Terrorist Suspects Research Articles

Social sorting in Europe: Self-censorship in a digital asylum

In recent decades, global mobility control and digital surveillance measures have increasingly prioritised affective aspects and perception-based policies. However, these practices encounter resistance, particularly in the everyday use of connected migrants. Through qualitative data analysis within the tradition of critical surveillance studies, this paper investigates how marginalised mobile groups – often labelled suspects of terrorism and organised crime – circumvent mobile surveillance and social sorting mechanisms within and beyond Fortress Europe. Rising tech literacy and surveillance awareness among users challenge digital policing, reshaping interactions between suspected newcomers and border control authorities. While existing studies focus on countersurveillance activities, less attention is given to strategic “silences” and social filters used to evade profiling and sorting mechanisms, protecting those who fear the risks of crossing a border. Based on notions of secure connectivity, this research employs a multi-site analysis of refugee polymedia use to examine countersurveillance strategies and digital self-censorship practices in transit countries.

The Moral Justification and Necessity of Torture in the Context of Suspected Terrorists

This essay examines the moral permissibility and necessity of using torture on suspected terrorists, particularly in the context of the “ticking bomb” scenario. The paper is divided into two parts. Part I critiques the deontological arguments against torture, highlighting the weaknesses in the absolutist stance that prohibits torture under any circumstances. It argues that in specific situations, the rights of victims justify a self-defence response, which can be executed by authorities on their behalf. Part II explores the common law doctrine of necessity, demonstrating that under certain conditions, torture is both necessary and reasonable. The essay concludes with a proposal for “torture warrants” to legalize and regulate the use of torture in specific, extreme cases, ensuring accountability and minimizing misuse.

Criminal Sanctions for Terrorism Perpetrators in the Perspective of Islamic Criminal Law

When the crime of terrorism of the Bali bombing on October 12, 2002 occurred in Indonesia, which is not a country that applies Islamic law, then this became a problem among Muslims in Indonesia. it is clear that the behavior of terrorism is a form of Jarimah Al-Bagyu which sanctions in the form of Qisas and diyat, but in Indonesia there are perpetrators of terrorism who get the death penalty there are those who get life imprisonment with different sanctions sentenced by the judge. The research method used is normative juridical (legal research) which is descriptive analysis with primary data sourced from legal materials. The results of the research conclude that the perpetrators of the Bali I bombing terrorism in Islamic Criminal Law include indirect co-perpetrators (Isytirak ghairul mubasir/isytirak bittasabbubi) appropriately applied in the form of death penalty and life imprisonment. So that this paper will provide an overview of the perpetrators of indirect participation in which sanctions in Islamic criminal law are given in the form of Ta'zir, the judge's verdict in the Indonesian State against terrorism suspects is a form of Ta'zir, namely the punishment for the perpetrator of thejarimah is left entirely to the ruler or judge

Effects of Terrorism Threat Levels Collaborating Stereotypes, Stigmatization and Prejudices on Perceived Interpersonal Social Support in The Reintegration of Ex-Detained Suspected Terrorists into The Community

This article gives important information about effects of terrorism threat levels collaborating stereotypes, stigmatization and prejudices on perceived interpersonal social support in the reintegration of ex-detained terrorism suspects into the community. The main aim of this research is to examine what effects is embedded in terrorism threat levels collaborating stereotype, stigmatization and prejudice on perceived social support in the reintegration of ex-detained suspected terrorists into the community’?. Sixty participants drawn from Kuchigoro Terrorism Internal Displaced Peoples’ Camp (TIDPC), Abuja, Nigeria were used for the study. A modified version of “Interpersonal Social Support Evaluation List: shortened version – 12 items” was used for the collection of data. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Results indicated significant effects, F (5, 54 = 3.223, P = 0.05). This means terrorism threat levels collaborates stereotypes, stigmatization and prejudices impact on the type of interpersonal social support given to ex-detained suspected terrorists by members of the Community during their reintegration into the community. It was observed and recommended that, there is dire need of deliberate creation of terrorism education awareness and application of psychological interventions, as well as putting in place a mechanism for the resolution of interpersonal conflicts among members of the community. The study’s results imply that, the training programs of Correctional Services Personnel should include rehabilitation and reintegration skills.

