Tertiary Drainage Research Articles

Identification, genetic diversity, and comparative evolution of the striped snakehead Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) in Wallacea, Indonesia

Abstract. Irmawati, Meimulya, Tassakka ACMAR, Nadiarti, Rukminasari N, Kadriah IAK, Nasrullah H, Alimuddin. 2022. Identification, genetic diversity, and comparative evolution of the striped snakehead Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) in Wallacea, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3327-3337. Striped snakehead, Channa striata populations have declined in some areas of Wallacea. This study aimed to identify the species, analyze the genetic diversity, and trace the evolutionary relationships of snakeheads in the Wallacea region with snakeheads in other geographic areas. This study was identifying all specimens in this study as C. striata. The Wallacean C. striata sequences comprised three haplotypes with five polymorphic sites (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs). No mutations were detected in the COI nucleotides of C. striata in the Tempe Lake complex, Patampanua River, and Bojo River; therefore, they belonged to the same haplotype. The C. striata from the Tangkoli tertiary drainage had unique haplotypes that differed from other C. striata haplotypes. The intraspecific genetic distance within C. striata was low while the interspecific genetic distance within the genus Channa was quite large, indicating that mutation rates are quite high in the genus Channa. Haplotype evolution showed that C. striata in Wallacea shared a common ancestral pathway with C. striata in Kalimantan, Java, and Bali and had a different ancestral pathway with C. striata in Lampung (Sumatra). The nucleotide composition of the C. striata COI gene followed the general pattern of the Teleostei and the Pisces superclass (T>C>A>G) with the G+C base percentage lower than the A+T percentage. The data from this study will be useful as a basis for designing germplasm conservation strategies and designing strategies to maintain C. striata populations and develop strains to meet future needs.

Study of Inundation Management on Tertiary Drainage Channels in Keputih Tegal Surabaya City

In the case of heavy rain, several places in Surabaya are still submerged. The Keputih Tegal region is one of them. The Jalan Keputih Tegal channel is a tertiary drainage channel that drains into a secondary drainage channel on Jalan Raya Keputih before emptying into the Wonokromo river. The flood on Jalan Keputih Tegal occurred at a depth of 20 cm. The drainage channel on Jalan Keputih Tegal is the subject of this study, and the data utilized are secondary data in the form of rainfall data collected from the Public Works Department of Highways Surabaya and the SDMP (Surabaya Drainage Master Plan) map obtained from BAPPEKO Surabaya. The dimensions of the channel are 1.5 x 1.5 m with a capacity of 0.9 m3/s based on the flood flow from the CA region and the drainage system of the Keputih Tegal channel, which is impacted by the height of the secondary channel MAB. The channel's proportions allow for both flood discharge and backwater discharge. With a flow velocity of 0.4 m/s, the channel slope is planned to be 0.04 percent. This condition exceeds the allowed speed criteria for concrete channels, which are 1.5 m/s.

Identifikasi Permasalahan Infrastruktur Drainase di Kampus Universitas Hasanuddin Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar

The Unhas Tamalanrea campus is an educational area which has an area of 220 hectares, one of the problems that exist when the intensity of rain is high enough in the area, namely the occurrence of inundation and flooding on several roads so it is necessary to find causes and solutions to these problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the problem of drainage infrastructure in the Unhas area. This research took place from November 2020 to April 2021. This research is located in the Hasanuddin University Area, Tamalanrea Campus, which is located in Tamalanrea District, Makassar City. Types of secondary data are the number of Unhas Tamalanrea campus communities, the volume of dirty water per person based on the number of communities in Unhas Tamalanrea and PERMEN PU RI No.12/PRT/M/2014 with data collection methods, namely literature, theory, and NSPK studies. The type of primary data is the existing condition of the drainage network at the Unhas Tamalanrea campus, with data collection methods namely surveys or field observations. The data analysis technique used is a comparative analysis, which is to compare the ideal or proper drainage infrastructure with the existing conditions of the research location. Based on the results of the study, there is a drainage infrastructure that is classified as a tertiary drainage channel and then leads to a secondary drainage channel on Polytechnic Street and empties into the Tallo River as a primary drainage channel that is well connected. The quality of the drainage infrastructure is not good, seen from the dimension of the drainage construction that is not wide enough and the drainage network where sedimentation occurs due to lack of maintenance.

