Terrorism Crime Research Articles

EXAMPLE CRIMINOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE SPREAD OF THE IDEOLOGY OF TERRORISM IN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

The article examines the facts of the spread of the ideology of terrorism in educational organizationsas manifestations of «idealistic» terrorism, according to the classification proposed by Yu.M. Antonyan.From the point of view of criminology, terrorism is understood as a diverse phenomenon. In this regard,it is necessary to determine what type of terrorism educational organizations face. Next, it is necessary tohighlight the determinants of the spread of the ideology of terrorism in educational organizations.The analysis of criminal cases according to the elements of Art. 205.2 of the Criminal Code of theRussian Federation and a survey of teachers and teachers of a number of educational organizations in theAltai Territory makes it possible to determine the determinants of the spread of the ideology of terrorismin educational organizations. The traditional division of the determinants of crime into general social,socio-psychological and personal needs to be clarified in relation to terrorist crimes committed by youngpeople studying in educational organizations. Among the general social determinants of terrorist crime in educational organizations, the main role is played by the social qualities of young people. Among the sociopsychological determinants, the main role is played by shortcomings in family education and the formalismof preventive measures. The analysis of criminal cases allows us to conclude that among the families of thoseaccused and on trial for committing terrorist crimes in educational organizations, pedagogically incorrectlyoriented families prevail, where, for one reason or another, psychological contact with the child has notbeen established.

MORAL AND ETHICAL COMPONENT OF SCIENCE IN TIMES OF WAR

MORAL AND ETHICAL COMPONENT OF SCIENCE IN TIMES OF WAR

THE URGENCY OF MERGING SPECIAL CRIMES IN REFORMING THE CRIMINAL CODE

The new Criminal Code (KUHP) has been ratified by the government as Law Number 1 of 2023. The formulation of the problem that will be raised in this research is the urgency and legal consequences of combining specific criminal acts in the renewal of the criminal code. and What are the specific types of criminal acts in Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code. This research uses a normative type of research, using secondary data, namely data obtained directly through library materials. The results of the research concluded that combining general and special criminal law into the new Criminal Code appears to be due to considerations of making the Criminal Code more comprehensive, the urgency of implementing special criminal law will be able to better accommodate the interests of all levels of Indonesian society. There are five types of special crimes in the new Criminal Code, such as serious crimes against human rights, terrorism crimes, corruption crimes, money laundering crimes and narcotics crimes.

The Juridical Analysis of the Death Penalty Implementation for Terrorist Crimes in The Indonesian Legal System

Aims: This research examines terrorist crime is a special crime whose regulations were made after the Bali bomb attack. Terrorism is an action that can cause an unconducive security and order situation, as well as damage/destruction/loss to property/public facilities/vital objects/even loss of human life. Implications: It is a threat to every country in the world which requires joint efforts and cooperation to eradicate it. Indonesia as a country that has experienced terrorism has legal norms to participate in efforts to eradicate terrorism. However, there are several substantive weaknesses in Terrorism Law, especially those related to the detailed definition and classification of terrorism as well as its procedural laws which are felt to cause violations of human rights. Method: The research method used in this research is normative legal research methods with a statutory approach, conceptual approach, and comparative studies. The types and sources of legal materials used were primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Results: In particular, for the case of the Bali Bombing I, the Indonesian Government issued Government Regulations in Lieu of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Implementation of Government Regulations in Lieu of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2002 concerning Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism in the Bomb Explosion Incident in Bali 12 October 2002 (which was later enacted as Law through Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2003 concerning Stipulation of Government Regulations in Lieu of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2002 concerning Implementation of Government Regulations in Lieu of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2002 concerning Eradication Terrorism Crime).

세계 테러리즘 지수로 본 테러 범죄와 대테러 경찰 활동에 관한 연구

The landscape of terrorism has evolved from a national and international focus in the past to a prevalent transnational nature today. Islamic State-led attacks caused numerous casualties. Home-grown terrorism and terrorism with unclear motives also have risen. In this study, based on the Global Terrorism Index by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), I examined terrorist incidents targeting Western countries among the 66,000 recorded cases spanning from 2007 to 2022 to see their trends, motivations, and changes. Additionally, I conducted a comparative assessment of counter-terrorism policies and strategies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. As a result, I suggest the following approaches the effectiveness of counter-terrorism policing: 1. Shifting the paradigm towards a proactive, preventive approach to terrorist crimes. 2. Promoting a shift in perspective to view terrorism as a disaster response issue, thereby expanding the authority and role of law enforcement agencies. 3. Establishing a legal framework underpinning counter-terrorism policing efforts. 4. Enhancing coordination with counter-terrorism organizations and related agencies.

