Variance Homogeneity Test Research Articles

Total electricity generation dynamics analysis and renewable energy impacts in South Africa

AbstractThis research explores the dynamics of total electricity generation (TEG) in South Africa through an analysis of data from the International Energy Agency database from 1990 to 2020. A comprehensive examination of various energy sources, including coal, oil, biofuels, nuclear, hydro, solar photovoltaic (PV), solar thermal, and wind, is conducted to ascertain their respective contributions to TEG. Employing the R software environment, the study employs a methodical analytical framework encompassing meticulous data preparation, statistical analysis, and model formulation. The data preparation phase involves intricate processes such as structuring, cleansing, and visualization aimed at eliminating stochastic variables and outliers. Missing data are addressed through the application of the Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial method. Subsequent statistical analyses are informed by tests for normality and homogeneity of variance, revealing deviations from normality and disparate variances across energy source groups. Consequently, non‐parametric methodologies such as the Kruskal–Wallis test are adopted. Findings underscore the significant role of nuclear energy in TEG despite facing challenges. Model development entails the construction of multiple linear regression models with varying predictor sizes, with Model m06 emerging as the optimal choice, incorporating key predictors such as coal, nuclear, and solar PV. Rigorous diagnostic assessments confirm the robustness of Model m06 and its suitability for TEG prediction. Comparative analysis against actual data validates its superior performance, characterized by minimal errors and high predictive accuracy. The efficacy of Model m06 in capturing TEG dynamics underscores its utility for informing energy planning initiatives. Recommendations derived from the study advocate for prioritizing renewable energy integration, infrastructure investment, research endeavors, monitoring mechanisms, and public awareness campaigns to advance sustainable energy development goals in South Africa.

Quantitative descriptors that contribute to variability in the F3 population of ornamental pepper

The diversity of peppers from the Capsicum genus has always enriched global cuisine and is currently driving the growth of the ornamental plants market. In this sense, breeding programs with ornamental peppers play a crucial role in the evolution of the ornamental market. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate genetic variability in an F3 population of ornamental pepper through principal component analysis (PCA) based on quantitative descriptors of ornamental interest and identify correlations between them through Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. In the F3 generation of a genetic improvement program with ornamental pepper plants at the State University of Montes Claros, 200 genotypes were conducted. In these, four quantitative descriptors were evaluated: plant height (PH), fruiting stages (FS), production (PD) and average fruit mass (AFM). The data were subjected to normality and homogeneity of variance tests (p<0.05) and, subsequently, to principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate genetic diversity between genotypes. Analyzes were performed using PAST software. The PCA results demonstrated that the variables PD and PH were the ones that contributed most to PCA I, while for PCA II it was FS. In the Pearson correlation coefficient, it was observed that the most significant correlation occurred between the PH and PD variables. AFM and PD were negatively correlated, indicating that the greater the average fruit mass, the lower the number of fruits produced. The results of this study will open up opportunities for the development of new cultivars of ornamental peppers, which are cultivated mainly by small producers or family farmers.

Differences in Physical Fitness Level Students studying Volleyball and Football Industrial Engineering Study Program UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta

The objectives of this study are The effect of volleyball on the physical fitness level of UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta Industrial Engineering study program students, the influence of soccer on the physical fitness level of students of the Industrial Engineering study program UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta, the difference in the influence of volleyball and soccer on the level of physical fitness of students of the industrial engineering study program UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta. This research uses an experimental method. The subjects of this study consisted of students of the UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta industrial engineering study program who took Sports II courses in volleyball and football. The sampling technique is a targeted random sample, with a sample of 25 participants in each group. This research data analysis method uses a t-test. The normality test (Kolmogurov-Smirnov, α = 0.05) and the variance homogeneity test (Levene test, α = 0.05) were used to test the data analysis requirements. The results of the research are as follows: Football has an influence on improving the physical fitness of industrial engineering students at UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta, with an average pre-test result of 34,748 post-test results of 37,864 students, with an average increase in the number of students of 3,121 cases showing that physical fitness increases through football. 2) Volleyball has an effect on the physical fitness of industrial engineering students UPN "Veteran". Yogyakarta It can be seen from the average score, pre-test results of 27,160, and post-test results of 29,120, the average increased by 1.96. This means that physical strength increases through volleyball. 3) There is a significant difference in influence between volleyball and football, significance at a significance level of 5% of 0.036 and a T-count of -2.152.