The South Swedish Dome: a key structure for identification of peneplains and conclusions on Phanerozoic tectonics of an ancient shield

The relationships between different denudation surfaces/peneplains formed across crystalline basement rocks give valuable information to the tectonic development of ancient shields. The denudation surfaces can be identified by the aid of their landforms, tilt and remnant weathering mantles in relation to cover rocks. Three types of denudation surfaces are identified across south Sweden (1) a tilted flat plain, (2) a tilted hilly surface with relative relief below 150 m and (3) stepped horizontal plains with residual hills. All three types of denudation surfaces are peneplains, denudation surfaces graded to specific base levels. The re-exposed parts of the inclined flat sub-Cambrian peneplain (SCP) extend as a landscape feature from below cover rocks in the north and east and reaches up on the highest summits of the South Swedish Uplands. The SCP (the exact unconformity) is encountered again below Cambrian covers outside the west coast. Thus south Sweden is a geological dome, the South Swedish Dome (SSD), in relation to the Cambrian cover. The southern and western low flanks of the exposed part of the dome are instead characterized by a hilly peneplain, the inclined sub-Cretaceous denudation surface, with remnants of thick, kaolinitic, clayey saprolites. This sub-Cretaceous peneplain is cut off at a distinct level in the south and west by the almost horizontal South Småland Peneplain, a never covered, epigene, peneplain. The uplift history of the SSD aids to the understanding on the development of late Tertiary drainage systems of the Baltic Basin by the Eridano River.

Evaluation of Drainage Channels Capacity in Ambon City: A Case Study on Wai Batu Merah Watershed Flooding

Failure of urban drainage capacity to flow surface runoff due to rainfall is possibly to be a factor from many other factors causing flood in urban areas. Big floods in Ambon in 2013 which caused economic loss and loss of human life are the background to conduct a research which is presented in this paper. Ambon is the capital of Maluku Province located in Eastern Indonesia. Recently, the area of the city is developed into settlement area. The research is specifically conducted in Wai Batu Merah Watershed, a watershed in Ambon which severely damage due to floods in 2013. The analysis emphasizes on evaluation of capacity of existing drainage channels (natural and human-made). Daily rainfall data from Pattimura station during 2004 – 2013 is used to be the main data to estimate design rainfall and design flood. Design rainfall is the main data of rainfall-runoff model which is done using Synthetic Unit Hydrograph of SCS. While the fluctuation of water level along the main river is simulated using unsteady flow analyses with an input of 50-year design flood. The result of the simulation shows that one existing tertiary drainage channel cannot accommodate discharge of overland flow and from the upstream to the downstream of Wai Batu Merah River is overflow. Particularly on flood event in 2013, consecutive rainy days occurred since in the beginning of July until mid-August with total depth of rainfall more than triple of 50-year return period of maximum daily rainfall. At that state, flood certainly cannot be avoided in the adjacent area of the river.

Hydraulic models for the simulation of flow routing in drainage canals

<p>In order to design a network of drainage canals, it is essential to consider the excess water from the agricultural land (overland flow) and to evaluate the characteristics of flow routing, such as the flow depths and discharges in the system of tertiary and main drainage canals of various order. In this paper models based on the Saint-Venant equations are presented, simulating the flow routing in a system of drainage canals. In these models, the lateral inflow towards tertiary drainage canals is the overland flow from adjacent fields. The Saint-Venant equations in their complete form (dynamic model) or in simplified forms, such as the diffusion wave equations (diffusion model) and the kinematic wave equations (kinematic model) are numerically solved by using the MacCormack explicit computational scheme which is a two-step predictor-corrector scheme, conditionally stable and convergent. In modeling flow through the system of drainage canals, emphasis was given to the simulation of flow at the junction points of two or more canals by applying the characteristic equations (negative and positive equations) in addition to the mass and energy conservation principles. Applications of the models for the simulation of flow within the system of drainage canals, subject to lateral inflow owing to overland flow, were also conducted in order to study the effect of various parameters of the drainage canals, on the hydrographs’ formation and also on the accuracy of the diffusion and kinematic equations in predicting flow in a drainage network.</p>