Zhenshchiny – uchastnicy radikal'nyh grupp: analiz prestupnogo povedeniya i motivacii

In recent years, women have played an increasingly active role in both radical groups and terrorist crimes. Therefore, it is important to understand and analyze the ways and reasons for women's involvement in destructive criminal activity, to understand the degree of real threat from deviant activity of women from radical groups. Therefore, the author, in his empirical research, which formed the basis of the article, addresses directly to the representatives of the vulnerable group, tries to study the problem deeper and from the inside, through the eyes of the community itself.

Criminological features of crimes of a terrorist nature and extremist crimes in the PRC

Terrorist crimes and extremist crimes have created a huge threat to state security, territorial integrity, social stability, economic development and social harmony in China. Persons who commit violent terrorist crimes have the following characteristics: a low level of culture, a decrease in age, an increase in the number of female participants, a low-level profession. The organizational features of violent terrorist crimes are manifested in the following: terrorist attacks by "lone wolves", groups with a free structure and strict organization, a clear trend in the development of the transnational nature of terrorist organizations. Violent terrorist crimes in China, from the point of view of the mode of action, have the following classic features: an explicit political goal, a motive for religious heresy or national enmity, a variety of ways and cruelty of methods of carrying out terrorists of violent terrorist acts. In the terrorist attacks that took place, almost all the criminals fell under the influence of the ideas of violent terrorism before committing the terrorist attack.

BNPT's Strategy In Anticipating Terrorism Crimes Through Cross-Sectoral Cooperation Synergy In Indonesia

The development of global terrorist crimes has shown a significant increase in mode, quantity and quality, with Indonesia becoming one of the targets of terrorism. It was revealed that the local militant network had links to international networks. Terrorist activities utilize ideology and religion as tools to influence society and achieve their goals. Therefore, the Indonesian government faces the phenomenon of terrorism wisely, analyzing various aspects of national life to fight terrorism together with the international community. Terrorism aims to create fear and uncertainty, create panic, disrupt social stability and disrupt the relationship between society and government. Terrorism, both on an international and local scale, can hamper efforts to create a conducive investment climate within the country. Serious challenges arise from the failure of several key terrorist figures to be caught and the emergence of new forms of terrorist acts. Factors such as individual and group interests, social inequality, religious beliefs, injustice in law enforcement, and socio-cultural changes influence the development of terrorism. Countering terrorism requires a synergistic cross-sectoral cooperation strategy to create domestic security stability. Even though efforts have been made to deal with terrorism, public awareness of the dangers of terrorism is still weak. Effective strategies in anticipating terrorism include steps that support aggressive and diversified strategies, including increasing community resilience, revising laws, as well as deradicalization and communal rehabilitation programs. In a global context, terrorism has become a serious focus for countries around the world and is a UN program in its efforts to prevent and overcome it. The history of terrorism in Indonesia records an increase in the number and impact of acts of terrorism, including incidents such as the Bali Bombing, the JW Marriott hotel explosion, and the attack in front of the Australian Embassy Building. Joint efforts to confront and prevent terrorism in Indonesia must take into account regional characteristics, potential and influencing aspects, without sacrificing national interests and ethnic and religious sensitivities.

Juridical Study of Article 43a in Amending Law Number 5 of 2018 Concerning Criminal Acts of Terrorism in Pre-Emptive Strike Policy