From Extreme Ideas to Violent and Nonviolent Outcomes: An In-Depth Analysis of Probation Files on Terrorist Suspects in the Netherlands

ABSTRACT How do individuals who commit violent terrorist crimes differ from those who commit nonviolent terrorist crimes? In this study, we compare characteristics and pathways of violent (VTS) and nonviolent (NVTS) individuals prior to being suspected or convicted of crimes with terrorist intent (e.g. planning an attack, financing terrorism) in the Netherlands through an analysis of probation files. Departing from a social control and life-course perspective, we examine possible signs and triggers leading up to the terrorist suspicion, various life domains (socio-demographic characteristics, social network, and personality related variables), mental health, criminal histories, and online activities. Findings demonstrate primarily resemblances between both groups. Nonetheless, compared to NVTS, VTS showed more indications of signs of acting in accordance with extreme ideological beliefs and feelings of injustice, had a more disadvantaged socioeconomic background, were more often involved with other radicals (e.g. in groups and/or online), had more substance abuse problems, and were more active online in relation to their terrorist suspicion. NVTS, on the other hand, had more regularly a turbulent youth, more commonly ever showed indications of aggressive behavior, had more often mental health problems, and, consequently, received more social care compared to VTS. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.

Once a Muslim Always a Muslim: The Rise and Fall of the Muslim American Protagonist in Ayad Akhtar’s Disgraced

The post 9/11 atmosphere of terror made Muslim Americans highly visible in the U.S.and they have been viewed as potential terrorist suspects. Therefore, in the light of these circumstances, Ayad Akhtar’s Play Disgraced is most apropos to be revisited as his works focus on the existence of Muslims in America as a post-colonial contact zone. In fact, the play puts the interracial marriage of Amir, and his wife Emily, a White American woman on center stage and makes it fall down before our eyes. Despite the fact that Amir’s credentials qualify him to be a model minority citizen, and reach the American Dream, he falls out of grace as soon as he appears in court to show support as a pro bono lawyer to a Muslim Imam who is tried for raising fund for a mosque in the Middle East. This paper belabors the reasons that led to the reversal of the hero’s fortune from prosperity to misery in the wake of the collapse of New York twin towers.

PENYADAPAN DALAM TINDAK PIDANA TERORISME DI INDONESIA DAN FILIPINA DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HAK ASASI MANUSIA

Terrorism in Indonesia and the Philippines is growing rapidly. Wiretapping is used as a method of investigating terrorists. The purpose of this study is to find out and examine whether wiretapping of terrorism suspects according to the terrorism law is with human rights and the reasons why wiretapping terrorism in Indonesia takes a longer period of time than in the Philippines. Normative research method with statutory approach and comparative law. Sources of data in the form of secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Wiretapping has not been specifically regulated in the law, while in practice it has caused controversy over the wiretapping procedure. Wiretapping is a problem because it violates the privacy rights of citizens. Wiretapping must be carried out in line with human rights principles including technical and licensing so that it can prove that wiretapping is certainly intended to provide protection. Wiretapping in Indonesia takes longer because terrorism networks in Indonesia are not centered on one area, so it takes a relatively long time to conduct wiretapping.

Is Torture Ever Legally Permissible? — Review on Maureen Ramsay Can the Torture of Terrorist Suspects Be Justified?

This study rigorously explores the intricate legal, ethical, and operational dimensions involved in utilising torture in post-9/11 counter-terrorism strategies, pitting the unrelenting prohibition of torture against the pragmatic necessities of national security. It delves into the academic question of whether torture is morally permissible under extreme conditions, particularly in ‘ticking bomb’ scenarios, and assesses the effectiveness of torture in obtaining viable intelligence. Through detailed analysis, this study seeks to contribute to the dialogue on the need to harmonise national security objectives with the need to comply with human rights and legal norms, thereby enriching policy development and academic debate.

Analysis of Special Provisions for Arresting Terrorism Suspects

The crime of terrorism is a very dangerous crime and can destroy a country. Apart from that, the crime of terrorism is also a crime that is neatly organized so it is difficult to uncover. In this regard, arresting perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism is also very difficult and requires special provisions. The aim of writing this article is to discuss the specifics of arrest provisions as regulated in positive law. The method used in writing this article is of a normative type with a statutory approach. The results of this research state that giving a longer period of time, namely 7x24 hours and which can be extended to 14x24 hours, is aimed at giving law enforcement officers enough time to arrest terrorism suspects who are certainly not easy to find.