Evidence for Pleistocene lakes in the Tushka region, south Egypt

Space Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data have revealed new details on the extent and geomorphic relations of paleodrainage in southern Egypt. Following a period of late Tertiary drainage from the Red Sea Hills south through Wadi Qena and west across the Tushka region, the Nile River as we now know it established its connections with Central Africa and the Mediterranean in the middle Pleistocene (oxygen isotope stage, OIS 7 to OIS 5). SRTM topography reveals a lake level at ∼247 m that is coincident with the elevation of middle Pleistocene fish fossils 400 km west of the Nile, and with the termination of shallow runoff channels in northern Sudan that were active during the middle Pleistocene and Holocene pluvial periods. An additional lake level at ∼190 m is based on the current elevation at Wadi Tushka, and is consistent with Paleolithic sites at Bir Kiseiba followed by Neolithic sites at lower topographic levels. Overflow of the Nile through Wadi Tushka during the wetter north African climate of the middle Pleistocene, coupled with limited local rainfall, was the likely source of water for these lakes.

Pore-scale events in drainage process through porous media under high- and low-interfacial tension flow conditions

In spite of the available literature on the evaluation of the drainage under the high- and low-interfacial tension (IFT) flow through porous media, distribution and the detailed topology and structure of the displacing non-wetting and the trapped wetting phases at the pore level, and some of the pore-scale phenomena have not been understood in a comprehensive manner. The aim of this study is to provide insight into the above-mentioned issues in a preferentially oil-wet porous medium partially filled with the heavy oil and connate water, which is flooded with the brine (simulating secondary drainage or high-IFT waterflooding) and with the surfactant solution (simulating tertiary drainage or low-IFT surfactant-enhanced waterflooding). This paper consists of two parts. The first part provides a detailed, comprehensive literature survey of the recent advances in the experimental study and modeling of the drainage process in porous media. In the second part, the authors present their experimental observations of the pore-level events and the displacement front configurations of drainage under the high- and low-IFT flow conditions in a one-quarter five-spot, etched glass micromodel. First, distribution, configuration, and topology of the trapped air in primary drainage (i.e., air displacement by brine or connate water) are depicted. Second, the detailed pore-scale topology, structure, distribution, and configuration of the displaced and displacing phases in primary imbibition (i.e., desaturation of the continuous non-wetting phase, or wetting process, which occurs during the displacement of brine in a preferentially oil-wet porous medium by heavy oil), secondary drainage (i.e., desaturation of the continuous wetting phase under the high-IFT flow condition, which occurs during the high-IFT waterflooding in a preferentially oil-wet porous medium), and tertiary drainage (i.e., mobilization of the discontinuous trapped wetting phase under the low-IFT flow condition, which occurs during the low-IFT surfactant-enhanced waterflooding in a preferentially oil-wet porous medium), are elucidated in detail. Third, the major pore-scale displacement phenomena in tertiary drainage under the low-IFT flow conditions are explained. Furthermore, the advance of the displacement front and the flow pattern configuration in the secondary and tertiary drainage are analyzed. Finally, the displacing non-wetting phase blob size distribution in the tertiary drainage is presented together with the values of the desaturated fraction of different phases at different stages of the displacement.