Strategies For Developing the Influence of Discipline and Work Motivation on the Performance of Educators in the Student Guidance Section

<span lang="EN-AU">The goal of this study is to find out how much discipline and work motivation affect how well teachers at the Setukpa Lemdikpol Sukabumi Student Guidance Section do their jobs. The people in this study were the 78 teachers at Setukpa Lemdikpol Sukabumi who work in the student guidance section. The size of the study's sample is the same as the size of the population, which is 78 teaching staff. The Saturated Sampling Technique was used to choose the sample. The survey method is used for the research, and a questionnaire is the research tool. Simple regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, and both simple and multiple correlation analysis are all ways to look at data. Before testing the proposed hypothesis, a requirements analysis test was done. This included a normality test, a variance homogeneity test, a multicollinearity test, a heteroscedasticity test, and an autocorrelation test on educator performance (Y) for all independent variables, such as work discipline (X1) and work motivation of educators (X2). The results of the descriptive analysis show that (1) educators' performance is in the high category, (2) educators' work discipline is in the high category, and (3) educators' work motivation is in the high category. While the results of testing the hypothesis show: (1) There is a significant positive effect of work discipline on the performance of educators in the student guidance section of Setukpa Lemdikpol Sukabumi, with an influence of R2 = 0.404 or 40.4%. Based on the numbers, this means that work discipline affects 40.4% of educator performance, while other variables or factors affect 59.6%. (2) Work motivation has an effect of R2 = 0.955, or 95.5%, on the performance of teachers in the student guidance section of Setukpa Lemdikpol Sukabumi. This effect is significant and positive. This means that 95.5% of educator performance is affected by educator work motivation, while 4.5% is affected by other variables or factors; and (3) There is a significant positive effect of educator work discipline and work motivation on educator performance in the student guidance section of Setukpa Lemdikpol Sukabumi, with an influence of R2 = 0.955, or 95.5%. From a statistical point of view, this means that teachers' discipline and desire to work affect 95.5% of their performance, while other variables or factors affect 4.5%</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span>

#466 Comparison of CKDEPI vs EKFC equations in estimating glomerular filtration rate in kidney transplant recipients

Abstract Background and Aims In 2020, European Kidney Function Consortium (EKFC) proposed a new equation that estimates glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in European population. Using creatinine and age, as well as CKDEPI, EKFC gives an estimation which has been demonstrated to correlate better to measured GFR, particularly at extreme ages. CKDEPI equation is the most common equation used in our clinical practice. Few studies have compared EKFC with CKDEPI, particularly in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. Our objective is to compare estimation of GFR with EKFC and CKDEPI in KT patients. Method We conduct a retrospective observational study including all consecutive KT performed at our centre from 1993 to 2022 with survival greater than one year, and laboratory tests at third month and one-year post-transplant. Using Creatinine and Age we calculate estimated GFR (eGFR) by CKDEPI and EKFC equations. We compare both results in terms of correlation and agreement in the global sample and classifying by subgroups according to a) Sex, b) Age by 10-year sections, c) Body Mass Index (BMI) as WHO classification and d) presence or absence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). We use SPSS as statistics program. Results We include 968 KT, depicted in Table 1. CKDEPI and EKFC at 3rd month and EKFC at one-year have a non-normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with p = 0.003, p = 0.035 and p = 0.002, respectively), contrary to normality in CKDEPI at one year (p = 0.058). Levene test for homogeneity of variances shows no differences (3rd month p = 0.102, one year p = 0.165), as well as in subgroups. We perform, besides Mann-Whitney, Student's T-test despite limitations over means without significant differences in any subgroup. Mean global difference at 3rd month is 0.23 ml/min greater by CKDEPI. There are no relevant differences between subgroups related to DM and BMI. We can describe a difference between women (0.85 ml/min) and men (0.05 ml/min), and it is larger in 20-30 years group (3.4 ml/min) and in 70-80 years (2.74 ml/min). As measure of agreement, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) shows excellent correlation in all subdivisions (Cronbach's Alpha statistic (CA) > 0.99), without significant decrease in any subgroup; minimum ICC = 0.987 is in 20-30 years group, and maximum ICC = 0.999 in 40-60 years. Bland-Altman plot is shown in Fig. 1, where we appreciate a negative bias in low eGFR against a positive in higher values. Mean global difference at one-year eGFR is 0.25 ml/min greater by CKDEPI. We observe a difference between women (0.75 ml/min) and men (0.04 ml/min), larger in 20-30 years group (2.94 ml/min) and 70-80 years (2.27 ml/min) without significance. ICC shows excellent correlation without significant decrease in any subgroup; minimum ICC = 0.992 is in 20-30 years group, and maximum ICC = 0.999 in 50-60 years. Conclusion We find no significant differences between means in eGFR by CKDEPI and EKFC. We observe a tendency to a greater estimation in women than in men. Both CKDEPI and EKFC equations for eGFR show an excellent concordance in our cohort of KT but differences in scatter analysis in Bland-Altman plot, greater in higher values of eGFR. ICC and CA are both slightly minor in the extreme age groups of our cohort. It matches what described in major studies; these differences may be not clinically relevant in this age range group but are probably greater in patients beyond this range.