Pelanggaran Densus 88 Terkait Tersangka Terorisme Dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia

Terrorism is a sensitive discussion for Indonesia and internationally. At this time it is important to tackle this crime because it is very dangerous if it is taken lightly. In its efforts to eradicate terrorism, the Indonesian National Police through Densus 88 must have the principle of upholding the law and human rights, as well as not being intolerant. To carry out its duties, Densus 88 must be supervised by an independent institution. Any indication of human rights violations in eradicating terrorism needs to be avoided as much as possible by understanding and evaluating which are regulated in existing regulations, especially regarding the implementation of human rights principles and standards applied in carrying out the duties of the Republic of Indonesia Police. Komnas HAM is of the opinion that shooting to kill terrorist suspects should be avoided except in urgent situations and this must also be shown in a transparent manner and be held accountable according to the law.

Radicalization Processes and Transitional Phases in Female and Male Detainees Residing in Dutch Terrorism Wings.

Radicalization, violent extremism, and terrorism are risks to societal security. Although research on terrorism-related behaviors is increasing, thorough empirical studies are rare. This study investigates radicalization processes and transitions in a matched sample of female and male terrorist suspects and convicts (N = 26) residing in Dutch penitentiary terrorism wings. Results show that both men and women often experienced discrimination. A subgroup of women grew up in a stressful family environment and lacked emotional support from their family, whereas the other women did not experience such circumstances. The majority of the study sample was susceptible to connecting with radicalized friends or family members. Interestingly, factors that initially led to radicalization (e.g., a utopian image of the Islamic State) could later turn out to be factors associated with abandoning extremism. In this study, differences in radicalization processes and transitional phases between women and men emerged. Men more often had police contact prior to a terrorism-related offense. Making an effort to right old mistakes seemed important in the radicalization processes of men, whereas women had a stronger desire for emotional support and were more driven by experienced trauma and feelings of loneliness. This study provides input for gender-specific prevention and disengagement interventions.

Radical Right Popularism in Germany: AfD, Pegida and the Identitarian Movement

The current political climate appears to create accentuated divisions among various incompatible world views. In a globalized world, faster dissemination of information is much faster via social media and other sources like has never experienced before. A local incident may rapidly turned into an international crisis. For instance, a civil war in Syria now has deeply impacted the politics and social structures of many counties around the world. In this social environment tacking with various types of violent extremism and radical popularism have become increasingly challenging. These radical worldviews may be manifested in either end of the political spectrum, namely right or left, based on ethnicity or exploitation of religion. Following the terror attacks of 9/11 security services and public have focused on the threat posed by terrorist groups such as DAESH and Al-Qaeda. However, threats of violence also remain significant in the case of violent extreme right as well as left group. Challenges in tackling violent right-wind extremism is a complicated matter as they may not be seen as a significant security threat in the west. For example, despite a number of terror attacks carried by right supremacists in the USA, this group has not been listed as a terror group by the state. Also, the terror suspects are more likely to be described as mentally disturbed and disgruntled people should they be white. In other to counter violent extremism, whether based on ideology, ethnicity, or exploitation of religion, we need to systematically examine the root cause of such violent tendencies. In this regard, rising radical right popularism in the West calls for a comprehensive examination of this social movement.

A Policy Proposal on the Counter-terrorism Directive of the Ministry of National Defense

This study aims to examine the history, legal character, and limitations of the 'Counterterrorism Directive of the Ministry of National Defense' and propose directions for revising relevant laws to overcome these limitations. The 'Counterterrorism Directive of the Ministry of National Defense' is an administrative rule and internal regulation that cannot serve as a legal basis to infringe upon the basic rights of citizens or restrict their freedom. The 'Counterterrorism Directive of the Ministry of National Defense' is an administrative rule and internal regulation that cannot serve as a legal basis to infringe upon the basic rights of citizens or restrict their freedom. There is also a concern that the overlapping involvement of the Defense Counterintelligence Command and the Criminal Investigation Command of the Ministry of National Defense in counterterrorism investigations could lead to confusion during the initial stages of the investigation. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the relevant laws to ensure legal control over the military's counterterrorism investigations and the collection of information on terrorist suspects, and the reevaluation of the counterterrorism investigative agency for military facilities should be conducted.