The history of the major rivers of southern Britain during the Tertiary

The evolution of the drainage system of lowland Britain is discussed on the basis of available geological evidence, including that from terrestrial sites and that which has more recently become available from offshore exploration of the North Sea, the English and Bristol Channels, and the Irish Sea. Tertiary stratigraphy throws considerable light on landform and river development. Paleocene destruction of a chalk cover, which seems to have been incomplete in western Britain, was accompanied by basin sedimentation under a tropical climate. The major elements, the Thames, Solent, Hampshire (?proto-Avon) river, Irish Sea river and possibly an early Trent river, existed almost throughout the Cenozoic. The influence of Atlantic rifting and thermal doming in NW Britain appears to have been stronger and more temporally focused than the persistent flexuring that determined and maintained Tertiary drainage lines in the SE. Here also the folded Mesozoic terrains on the surface contrast with the more dominant block-faulted relief of the Palaeozoic ‘oldlands’. The rivers of the SE can be shown to have extended or reduced their lengths in response to relative sea-level change and gentle warping. Drainage antecedence, the destruction of the Solent system and the breaching of the English Channel are also evident. By contrast, the major river systems of the west are now entirely submerged. Long-term stability of the drainage pattern reflects a persistent tectonic regime in the south, with a subdued low-relief landscape having a weathered regolith and dense vegetation cover. Meandering river channels and alluvial styles predominated, although channel forms varied according to sediment load, slope and discharge variability. Coarse gravel-dominated accumulations are rare and localized. Chemically stable lithologies dominate the clastic component throughout. It is apparent that the deeply incised river valleys seen today are related to high, predominantly coarse sediment yields, encouraged by substantial, rapid climate changes in the Pleistocene. This emphasizes the significance of mechanical compared with chemical weathering for the rate and nature of landscape dissection, and the modifications that have arisen as a result of glaciation, frost-climate weathering, rapidly changing climates and sea levels. The stratigraphical evidence here reviewed is at variance with older, largely geomorphologically based landform evolution models (‘denudational chronology’), but gives considerable support to the recent proposals emphasizing the significance of Paleocene erosion, and enduring low-relief landscapes and drainage systems evolving alongside fold development during the Paleogene. Given the depobasin evidence now available, postulated fluvially active episodes can, and must, be linked to contemporaneous deposition. Some at least of the many controversies involving the identity of erosion surfaces, the dating of them using only residual deposits and weathering mantles, and the selection of particular Tertiary episodes as ones of landscape development can now be resolved.

Tertiary-quaternary drainage of the Pre-glacial Mackenzie basin

Pre-glacial drainage in the northwestern Mackenzie Region was established in early Tertiary time, with the uplift of the mountains during the Laramide Orogeny, and persisted until near the end of the Pleistocene. Rivers arose in the Mackenzie and Richardson mountains and followed a generally eastward direction across piedmont surfaces from the mountains towards the plains. The evidence to support this hypothesis includes geomorphology, provenance of sediments, reconstruction of paleo-surfaces and stratigraphy. Two major drainage systems developed — one to the Atlantic Ocean and another to the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic drainage is composed of the northwestern tributaries of an integrated drainage system that flowed towards Hudson Bay. Traces of this drainage are found in the Canyon Ranges of the Mackenzie Mountains, Iroquois upland and in the Norman Range of the Franklin Mountains. The Arctic drainage included two main basins — the Porcupine Basin that drained from west to east across the Richardson Mountains and the Anderson basin that included the Peel and Snake rivers as its tributaries. Late Wisconsinan Laurentide glaciation deranged these drainage systems establishing the Porcupine River as a tributary of the Yukon River and integrating the Tertiary drainage systems into the Mackenzie River system flowing to the Arctic Ocean.

Applications Of Mixed-Wet Pastes In Gravity Drainage Experiments

Abstract Mixed-wet pastes consisting of a mixture of water-wet grains, oil-wet grains, brine, and oil can be used to overcome some of the limitations generally associated with gravity drainge experiments in the laboratory. Semi-permeable membranes made with mixed-wet pastes having grain sizes no larger than a few microns are able to prevent the gas breakthrough and eliminate capillary end effects. Pastes with larger grains are suitable to establish capillary continuity at the junction between short reservoir plugs in a composite core. Prevention of the Gas Breakthrough and Elimination of Capillary End Effects During gravity drainage experiments assisted by inert gas injection and carred out in vertical cores initially saturated with oil and brine it has been shown that the gas breakthrough occurs before the totality of the oil bank has been produced, even if the production rate is kept very small(1,2). After gas has broken through, some additional oil can be produced, but nevertheless, a part of the oil initially present will remain in the bottom part of the core. Experiments done in our laboratory with a four-fool long vertical Berea sandstone core have shown that the oil saturation at the bottom end is approximately 80% at gas breakthrough, and it decreases with height. Naylor and Frorup(2) used radioactive tracer techniques to measure fluid saturations within a 0.885 m long aeolian sandstone core during a tertiary gravity drainage experiment in which nitrogen under low pressure was flowed continuously through the core. After 86 days of gasflood, the oil saturation was 8% in the top half of the core and increased in the bottom half to reach 31% at the bottom end. The phenomenon of this oil retention in the bottom pan of the core is a capillary end effect. It is due to the gas pressure and therefore the gas-oil capillary pressure being low near the bottom when gas is flowing through the core. A detrimental consequence of the end effects is that, everything else being equal, the percentage of recovery of residual oil increases with the length of the core. Indeed, as the length of the core increases, so does the thickness of the oil bank, compared with the vertical distance over which capillary retention takes place (approximately 40 cm in Berea). The most obvious solution to producing the remaining oil is to eliminate the capillary end effects, and this can only be achieved by preventing the breakthrough of gas_ A semi-permeable membrane, which is put in contact with the producing face of the core, was developed for this purpose. This membrane must be mixed-wet, that is, permeable to oil and brine, but impermeable to gas. With the membrane in place, it is possible to establish a sufficiently high oil-gas capillary pressure in the bottom part of the core to eliminate the capillary retention of oil. In order to prepare the mixed-wet paste from which the semi-permeable membrane is made, very fine powders of calcium carbonate (water-wet) and active carbon (oil-wet) need to be obtained.