Finding out the effects of terrorist activities in Indonesia and the application of Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning Criminal activities of Terrorism Article 43A Against Strike Pre-Emptive Policies are the goals of the research. The research approach used is normative juridical, meaning that it is based on the primary legal literature and is carried out by looking at relevant laws, regulations, theories, and conceptions. Examining Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning Amendments to Law 15 of 2003 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism is the goal of the study. The amendment to Article 43A, which inserts and reads in the framework of dealing with Criminal Acts of Terrorism, contains dangerous articles. It is unclear what is meant by countermeasures, every certain person, allegedly brought or placed and a certain place. These are the results of the discussion in Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning Amendments to Law 15 of 2003 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism. None of these arrangements can be found in the current Indonesian criminal procedural law. The conclusion is that acts of terrorism have a significant impact on the community. They are not things, but rather frequent victims of Second Life. The preceding text makes it evident how many lives were lost in the blast. These fresh impacts originate from people's personal experiences. Acts of terrorism on a larger scale actually have an impact on many things, and that is a matter of life and death for people and the nation. This loss and threat can be explained from seven aspects/fields, namely defense and security, ideology, politics, economy, society, education, and religious relations. Related to article 43A regarding the prevention of Terrorism Crime, pre-emptive efforts are needed.

Социально опасное поведение подростков: клинико-психопатологические и психологические характеристики, роль деструктивного контента

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article discusses the features of socially dangerous behavior of adolescents. The aim of the study was to study the impact of clinical, social and psychological characteristics, destructive content on the formation of socially dangerous behavior in adolescents. The results of a survey of 21 teenagers aged 13—18 with socially dangerous behavior who planned and committed extremist and terrorist crimes attacks on educational institutions are described. The initial illnesses in adolescents, identified in adolescents during the ESPP, were diseases of schizophrenic origin (38%), personality disorders (28.6%), and organ disorders (9.5%). It was found that the likelihood of developing a psychosomatic disorder in adolescents occurs more often when biological manifestations, problems of family behavior and negative psychosocial manifestations, behavioral disorders are identified in history of behavioral disorders as an indicator of the persistence of existing clinical manifestations. The study of the factors influencing the formation of individual mental health in adolescents is the initial link in determining the targets for the prevention of mental disorders and the commission of socially dangerous acts.</p>

Cyberterrorism and Self-Defense in the Framework of International Law

Objective: The problem of international electronic terrorism has spread rapidly and affecting nations adversely. However, International Law continues to view the crimes of international terrorism through the Internet and global cyberattacks as ordinary conventional crimes. This perception created an international legal vacuum. Hence, the existence of this legal vacuum in international law to criminalize these acts, which harm the security and sovereignty of states and affect global peace and security, needs to be addressed. Specifically, the study is aimed at answering the following questions: In the event of armed Cyberterrorism, does International law justifies legitimate self-defense? What are the lacunas Regarding Cyberterrorism in International law?
 
 Methods: This study used an empirical approach. An analysis is made in determining whether cyberattacks may be regarded as an armed assault legitimizing the victim states' right to self-defense. Relevant legal text and resources were pulled together to achieve the aim of this research. Hence, a qualitative descriptive analysis of related legal texts and other relevant documents has been conducted.
 
 Results:The research finds that cyberattack is similar to terrorist attack but the medium of the attack is carried out in cyber is on the computer via the internet while the conventional terrorist attack is physically carried out between or among terrorist members and government troops. However, in the cyberattack, the attacker and his location are not known. The international community has not been able to incorporate cyberattack law into International law because there is no consensus from member states on cyberattacks. Shortly, a coordinated cyberattack carried out through the Internet could cause catastrophic destruction to nations that depend on the Internet, particularly in crucial target areas such as transportation, power supply, and telecommunication infrastructures. Consequently, it has been pointed out that cyber warfare operations can fall under the scope of the international crime of aggression.
 
 Conclusion: An existing legal literature on cyberspace terrorism is exposing a conundrum. There are possible avenues for international legal action relating to terrorism. Still, because these attacks have not occurred, states lack opportunities to improve the impact that international law can make proactively. Options, especially enhancing cybersecurity in critical infrastructure, have appeal because they are strategies against cyber intrusions that are 'all hazards.' By comparison, there is a lack of reliable solutions for foreign legal activities related to the terrorist use of the Internet and social media. At the same time, this issue has become a concern, and there are opportunities for governments, businesses, and civil societies to mitigate it. This challenging background, which shows no signs of fading, may increase interest in integrating offensive cyberattacks into counter-cyber-facilitated terrorism strategies.