Research on the Dynamic Stress Tracking Test Period of the Bogie Frame for Metro Vehicle

AbstractDynamic stress is one of the key indicators reflecting the fatigue characteristics of metro bogie frames. Considering the test costs, operation safety, and other factors, it is impossible to record all the dynamic stress data for the whole service period in the tracking test. Therefore, the overall stress spectrum is statistically deduced based on limited dynamic stress data samples, which can not only provide a basis for the fatigue reliability research of the bogie frame, but also save costs. In this paper, the typical fatigue control points in different areas of the frame with large equivalent stress are selected for research. The daily measured stress spectrum samples are obtained through the rainflow counting method, and the statistical stress spectrum is then compiled. Weibull distribution fitting of the stress spectrum is carried out to obtain the scale and shape parameter samples for different fatigue control parts. After sampling of the obtained parameter samples and conducting variance homogeneity tests as well as t-tests, the minimum sample size representing the overall distribution of the interval is obtained. Therefore, the shortest tracking test period reflecting the overall stress distribution of typical fatigue control parts can be obtained.

COVID-19 acts like a stress test, uncovering the vulnerable part of the human body: a retrospective study of 1640 cases in China.

Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection exhibits multi-organ damage with diverse complications, the correlation between age, gender, medical history and clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients was investigated. 1640 patients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University from 22 December 2022 to 1 March 2023 were categorized and analysed. Normal distribution test and variance homogeneity test were performed. Based on the test results, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis were conducted in the study. According to the ANOVA, there was a significant difference in the age distribution (P = .001) between different clinical presentations, while gender did not (P = .06). And regression analysis showed that age, hypertension, atherosclerosis and cancer were significant hazard factors for the development of predominant clinical manifestations in patients hospitalized with novel COVID-19. Additionally, infection with SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to exacerbate the burden on specific diseased or related organs. The elderly who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 ought to be treated with emphasis not only on antiviral therapy but also on individualized treatment that takes their medical history and comorbidities into account.

The Effect of Problem Solving Method on Learning Outcomes of Elementary School Students

This study aims to determine the difference in learning outcomes using the Problem Solving approach with classes that do not use the Problem Solving approach. This research uses quantitative approach by using quasi experimental method. This type of research is Nonequivalent Control Group Design with two groups, namely control group/class and experimental group/class. Both groups were given different treatments. The samples in this study were all Class V SDK Golo Mongkok which amounted to 40 students and were divided into two classes. Data collection techniques in the form of tests (pretest and posttest). The research instrument used is a test question. Data analysis used is Descriptive Statistics, Data Normality Test, Variance Homogeneity Test, Statistical Hypothesis. The results showed that the average learning outcomes of the experimental class were higher than the control class. Thus it can be concluded that the application of the problem solving method can improve student learning outcomes.

Chewing Function with Efficiency Tests in Subjects Wearing Clear Aligners.