An overview of silicification in Cainozoic landscapes of arid central and southern Australia

Silica diagenesis in the near-surface zones of subdued Tertiary drainage basins in the arid interior of central and southern Australia produced a mosaic of silcretes now exposed as relic duricrust on mesas that are significantly higher than the contemporary base-level of erosion. The silcretes comprise a variety of silica-cemented sediments and possibly soils that exhibit a range of textures and chemical compositions. Acid-weathering conditions in pedogenic environments near the margins of the Tertiary drainage basins are likely to have provided soluble silica for soil waters and groundwater moving slowly through the regolith into depositional zones in the lower reaches of the basins. The silica cement in silcretes ranges from ordered forms of opal to quartz overgrowths, and the existence of incomplete transformations between structural states and between textural forms suggests heterogeneous precipitation and recrystallization in response to local fluctuations in properties such as pH and moisture regime. High concentrations of titanium were precipitated from solution in bedrock fractures as well as in sediments in the piedmont of the ancient drainage basins, but as yet there is no unequivocal explanation for its occurrence. Apart from zircon, enrichment of zirconium and aluminium in areas of high titanium concentration is evident from electron probe microanalyses and X-ray scanning images, but the mineral phase or phases responsible for this distribution are unidentified.

Laramide deformation, erosion and plutonism along the southwestern margin of the colorado plateau

Structural deformation along monoclines on the Hualapai Plateau appears to correlate with the formation of thick lacustrine limestones in deeply incised early Tertiary drainage channels. Improvements in the regional chronology and correlation of early Tertiary rocks permit the timing of regional monoclinal deformation to be better integrated with the published regional geologic syntheses for events of Laramide age. If monoclinal folding was limited to the interval between late Cretaceous and late Eocene time, the broad uplift and associated erosion of the plateau margin and adjacent regions must have begun by Paleocene time. The physiography of the Hualapai Plateau and its associated incised Tertiary drainage channels, excluding the Grand Canyon, must have developed prior to the most recent (Eocene?) episode of monocline deformation. The events recorded in the Tertiary geology along the southwest margin of the plateau demonstrate that the earliest widespread erosion was definitely pre-late Oligocene. Several small plutons of early Laramide age at or near the plateau edge have ages falling within the interval of strong regional tectonic activity adjacent to the plateau in Arizona. Since Eocene time, the Hualapai Plateau may have undergone a relatively slow geomorphic evolution by comparison with surrounding areas. This is due both to the erosional resistance of the Paleozoic rocks capping the plateau and to an Oligocene—early Miocene interval when through-flowing drainage appears to have been poorly developed. Eruption of widespread volcanic rocks across the plateau edge between late Oligocene and middle Miocene time preceded Basin and Range extensional faulting and further slowed drainage redevelopment. Except for the major younger fault scarps, the southwest margin of the plateau is still dominated by the broad physiographic features developed prior to late Oligocene time.