Motivational interviewing in child sexual abuse investigations: Approaches shown to increase suspect engagement and information gathering during police interviews

On average, more than 200 child sex offences were recorded by UK police every day in 2020, and investigations for offences including rape, online grooming and sexual assault against children in the United Kingdom (UK) increased by 57% from 2014/15 to 2019/20. The interview process is central to information gathering, but empirical research regarding the obtention of information through child sexual abuse (CSA) suspect interviewing is still limited. The current study analyses 45 hours of interviews with CSA suspects focusing on behaviours consistent (and inconsistent) with motivational interviewing (MI) using the Observing Rapport-Based Interpersonal Techniques coding manual. In line with previous research demonstrating the efficacy of MI with terrorist suspects, this article focuses on the same four key interviewer skills identified in the therapeutic literature (reflective listening, summarising, rolling with resistance and developing discrepancies). It looks at their effects on information yield (information of intelligence value) and suspect engagement. Results revealed that the four MI-consistent behaviours increased information gain. Also, approaches antithetical to MI (including assumptive questioning, judgemental summaries, fighting resistance and accusatory challenges) had a significant negative impact on suspect engagement and, by extension, reduced yield – potentially by creating suspect reactance (where the individual is motivated to regain a freedom they feel is being threatened). Hence, MI approaches are efficacious for information-gathering efforts, and using an approach antithetical to the spirit of motivational interviewing (like pressuring, confronting and judging) with CSA suspects will always make things worse.

Challenges Faced by Anti-Terrorism Police Unit in Fighting Terrorism; A Case Study of Nairobi County, Kenya

This study established the challenges faced by anti-terrorism police unit in fighting terrorism in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study has been motivated by increased public perceptions of anti-terror police ineffectiveness in the midst of rising terror related activities in Nairobi County, Kenya. Guided by this broad objective, the study examined the legal challenges faced by the Kenya anti-terrorism police unit in fighting terrorism in Nairobi County, established the technological challenges faced by an anti-terrorism police unit and examined the effect of corruption on war against terror within the Kenya anti-terrorism police unit in Nairobi County. The study was grounded by the Rational Choice Theory and adopted a case study qualitative design. The main method of data collection was the interview. The study comprised of 80 respondents: 76 main respondents and 4 Key Informants. Purposive sampling Method was used to select respondents for the study. Data was transcribed and the transcriptions coded using NVIVO software. Two major legal challenges identified were related to both Kenya constitution, Domestic and International Human Right laws. The study found that the war on terror is shrouded in ambiguities in interpreting the law on what terrorism is, biases in dealing with terror suspects and confusion on what international partners want. For example, anti-terrorist global pundits portend that governments should respond to this threat with maximum force to deter acts of terror, biases and contradictions with regard to the terrorists “the supreme right “with no derogation from this right while at the same time negating the “supreme right” of victims or rather other Kenyans. Further, constitutional rights and freedoms emerged as major challenge that hampered police operations and action. Further established technological skilled challenges faced by anti-terrorism police unit in Nairobi County include capacity to crack: Incitement Platforms, Terrorist Financing platforms and Websites used as online stores. Further, there is technological skill gap to enable them crack; encrypted, compressed and password-protected and anonymised terrorist materials, including documents and videos, which are then uploaded and circulated via the internet encryption software of terrorist Secrets” to facilitate covert internet communications. According to the third objective, terrorist criminal groups will always grease or oil the system right from the investigating agencies through the Judiciary to the prison. According to this study, fighting police corruption that hampers war on terror is a tall order because the real problem is public corruption. At times officers get a tip off about suspected terrorist activity somewhere but before they make a move a phone call from “above” or a politician disrupted with instructions to stand down. Presiding Judges and Magistrates are in most cases also compromised to snub most evidence in their ruling, most of it being digital or forensic and either throw away the cases leading to miscarriage of Justice or even incriminate them to prison where intended radicalization may have been planned. From there prison authorities may also be bribed to aid escape. Amongst other recommendations, A reviewed with regard to Legal rights and freedoms of accused and victims of terror related crimes in relations to the supreme right. This review should put safeguards and remove any legal challenges that may hamper war on terror. The anti-terror police unit should train all officers to catch up with new technology. Given its magnitude, winning the war on corruption may hence, require political will executive order or decree from a benevolent dictatorial presidency.