This study assessed the masticatory function of participants wearing clear aligners in order to determine whether these devices can be worn even when eating and therefore worn to extend treatment time and boost treatment effectiveness. An intercontrol test was conducted on 20 patients who received Invisalign® treatment. Each participant was instructed to chew two pieces of Hue-Check Gum® chewing gum (one pink and the other blue) in 5, 10, and 20 cycles both with and without aligners. After being removed from the oral cavity, the gum was dried and pressed using a 1 × 50 × 50 mm model that was 3D printed with a transparent layer in between. After being scanned on both sides with a flatbed scanner at 600 dpi, the samples were saved as jpg files and subjected to an optoelectronic examination using ViewGum software. To validate the procedure, a control group from a different institution (University of Bern) was used. A statistical analysis of the data was carried out. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to confirm the normality of the samples. A one-way ANOVA test, a homogeneity of variance test, and a t-test did not reveal statistically significant differences between the two control groups, thus validating the methodology employed. In summary, clear aligners do not radically change the masticatory function while they are worn. As a result, clinicians can exploit the aligners for chewing to obtain a better fit of the plastic material to the dental surface and to attachments. Treatment times for patients could also be shorter.

The Impact of the Experiential Learning Model on Increasing Digital Skills for Employees

Objective: This experimental study aims to find out which training model is more appropriate to use in preparing employees who have digital skills in a shorter. The purpose of this research are knowing a more appropriate training model for the preparation of employee digital skills and knowing the impact of the experiential learning model on increasing the digital skills for employee, namely Enterprise Architecture and Database & Programming Knowledge. Methods: This research was conducted using experiments study, conducted in 2 (two) groups where group A will receive learning treatment using conventional learning models as the control and group B will receive learning using experiential learning models as the experiment. The findings for the research are that there are differences in all aspects of digital skills between group experiment and group control. Experiential Learning learning models have an impact on increasing employee digital skills, especially on aspects of Database & Programming Knowledge Results: The dependent variable in this study was the gain score differences in the aspects of Enterprise Architecture and Database & Programming Knowledge of the employees. The calculation results of the central size (mean and standard deviation) for gain scores data in both aspects of Enterprise Architecture and Database & Programming Knowledge. To test the research hypothesis, the assumption test was first carried out as a prerequisite for hypothesis testing, namely the data distribution normality test, the covariance variance homogeneity test, and the dependent variable intercorrelation test. The normality test in this study was conducted using Kolmogorov Smirnov statistics. Conclusion: There are differences in all aspects of digital skills between employees who learn with the experiential learning model and employees who learn with the conventional learning model. There is no difference in the aspects of digital skills Enterprise Architecture between employees who learn with experiential learning models and employees who learn with conventional learning models.

A comparative evaluation of adipokine VASPIN in female obese and non-obese subjects with periodontitis and health

Abstract Introduction: Periodontitis and obesity are major health hazards. Adiposity stimulates cytokines which aggravate periodontitis. To balance this body secretes an anti-inflammatory adipokine-like visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (VASPIN). Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to assess serum VASPIN levels in females with and without periodontitis, categorized by obesity status. Materials and Methods: Eighty female subjects with the age range of 35–44 years were included in this observational study. All have been categorized into four groups, 20 in each group. The division was based on the body mass index (BMI) and Russell’s Periodontal Index (PI). Group I-with BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; without PD (non-obese without PD) Group II-with BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2; with PD (non-obese with PD). Group III -with BMI ≥30 kg/m2; without PD (obese without PD).Group IV with BMI ≥30 kg/m2; with PD (Obese with PD). Statistics Used: Serum VASPIN levels were compared in all the groups. Among the groups were analyzed with ANOVA, Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variances, and Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons. Results: When VASPIN and BMI were correlated, higher levels were found in Group II, followed by Groups IV, III, and I. Serum VASPIN levels among the groups were statistically significant P < 0.0001. Conclusion: Serum VASPIN can be used for predicting the progression of periodontal inflammation associated with obesity and also can act as a good biomarker for the initial stages of obesity.