A logical loop for the geological investigation of dam sites

Summary The investigation for the dam sites on Whitewater Creek, Tasmania illustrates two principles for site investigation in areas where geological exposures vary from good to poor: (1) The need for an integrated approach to the investigation using all the geological, geophysical and sampling techniques that are available, and (2) that even when all these tools are applied together only a certain level of geological knowledge may be attained by the investigation and the process has to be repeated by a series of logical loops to obtain a higher level of geological knowledge. This process is illustrated by the comparison of two geological maps of the Whitewater Creek area. One loop, including mapping, geophysical work, drilling and pressure testing resulted in a map produced in 1967, when the investigation was halted because of a financial emergency due to the Hobart bushfires. The second map illustrates the final investigation which was resumed in 1969 and completed in 1970 after subsequent loops. Both sites were abandoned because of the location of an unexposed and unsuspected Tertiary drainage system unrelated to the present Whitewater Creek.

Dome Structure, Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf East of Delaware: Preliminary Geophysical Report

Seismic-reflection profiles and magnetometer measurements were made over approximately 1,250 km of track on cruise E-6B-74 of R/V Eastward. Eight east-west profiles were tied to existing Caldrill and DSDP drill holes on the Delaware continental slope. One of the interesting features found was a domal structure near the shelf edge just north of Wilmington Canyon. Extrapolation of the reflections from the drill holes to the shelf indicates that a Tertiary reflector surface of probable early Miocene age is involved in the doming. The dome is on the linear East Coast magnetic anomaly trend which has its origins deep in the basement. Coincident with the dome, however, is a circular magnetic anomaly of about +100 gammas superimposed on the linear trend and somewhat obscured by it. This anomaly suggests structural control of the dome from below and rules out a pinnacle-reef origin. Tertiary emplacement of a circular igneous intrusive at depth or renewed uplift of an igneous basement protuberance are possible causes for the doming. Another possibility is that a salt pillow or piercement dome has intruded the sedimentary column to uplift the Tertiary strata, while at the same time uplifting more magnetic Upper Cretaceous greensands. The position of the dome near Wilmington Canyon suggests that it influenced the late Tertiary drainage in the area, causing the canyon to orient north-south as drainage was deflected around the dome. Although the closure involved in the mapped seismic reflector is small, about 25 m (75 ft), there could be a more significant structural closure if the dome persists at depth. If the latter is true the structure would be an interesting petroleum prospect. End_Page 1203------------------------------

Upper Tertiary Surficial Deposits near Cedar City, Iron County, Utah

Along the Hurricane fault in southwestern Utah, fanglomerate, pediment, and stream-channel deposits ranging in age from Miocene(?) to Recent have been dated through studies of the composition and size of gravel components and distance from sources of materials. The deposits range in elevation from 6000 feet at the base of the Hurricane Cliffs on the west, or downthrown side of the Hurricane fault, to 9000 feet on the Kolobterrace on the east, or upthrown side of the fault. Much of the difference is the result of displacement on the fault in Pliocene and Pleistocene time. Differences in composition of gravel also establish the existence of an approximate late Tertiary drainage divide between two westward-flowing streams that formerly headed about 8 miles east of the Hurricane fault. The channels of these streams have since been obliterated by uplift, erosion, and basalt flows.

Late Tertiary and Pleistocene Drainage Changes in the Hudson and Maynard Quadrangles, Massachusetts

Significant late Tertiary and Pleistocene drainage changes are indicated in the Hudson and Maynard quadrangles in east-central Massachusetts. After Cretaceous beveling, the minor streams of the area became adjusted to the structure of the underlying bedrock and established a trellis drainage pattern, now largely obscured by the effects of Pleistocene glaciation. The major streams persisted in consequent courses until Pleistocene time. After the area was deglaciated, most of the streams were partly displaced from their preglacial courses. Displacement was caused largely by the obstruction of stream-course segments with masses of glacial debris, chiefly stratified drift. The greater part of the present course of the Assabet River through the area is regarded as postglacial; the Assabet is believed formerly to have joined the Sudbury River in Wayland near the southeast corner of the Maynard Quadrangle. Drainage adjustments are indicated in the courses of Danforth Brook, Great Brook, Assabet Brook, and Fort P...