements. The standard model test data provide data reliable support for the development of aircraft.

Improved Vcs determination using precise lattice QCD form factors for D→Kℓν

We provide a 0.8%-accurate determination of ${V}_{cs}$ from combining experimental results for the differential rate of $D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K$ semileptonic decays with precise form factors that we determine from lattice QCD. This is the first time that ${V}_{cs}$ has been determined with an accuracy that allows its difference from 1 to be seen. Our lattice QCD calculation uses the highly improved staggered quark (HISQ) action for all valence quarks on gluon field configurations generated by the MILC Collaboration that include the effect of $u$, $d$, $s$, and $c$ HISQ quarks in the sea. We use eight gluon field ensembles with five values of the lattice spacing ranging from 0.15 fm to 0.045 fm and include results with physical $u/d$ quarks for the first time. Our calculated form factors cover the full ${q}^{2}$ range of the physical decay process and enable a Standard Model test of the shape of the differential decay rate as well as the determination of ${V}_{cs}$ from a correlated weighted average over ${q}^{2}$ bins. We obtain $|{V}_{cs}|=0.9663(53{)}_{\mathrm{latt}}(39{)}_{\mathrm{exp}}(19{)}_{{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{EW}}}(40{)}_{\mathrm{EM}}$, where the uncertainties come from lattice QCD, experiment, short-distance electroweak, and electromagnetic corrections, respectively. This last uncertainty, neglected for $D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\nu}$ hitherto, now needs attention if the uncertainty on ${V}_{cs}$ is to be reduced further. We also determine ${V}_{cs}$ values in good agreement using the measured total branching fraction and the rates extrapolated to ${q}^{2}=0$. Our form factors enable tests of lepton flavor universality violation. We find the ratio of branching fractions for ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and $e$ in the final state to be ${R}_{\ensuremath{\mu}/e}=0.9779(2{)}_{\mathrm{latt}}(50{)}_{\mathrm{EM}}$ in the Standard Model, with the uncertainty dominated by that from electromagnetic corrections.

Probing QCD dynamics and the standard model with {D}_{(s)}^{+}to {P}_1^{+}{P}_2^0gamma decays

We compute 10 radiative three-body decays of charged charmed mesons {D}^{+}to {P}_1^{+}{P}_2^0gamma and {D}_sto {P}_1^{+}{P}_2^0gamma , P1,2 = π, K, in leading order QCDF, HHχPT and the soft photon approximation. We work out decay distributions and asymmetries in the standard model and with new physics in the electromagnetic dipole operators. The forward-backward asymmetry is suitable to probe the QCD frameworks, in particular the s-channel dependent weak annihilation contributions in QCDF against the markedly different resonance structure in HHχPT. These studies can be performed with Cabibbo-favored modes Ds → π+π0γ, {D}^{+}to {pi}^{+}{overline{K}}^0gamma and {D}_sto {K}^{+}{overline{K}}^0gamma with mathcal{O}left({10}^{-4}-{10}^{-3}right)hbox{-} mathrm{level} branching ratio, which are standard model-like and induced by different hadronic dynamics. Understanding of the latter can therefore be improved in a data-driven way and sharpens the interpretation of standard model tests. Singly Cabibbo-suppressed modes such as D+ → π+π0γ, Ds → π+K0γ, Ds → K+π0γ with branching ratios within ∼ 10−5–10−4 are sensitive to new physics that can be signalled in the forward-backward asymmetry and in the CP-asymmetry of the rate, ideally in the Dalitz region but also in single differential distributions. Results complement those with neutral D0→ P1P2γ decays.

On the scalar varvec{pi K} form factor beyond the elastic region

Pion–kaon (pi K) pairs occur frequently as final states in heavy-particle decays. A consistent treatment of pi K scattering and production amplitudes over a wide energy range is therefore mandatory for multiple applications: in Standard Model tests; to describe crossed channels in the quest for exotic hadronic states; and for an improved spectroscopy of excited kaon resonances. In the elastic region, the phase shifts of pi K scattering in a given partial wave are related to the phases of the respective pi K form factors by Watson’s theorem. Going beyond that, we here construct a representation of the scalar pi K form factor that includes inelastic effects via resonance exchange, while fulfilling all constraints from pi K scattering and maintaining the correct analytic structure. As a first application, we consider the decay {tau rightarrow K_Spi nu _tau }, in particular, we study to which extent the S-wave K_0^*(1430) and the P-wave K^*(1410) resonances can be differentiated and provide an improved estimate of the CP asymmetry produced by a tensor operator. Finally, we extract the pole parameters of the K_0^*(1430) and K_0^*(1950) resonances via Padé approximants, sqrt{s_{K_0^*(1430)}}=[1408(48)-i, 180(48)],text {MeV} and sqrt{s_{K_0^*(1950)}}=[1863(12)-i,136(20)],text {MeV}, as well as the pole residues. A generalization of the method also allows us to formally define a branching fraction for {tau rightarrow K_0^*(1430)nu _tau } in terms of the corresponding residue, leading to the upper limit {text {BR}(tau rightarrow K_0^*(1430)nu _tau )<1.6 times 10^{-4}}.