Depression in youths with early life adversity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Globally, early-life adversity (ELA) is linked to an increased risk of developing depression in adulthood; however, only a few studies have examined the specific effects of various types of ELA on depression in children and adolescents. This meta-analysis explores the association between the subtypes of ELA and the risk for youth-onset depression. We searched three electronic databases for reporting types of ELA, namely, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, family conflict/violence, divorce, low socioeconomic status, and left-behind experience, associated with depression before the age of 18 years. Our meta-analysis utilized the odds ratio (OR) and relied on a random effects model. Large heterogeneous effects were detected. Some factors moderated the association between ELA and depression in youths. The homogeneity of variance test and meta-regression analysis were used to detect these relationships. A total of 87 studies with 213,006 participants were ultimately identified via several strategies in this meta-analysis. Individuals who experienced ELA were more likely to develop depression before the age of 18 years old than those without a history of ELA (OR=2.14; 95% CI [1.93, 2.37]). The results of the subgroup analysis revealed a strong association between ELA and depression in youth, both in terms of specific types and dimensions. Specifically, emotional abuse (OR = 4.25, 95% CI [3.04, 5.94]) was more strongly related to depression in children and adolescents than other forms of ELA were. For both dimensions, threat (OR = 2.60, 95% CI [2.23, 3.02]) was more closely related to depression than deprivation was (OR = 1.76, 95% CI [1.55, 1.99]). This meta-analysis revealed that the adverse effects of a broader consideration of ELA on the risk of youth-onset depression vary according to the subtypes of ELA. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023405803, identifier 42023405803.

New Era Curriculum: Offline and Online Interactive Learning Has Been Effective ?

This look at objectives to determine: (1) differences in English studying effects among students who are taught the use of on line and offline getting to know media, (2) variations in mastering effects for college students who've open and closed interpersonal communication, (3) interactions between using learning media and interpersonal verbal exchange in influencing students' English gaining knowledge of outcomes. The quasi-experimental research method and through the necessities had been used, the research speculation has been tested the usage of 2-way ANOVA at a significance degree of α = 0.05 formerly executed the normality necessities test with Lilifors and the homogeneity of variance test with the Barlett take a look at and Fisher's check. The consequences of testing the hypothesis had been received: (1) the getting to know consequences of college students who are taught English the use of on-line studying media are better than offline learning media, that is indicated by means of Fcount = 6.596 Ftable = three.94, (2) the learning consequences of students who've open interpersonal communication has been better than closed interpersonal this is shown by Fcount = eleven.18 > Ftable = 3.94, and (three) there has been an interplay between the use of educational media and interpersonal conversation in influencing English studying outcomes, specifically Fcount = 68.38 Ftable = 3 ,94.

A Wald test on the problem of homogeneity of variances

In this article, we propose a Wald test for homogeneity of variance in several normal distributions. The Wald test is an asymptotic test, and it is known that asymptotic tests perform well in large sample sizes, but not in small sample sizes. For this reason, we modified this test using a parametric bootstrap method called the computational approach test. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed test against the existing tests in the literature, we compared this test in terms of the estimated size and power of tests. The results of our simulation study show that the proposed test performs well in especially small and different sample sizes under normal distributions. Besides, we illustrate the proposed test using a numerical example.

Pengaruh Pembelajaran Kontekstual terhadap Hasil Belajar dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila Kelas IV SDN 06 Pontianak Utara

This study aims to describe the Effect of Contextual Learning on Learning Outcomes in Pancasila Education Learning Class IV SDN 06 North Pontianak. The research method used is an experimental method with a quasi-experimental design and nonequivalent control group research plan. A sample of 47 students used a purposive sampling technique. In collecting research data using measurement techniques and data collection tools in research is a written test. The results of the study can be concluded that: The learning outcomes of the control class and the experimental class in learning Pancasila education with the calculation of data analysis in the experimental class with an average pre-test score of 43.77 and a post-test average score of 77. In the control class the score average student learning outcomes pre-test 51.9 and post-test 56.8. There are differences in learning outcomes in the experimental class and control class by testing the normality known pre-test and post-test data Xcount ≤ Xtable = 7.815, then the data is normally distributed. Apart from that, the researchers also carried out a homogeneity of variance test, from the results obtained Fcount ≤ Ftable = 2.024. There is an effect of contextual learning on the learning outcomes of class IV Pancasila education is the polled variance formula, namely t-test (Polled Variance) at level = 5% and (dk =〖n〗_(1+) n_2-2= 45) obtained t_(count > ) t_table or 8.5 > 2.0. Then the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. This means that there is an influence of contextual learning on the learning outcomes of Pancasila education. Post test data calculated using the effect size formula was obtained at 1.17 with high criteria. This proves that the application of contextual learning has a high influence on the learning outcomes of Pancasila class IV SDN 06 Pontianak Utara.