Restorative justice and terrorist crimes: An experience in the Spanish context

In 2011, a pioneering experience of restorative justice was carried out in Spain through restorative encounters between individuals who had suffered the violence of the terrorist organization ETA and those who had exercised it. These encounters, unthinkable at first, were the seed of a practice that is currently becoming more frequent. This article offers a brief introduction outlining the differences between retributive and restorative justice and then describes the experience taking into consideration the motivation of both victims and perpetrators, the conditions needed to make them possible and the outcomes. This article also provides information regarding the number of encounters, where they took place and who the people in charge of their design and implementation were. The author acted as a mediator in the encounters and provides an account from her perspective as one of the key people involved in the process.

BREAKING THE CIRCULATION OF HATE, IMPRISONING THE TERRORISTS: THE CONTAINMENT EFFORT FOR THE SPREAD OF ISIS RADICALISM IN INDONESIA

The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) spreads radical terror and invites people to commit violence to achieve their goals. ISIS also spreads hatred towards other groups contrary to their views based on their exclusive religious understanding. They consider their group to be the most righteous and others to be apostates or infidels, including the state or the government. Therefore, the Indonesian government must be wary of this group. Thus, the Indonesian government has banned ISIS radicalism in Indonesia because it is not by the values of Pancasila and the constitution. This research examines the imprisoning policy of the perpetrators of spreading ISIS radicalism and the form of policy formulation as a containment effort for terrorism crimes in the future. This normative juridical research method uses a statute approach and a conceptual approach. This research shows that the policy is that criminal responsibility for spreading radicalism can be imposed on individuals and groups, whether civilian, military, or police, who are responsible individually, or corporations. The corporation in question is an institution that is suspected and proven to have spread radicalism which leads to acts of terrorism. This crime originates from the regeneration of terrorist cells, which develop despite the different ways and modes of carrying out their actions. In addition, different perspectives on ideology also encourage the proliferation of terrorist cells that seek to incorporate Islamic law constitutionally and change Pancasila with an exclusive religious ideology.

Research on the Present Situation of Cyber Terrorism and Its Governance Path

With the development of the Internet, cyber terrorism is also evolving and developing with the Internet. Cyber terrorism presents a trend of improving the specialization level of cyber terrorism crimes, developing the organizational structure from vertical to horizontal, and making cyber terrorism more concealed. At the same time, China's cyber terrorism also has the difficulties of lack of legislative system, imperfect intelligence mechanism and great difficulty in international anti-terrorism cooperation. Therefore, to control cyber terrorism, we should pay attention to perfecting the legislative system, giving full play to the functions of various departments' laws, improving the intelligence working mechanism and intelligence information processing ability, strengthening international cyber anti-terrorism cooperation and strengthening comprehensive cyber security education, so as to strengthen the governance ability to combat cyber terrorism.

To the Question of a Need for a Complex Approach to Researching Terrorism and Extremism with the Purpose of Ensuring National Security

The author uses a complex approach to research crimes of terrorism and extremism. Scholars who study the spread of radicalism, separatism, nationalism and other negative social phenomena both in the Russian Federation and in the world pay considerable attention to researching terrorist and extremist activities of different groups of population, who are mostly represented by illegitimate organizations or communities. The author studies the measures of counteracting crimes of terrorist and extremist nature according to the best practices of other countries. The causes of the spread of terrorism and extremism in their new quality are analyzed. The link between common crime and radical youth groups is traced. The author pays special attention to the spread of extremist ideology, which is a breeding ground for terrorism. The author also establishes a correlation between ideologists and followers of radical movements while taking into consideration their social status, financial situation and educational level. The article presents valid conclusions on the measures of counteracting crimes of terrorism and extremism, which are based on the idea that the research community should use a complex approach to researching this type of crime involving sociological, criminal law, criminalistic and other methods and means.

New challenges in financial supervision: environmental crime terrorism financing

New challenges in financial supervision: environmental crime terrorism financing

Legal Review Regarding the Designation of Papuan Armed Criminal Groups as Terrorists in the Perspective of International Criminal Law

The Papuan Armed Criminal Group has been officially designated as a terrorist organization on April 29, 2021 by referring to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2018 concerning Amendments to Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulations in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2002 Concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism Becomes Law by the Indonesian government. This is thought to have caused the conflicts and tensions that have been occurring in Papua to continue to escalate until early 2023, to be precise, after the determination was made. The designation as a Terrorism organization certainly has an effect related to its status according to the provisions of International Criminal Law. In international criminal law, the status of the Papuan armed criminal group after being designated as terrorists has the same consequences when this group is referred to as KKB (Armed Criminal Group). His actions do not include international crimes that fall under the criminal jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) as regulated in the 1998 Rome Statute, however, terrorism crimes can be tried by the ICC if a terrorism case meets the requirements of an international crime. This research method uses a normative juridical method where the research is carried out by examining literature and secondary data, doctrines and principles in the science of law. The approach used in this research is a literature study which includes Primary Legal Materials, Secondary Legal Materials, and Tertiary Legal Materials. To support secondary material, data was obtained from documents or research journals regarding the Papuan KKB case.