Exploiting electron parity violation: from Standard Model tests to dark matter detection predictions

There has been recent interest in low energy, high luminosity polarized electron beams for studies of parity-violating (PV) electron scattering, such as the MESA accelerator at Mainz or an upgraded FEL facility at Jefferson Lab. Accurate measurements of the PV asymmetry in elastic electron scattering from nuclei can be used to determine Standard Model couplings, such as the weak-mixing angle or higher-order radiative corrections, as well as to extract specific information on the nuclear and nucleon structure. To this end, low uncertainties are required from modelling some confounding nuclear and nuclear structure effects, including isospin mixing, nucleon strangeness content or Coulomb distortion of electron wave functions. We estimate the sizes and theoretical uncertainties of such effects for a carbon 12 target. An experimental precision in the PV asymmetry of a few tenths of a percent may be reachable under certain kinematic conditions, that are also discussed for the same nuclear target.This high precision PV asymmetry in elastic electron scattering can also be used to relate in a very simple manner the elastic electron-nucleus scattering cross section with the elastic neutrino-nucleus cross section. This novel relationship allows us to exploit experimentally well-determined quantities to predict unknown or recently measured observables, such as coherent neutrino-nucleus cross sections. This idea can be extended to link electron scattering to an even more uncertain magnitude: the direct detection rate of hypothetical weak-interacting dark matter particles through axial and/or vector elastic interactions with nuclei.

The Monte Carlo Program KKMC, for the Lepton or Quark Pair Production at LEP/SLC Energies—Updates of electroweak calculations

Since the {\tt KKMC} program was published for the first time over 20 years ago, it has gained popularity and was exploited in a broad spectrum of applications. The core part of the program itself did not change much. In contrast, some of the libraries have evolved substantially. The aim of this publication is to archive four versions, alternative to the one published 20 years ago versions of the electroweak libraries (or just parameter initialization versions), which were instrumental for the precision Standard Model calculation from the end of LEP era till now and for the sake of the future applications/comparisons for the future electron-positron colliders, in particular for the FCC-ee related studies. These electroweak libraries are useful for the hadron collider applications as well, for instance for {\tt KKMC-hh} or {\tt TauSpinner} projects.

Weak nuclear processes in the quest for elusive particles

Nuclear processes involving the weak interaction can be used to extract information on some elusive properties of particles. Remarkably useful to this goal is parity-violating elastic electron scattering off nuclei, which can be used to determine accurately the distribution of neutrons within the nucleus, including information on the neutron skin that can be related to the structure of neutron stars. It can also be used to determine the content of strange quark-antiquark virtual pairs in nucleons and can help in evaluating accurately Standard Model parameters or higher-order radiative corrections. To achieve these goals it is essential keeping under control the theoretical uncertainties that arise in modelling some confounding nuclear effects, such as isospin mixing or Coulomb distortion of electron wave functions.The paradigm of an evasive particle in current physics is dark matter. Sterile neutrinos are hypothetical dark matter candidates that could be produced in nuclear beta decays leaving a signal in the energy spectrum of the emitted charged lepton. They can also be coherently scattered by nuclei through an indirect weak neutral interaction, whose cross section can be written in terms of elastic electron scattering observables. We study the probability of these production and detection mechanisms using experimental and cosmological constraints on the sterile neutrino properties.The coherent scattering cross section off nuclei has also been analyzed for the Standard Model neutrinos, being a notably elusive process that has been recently measured for the first time and that can be used for Standard Model tests or for nuclear structure studies in ways analogous to parity-violating electron scattering.

Multi-messenger science with Athena and Future Multi-messenger Observatories

AbstractScientific synergies between Athena and some of the key multi-messenger facilities that should be operative concurrently with Athena are presented. These facilities include LIGO A+, Advanced Virgo+ and future detectors for ground-based observation of gravitational waves (GW), LISA for space-based observations of GW, IceCube and KM3NeT for neutrino observations, CTA for very high energy observations. Multimessenger synergy science themes discussed here include pressing issues in the field of Astrophysics, Cosmology and Fundamental physics such as: the central engine and jet physics in compact binary mergers, accretion processes and jet physics in SMBBHs and in compact stellar binaries, the equation of state in neutron stars, cosmic accelerators and the origin of cosmic rays, the origin of intermediate and high-Z elements in the Universe, the Cosmic distance scale and tests of General Relativity and Standard Model. Observational strategies for implementing the identified science topics are also discussed.

Penning-Trap Mass Measurements in Atomic and Nuclear Physics

Penning-trap mass spectrometry in atomic and nuclear physics has become a well-established and reliable tool for the determination of atomic masses. In combination with short-lived radioactive nuclides it was first introduced at ISOLTRAP at the Isotope Mass Separator On-Line facility (ISOLDE) at CERN. Penning traps have found new applications in coupling to other production mechanisms, such as in-flight production and separation systems. The applications in atomic and nuclear physics range from nuclear structure studies and related precision tests of theoretical approaches to description of the strong interaction to tests of the electroweak Standard Model, quantum electrodynamics and neutrino physics, and applications in nuclear astrophysics. The success of Penning-trap mass spectrometry is due to its precision and accuracy, even for low ion intensities (i.e., low production yields), as well as its very fast measurement cycle, enabling access to short-lived isotopes. The current reach in relative mass precision goes beyond δ m/ m=10−8, the half-life limit is as low as a few milliseconds, and the sensitivity is on the order of one ion per minute in the trap. We provide a comprehensive overview of the techniques and applications of Penning-trap mass spectrometry in nuclear and atomic physics.