Between Past and Future: The Slow Death of Indefinite Detention

The detention camp at Guantánamo Bay Naval Station has been operative for more than twenty years now. Since 2002 prisoners have been force-fed as punishment for staging individual and collective hunger strikes in protest of indefinite detention. The oldest captive is in his seventies, but the majority are middle-aged. In 2019 Carol Rosenberg reported that with the aging of those incarcerated, the Pentagon is now in the early planning stages for “terrorism suspects” to grow old and die at Guantánamo Bay, necessitating the building of a hospice wing at the detention camp. This essay asks what it means to think of hospice care in a torture facility, arguing that the military is using the possibility of hospice as a curative, both politically and rhetorically, to disavow the effects of torture on the bodyminds of captives.

The Integration of Psychology & Christianity: A Domain-Based Approach

The Integration of Psychology & Christianity: A Domain-Based Approach

Dampak Stereotip pada Alumni Pondok Pesantren Islam Al Mukmin Ngruki terhadap Isu-isu Terorisme

The purpose of this study is to discuss how stereotypes received by alumni of Pondok Pesantren Al Mukmin Ngruki who were once suspected of being terrorists and find out how the impact received by alumni as former terrorist suspects. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method and a phenomenological-naturalistic approach. The research design used a multisite study conducted at the Pondok Pesantren Al Mukmin Ngruki with alumni and the community around. Data collection was carried out by interview, observation, and documentation methods. Data analysis used individual-site analysis and cross-site analysis techniques. To test the validity of the data is done through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The results of this study indicate that the form of community stereotypes obtained by alumni of Pondok Pesantren Al Mukmin Ngruki who were suspected of being terrorists, includes two things namely positive stereotypes and negative stereotypes. From the statements of sources, both ES and MN provided information that the stereotypes they faced were not too prominent. While the stereotypes they get from the community are more positive stereotypes than negative stereotypes. This certainly has an impact on several subjects related to widespread stigma or stereotypes in society. Of course this is a common concern, as social beings who have their rights. You shouldn't always be judged just because you were accused or even when proven guilty.

Dampak Stereotip pada Alumni Pondok Pesantren Islam Al Mukmin Ngruki terhadap Isu-isu Terorisme

The purpose of this study is to discuss how stereotypes received by alumni of Pondok Pesantren Al Mukmin Ngruki who were once suspected of being terrorists and find out how the impact received by alumni as former terrorist suspects. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method and a phenomenological-naturalistic approach. The research design used a multisite study conducted at the Pondok Pesantren Al Mukmin Ngruki with alumni and the community around. Data collection was carried out by interview, observation, and documentation methods. Data analysis used individual-site analysis and cross-site analysis techniques. To test the validity of the data is done through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The results of this study indicate that the form of community stereotypes obtained by alumni of Pondok Pesantren Al Mukmin Ngruki who were suspected of being terrorists, includes two things namely positive stereotypes and negative stereotypes. From the statements of sources, both ES and MN provided information that the stereotypes they faced were not too prominent. While the stereotypes they get from the community are more positive stereotypes than negative stereotypes. This certainly has an impact on several subjects related to widespread stigma or stereotypes in society. Of course this is a common concern, as social beings who have their rights. You shouldn't always be judged just because you were accused or even when proven guilty.

Law Enforcement Cases of Human Rights Violations in Indonesia

This study discusses the protection of the rights of terrorism suspects in the Indonesian criminal justicesystem. The rights of suspects, including those considered terrorists, are guaranteed by law. It is the hopeof all Indonesian people, the government, and especially law enforcement officers to deal with terrorismcrime cases quickly, precisely and correctly. Considering that it is feared that suspects who are suspected ofbeing perpetrators of terrorism will eventually become victims of human rights violations by law enforcementofficers (investigators) perhaps because of the influence of foreign pressure, which has dropped the stigmathat the suspect is automatically the perpetrator. For example, investigators take acts of terror against suspectsin terrorism cases so that they are willing to provide information and admit their actions. This study uses anormative juridical method which aims to analyze the effectiveness of law enforcement in cases of humanrights violations in Indonesia. This study uses primary data in the form of reports on investigations of humanrights violations and secondary data in the form of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Datacollection is done through library research. The results of the study indicate that the protection of the suspect’shuman rights in the Indonesian criminal justice system, especially in national law, is an important part ofdevelopment in the field of law, especially law enforcement against criminal acts of terrorism. due process model and theory adapted to Pancasila as the basis of the state and the 1945 Constitution.