Universal Values of Pancasila in Managing the Crime of Terrorism

Using a Socio-Legal Studies approach, this article analyses the primacy of the universal values of Pancasila, a decolonizing ideology, in tackling crimes of terrorism in Indonesia. In Indonesia's last two decades, radical movements have become more widespread, and the public easily follows their developments. Intolerance is the seed for radicalism, and terrorism is the forerunner of the emergence of acts of terrorism. In tackling crimes of terrorism, it is important to apply Pancasila as a way of life; ideals and nationalism have an important role in every aspect of the life of the nation and state. The policies for inculcating Pancasila values must be carried out in a synergistic and coordinated manner by involving various existing sectors, and the material content of programs of deradicalization must be comprehensive, integral and sustainable by taking into account the condition of the target participants, educational background, experience and age with a dialogical, democratic, and participatory approach.

THE URGENCY OF DERADICALIZATION MEASURES FOR TERRORISM INMATES IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES

<p><em>Terrorism crimes pose a threat to the state ideology, national security, state sovereignty, human values, and various aspects of societal, national, and state life, and they often have a transnational nature. These terrorism crimes require deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in Indonesia, taking into account the individual conditions of each perpetrator, their families, and their social environment. The problem addressed in this paper pertains to the urgency of deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities. This paper adopts an empirical juridical approach, conducting field research that examines legal regulations combined with data and behavior prevalent in society. The research findings indicate that: (1) The implementation of deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities is not yet effective due to internal factors, which involve the lack of integration in handling terrorism inmates. Additionally, external factors, such as insufficient socialization, lack of training for officers, inadequate support facilities, budget constraints, and limited facilities in correctional facilities, contribute to the inefficiency. (2) The regulation of deradicalization for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities is based on Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Correctional Institutions. The deradicalization regulation for terrorism inmates is stipulated in Article 54 paragraph (4), which outlines the stages: identification and assessment, rehabilitation, reeducation, and social reintegration. (3) The urgency of deradicalization measures for terrorism inmates in correctional facilities is not specific, as it is still treated similarly to other cases involving inmates. The deradicalization measures are carried out through social reintegration programs, education programs, skills training, and entrepreneurship programs for terrorism inmates, which aims to improve their well-being after their release and facilitate their reintegration into society to support their families. The independence and self-confidence of terrorism inmates in returning to society will prevent them from returning to their terrorist groups.</em></p>

Doctor's role in determining wounds qualification of terrorism victims

Introduction: The terms terrorist (perpetrator) and terrorism (action) are derived from the Latin word “terrere” which means to shake or vibrate. The European Convention first discussed the definition of terrorism on the Suppression of Terrorism (ECST) in Europe in 1977; there was a paradigm expansion in the meaning of Crime against State to Crime against Humanity. Crime against Humanity includes criminal acts committed to create a situation that causes individuals, groups, and the general public to be in a tense atmosphere. Necessary to have a clinical forensic examination to determine the degree of injury suffered by victims of terrorist criminal acts as a reference for providing compensation from the state. Case Report: On Friday, October 23rd, 2020, at 09.25 a.m. at the Bhayangkara Hospital Emergency Installation, examinations were conducted on 4 men. The basis for the examination is based on a written request from the LPSK with the number: R-1176/1a.5.1/LPSK/10/2020 on October 21st, 2020. Discussion: There is a mechanism in the forensic examination for the victims of terrorism crimes. The process for obtaining compensation can be submitted by victims of terrorism crimes, their families, or their heirs. LPSK will conduct a substantive examination and calculate the losses suffered by victims of terrorism crimes. Conclusion: Regarding the provisions of these laws and regulations, the Indonesian Forensic Doctors Association (PDFI) cooperates with LPSK, as stated in the cooperation agreement. Key Words: doctor’s role, wound qualification, terrorism victims.