Triple microenvironment modulation of zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF) nanocages for boosting dopamine electrocatalysis

Multiple microenvironmental modulation of zeolite imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) is expected to solve the long-term intractable problem of low sensitivity in electrochemical sensing. Herein, the metal phthalocyanines with different central ions (PcM, M = Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) were introduced into ZIF-8 by in-situ synthesis method. Then, the hollow composite nanomaterials, HZIF-8/PcFe and HZIF-8@PcFe (HZIF-8, i.e., hollow ZIF-8) with different TA (tannic acid) coating thicknesses (∼11 nm and ∼33 nm) were successfully fabricated by carefully designed polyphenol-mediated modulation (PMM) strategy. Next, the HZIF-8@PcFe electrochemical sensor was constructed for selective and sensitive analysis by selecting dopamine (DA) as the analyte. The TA coating (superhydrophilic state), PcFe (redox properties) and hollow MOF cavity (faster mass transfer) was used as the triple microenvironment modulation of ZIF-8 to enhance the electrocatalytic performance. Under the optimum conditions (pH = 8.0), the linear correlations of 0.3 to 200 μmol/L was obtained for the peak current response, with a detection limit of 0.1 μmol/L (S/N = 3, i.e., Signal/Noise = 3). Meanwhile, the HZIF-8@PcFe electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent interference selectivity, reproducibility and stability, which enabled it to detect low abundance DA in real samples. And the F-test (homogeneity test of variance) and t-test (student's t test) statistical analyses were employed to enhance the accuracy of the actual samples' detection. This work will enlighten researchers working in the field of porous framework composites and open up new paths for the development of hollow MOFs hybrid materials in electrochemical sensing.

A Study on the Multidimensional Expression Form of Ancient Chinese Teaching in Universities Based on Multidimensional Analysis Model

Abstract With the continuous development of computer technology, the teaching of ancient Chinese has realized a quantitative and statistical research path for a large-scale corpus. In this paper, based on a multidimensional analysis model, six disciplines in the humanities domain (Chinese literature, history, philosophy) and social sciences domain (economics, sociology, law) of ancient Chinese were selected as dimensions, and 111 linguistic features of ancient Chinese in the corpus were factor analyzed. Multivariate ANOVA and post hoc tests were conducted on the discourse dimension scores of different disciplinary domains, and qualitative analyses were conducted in conjunction with the linguistic features in the specific corpus to further verify the linguistic domain coefficient of variation of ancient Chinese. The results of the study show that the results of the Levenes test for homogeneity of variance in the teaching of ancient Chinese in a single dimension are all p < 0.0001, while there are highly significant differences between the historical and philosophical domain features in the humanities (p = 0.001 ≤ 0.01), and extremely significant differences with the other four disciplines. The results of the multidimensional expression form of ancient Chinese teaching based on the multidimensional analysis method proposed in this paper effectively advance the advancement of ancient Chinese teaching and enable students to learn Chinese culture from other dimensions while learning ancient Chinese.

The Influence of Using the Student Facilitator and Explaining Model in Learning Speaking Skills at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

This research aims to determine whether there is an influence of the Student Facilitator and Explaining (SFAE) model on students' speaking skills at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. This research method uses Quasi Experimental Design, a form of Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The data for this research are the results of learning speaking skills using the Student Facilitator and Explaining (SFAE) model. The sample for this research was 40 Madrasah Ibtidaiyah students. Data collection techniques include interviews and questionnaires. Before analysis, the data was tested using expert validity, normality and homogeneity tests. Next, a hypothesis test was carried out using T test analysis (T-Test), namely the Independent Simple T-Test. Output results of the normality test using the Shapiro Wilk test with the help of SPSS version 20. 0 for windows by looking at the Pretest data, the experimental class value is 0.379 > 0.05 and the control class value is 0.491 > 0.05, indicating that the data variance for the experimental class and control class is normally distributed. After knowing that the samples are normally distributed, the next step is to carry out a normality test to find out whether the two samples have the same variance. The statistical analysis used to test homogeneity is the homogeneity of variance test (F Test) with the help of SPSS version 20.0 for Windows. Significance level >0.05. Data is declared homogeneous if the significant value is greater than 5% or 0.05. The results of the research showed that the control class got an average pretest to posttest score which increased. In the experimental class, the average student pretest to posttest scores also increased. In the analysis of hypothesis testing using the t test (independent sample t test) by comparing the experimental class posttest data with the control class posttest, it shows that the application of the Student Facilitator and Explaining (SFAE) learning model has no effect on the speaking skills of students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah.

Multiple Scaffolding STEAM Project-Based Learning Model In Science Learning

Higher order thinking skills (HOTs) are skills needed to face the 21st century. This research aims to (1) analyze simultaneously the differences in learning outcomes, critical thinking skills, and achievement motivation of students who learn using the PjBL-STEAM model assisted by multiple scaffolding and the PjBL model in science learning, (2) analyze the differences in learning outcomes of students who learning using the PjBL-STEAM model assisted by multiple scaffolding and the PjBL model in science learning, (3) analyzing differences in critical thinking skills of students who learn using the PjBL-STEAM model assisted by multiple scaffolding and the PjBL model in science learning, (4) analyzing differences in achievement motivation students who learn to use the PjBL-STEAM model assisted by multiple scaffolding and the PjBL model in science learning. This research is a quantitative research with nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design. The sampling technique used was cluster random sampling with the sample size consisting of 159 students in classes VII A, VII B, VII D, and VII F at SMP Negeri 5 Denpasar. The research instruments used were learning achievement tests, critical thinking skills tests and achievement motivation questionnaires. Data analysis used Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Hypothesis testing is carried out using a significance level of 5%, hypothesis testing is carried out after assumption testing (normality test, variance homogeneity test, variance covariance homogeneity test, linearity test, multicollinearity test, regression line slope homogeneity test). Based on the data analysis, the research results show that (1) there are simultaneous differences in learning outcomes, critical thinking skills, and achievement motivation of students who learn using the PjBL-STEAM model assisted by multiple scaffolding and the PjBL model in science learning, (2) there are differences in the learning outcomes of students who learn using the PjBL-STEAM model assisted by multiple scaffolding and the PjBL model in science learning, (3) there are differences in the critical thinking skills of students who learn using the PjBL-STEAM model assisted by multiple scaffolding and the PjBL model in science learning, (4) differences in the achievement motivation of students who learn using the PjBL-STEAM model assisted by multiple scaffolding and the PjBL model in science learning

PENGARUH PROGRAM PELATIHAN DASAR KOMPUTER TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENGOPERASIKAN MICROSOFT OFFICE DI SMP N 5 KUPANG TIMUR

One of the basic skills in the current digitalization era is the skill to operate a computer, especially operating Microsoft Office. The problems found in the field are the lack of school facilities in providing computers, lack of computer ownership by each student and limited learning time to deepen Microsoft Office practicum. One solution to overcome this is to hold a basic computer training program. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the influence of the training program on computer operating skills. This research is a quantitative research with a type of experimental design. The sample in this study was 22 class VII students of SMP N 5 East Kupang. Data collection techniques were carried out by means of skills tests and non-tests (observation). The data analysis technique uses a prerequisite analysis test which consists of a normality test and a variance homogeneity test. Furthermore, using the N-Gain test to see the effect of basic computer training programs on students' skills in operating Microsoft Office. The results showed that the significance value of the paired samples test was 0.000 <0.05, which means that there was an influence on the basic computer training program on the ability of students at SMP N 5 Kupang Timur in operating Microsoft Office. It can also be seen from the N-Gain score of 58.2% that the basic computer training program conducted was quite influential in improving the skills of SMP N 5 Kupang Timur students in operating Microsoft Office.